Polytonality |
los ntawm Greek polus - ntau thiab tonality
Ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm kev nthuav qhia tonal, kev sib xyaw ua ke (tab sis sib koom ua ke) kev sib raug zoo ntawm suab, siv feem ntau. nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub. P. - "tsis yog cov lej ntawm ntau tus yuam sij ... tab sis lawv txoj kev sib txuas ua ke, muab qhov tshiab modal zoo - ib qho kev hloov kho raws li polytonicity" (Yu. I. Paisov). P. tuaj yeem nqa daim ntawv ntawm kev sib txuas ntau lub suab chords (chord P.), ntau lub suab nrov melodic. kab (melodic. P.) thiab combining chords thiab melodic. kab (mixed P.). Outwardly, P. tej zaum zoo li ib tug superposition ntawm tonally disparate substructures nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm txhua lwm yam (saib cov piv txwv hauv qab no).
P., raws li txoj cai, muaj ib qho chaw ("politonic", raws li Paisov), uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog monolithic (raws li nyob rau hauv tus yuam sij ib txwm), tab sis ntau, polyharmonically stratified (saib Polyharmony). Ib feem ntawm nws ("subtonic", raws li Paisov) yog siv los ua tonics ntawm yooj yim, diatonic yuam sij (nyob rau hauv xws li mob, P. yog ib tug "pseudochromatic" tag nrho, raws li VG Karatygin; saib Polyladovost).
NWS Prokofiev. “Sarcasms”, No 3.
Lub hauv paus dav dav rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm P. yog ib qho nyuaj (dissonant thiab chromatic) qauv qauv, uas cov qauv tertian ntawm chords tuaj yeem khaws cia (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau theem ntawm subchords). Cov piv txwv polytonic los ntawm Prokofiev's "Sarcasms" - lub polychord b - des (cis) - f - ges (fis) - a - yog ib qho nyuaj ntawm lub cev, thiab tsis yog ob qho yooj yim, uas, ntawm chav kawm, peb decompose. nws (triads b-moll thiab fis-moll); Yog li, lub kaw lus tag nrho tsis tuaj yeem txo qis rau ib qho tseem ceeb (b-moll), lossis rau qhov sib npaug ntawm ob (b-moll + fis-moll). (Ib yam li cov organic tag nrho tsis sib npaug rau cov lej ntawm nws qhov chaw, lub consonance ntawm multi-tonal substructures yog fused rau hauv macrosystem uas tsis tuaj yeem txo mus rau ib txhij ua ke ntawm ob lossis ob peb tus yuam sij: "synthesis thaum mloog", polytonal suab. "tau xim rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb" - Hauv V. Asafiev, 1925; raws li, xws li macrosystem yuav tsum tsis txhob raug hu los ntawm lub npe ntawm ib qho qub monotonality, tsawg dua los ntawm lub npe ntawm ob lossis ntau lub qub monotonities, piv txwv li, nws tsis tuaj yeem. tau hais tias Prokofiev qhov kev ua si - saib cov suab paj nruag piv txwv - tau sau hauv b-moll.)
Hais txog lub tswv yim ntawm P. yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm polymode, polychord, polyharmony (qhov txawv ntawm lawv yog tib yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb: tonality, hom, chord, kev sib haum xeeb). Cov qauv tseem ceeb qhia tias muaj P. raws nraim tib lub sijhawm. kev xa tawm diff. cov yuam sij, qhov xwm txheej yog tias lawv txhua tus sawv cev tsis yog los ntawm ib qho consonance (lossis cov duab tsis muaj kev sib haum xeeb), tab sis los ntawm kev ua haujlwm kom pom tseeb (G. Erpf, 1927; Paisov, 1971).
Feem ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm "poly-hom", "poly-chord" thiab "polyharmony" yog yuam kev nrog P. Qhov laj thawj ntawm kev sib xyaw cov ntsiab lus ntawm poly-hom lossis poly-chord nrog P. feem ntau muab qhov tsis raug theoretical. txhais cov ntaub ntawv perceptual: piv txwv li lub suab ntawm lub chord yog coj los ua lub ntsiab. lub suab (tonic) ntawm tus yuam sij lossis, piv txwv li, kev sib xyaw ntawm C-dur thiab Fis-dur raws li chords (saib lub ntsiab lus ntawm Petrushka los ntawm tus neeg ntaus pob tesniv ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm IF Stravinsky, suab paj nruag piv txwv ntawm kab 329) yog coj raws li kev sib txuas ntawm C-dur thiab Fis-dur ua cov yuam sij (piv txwv li chords raug xaiv los ntawm lo lus "tonality"; qhov yuam kev no yog ua, piv txwv li, los ntawm D. Millau, 1923). Yog li ntawd, feem ntau ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm P. muab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsis tshua sawv cev rau nws. Extraction ntawm harmonics khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg los ntawm ib tug complex tonal ntsiab lus muab tib yam (tsis raug) tshwm sim raws li tearing tawm lub harmonies ntawm ib tug neeg lub suab nyob rau hauv ib tug fugue los ntawm ib tug yooj yim tonal ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, ntses bass thaj tsam nyob rau hauv lub b-moll fugue stretta los ntawm Bach, Lub Well- Tempered Clavier, 2nd ntim, tuav 33 -37 yuav nyob rau hauv Locrian hom).
Cov qauv ntawm polystructures (P.) tuaj yeem pom hauv qee qhov qauv ntawm nar. suab paj nruag (xws li sutartines). Nyob rau hauv European polyphony yog ib qho preform ntawm P. - modal ob-txheej txheej (lub quarter kawg ntawm lub 13th - thawj lub quarter ntawm lub 15th centuries) nrog ib tug yam ntxwv "Gothic cadence" ntawm hom:
cis — d gis — ae – d (saib Cadence).
Glarean hauv Dodecachord (1547) tau txais tib lub sijhawm. ua ke nthuav tawm los ntawm cov suab sib txawv. fret. Ib tug zoo-paub piv txwv ntawm P. (1544) – "Jewish seev cev" los ntawm X. Neusiedler (nyob rau hauv lub luam tawm "Denkmäler der Tonkunst nyob rau hauv Österreich", Bd 37) - nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag tsis sawv cev rau P., tab sis polyscale. Keeb kwm, thawj "polytonally" sau tsis tseeb polychord yog nyob rau hauv qhov xaus. bars ntawm "A Musical Joke" los ntawm WA Mozart (K..-V. 522, 1787):
Qee zaum, cov xwm txheej pom tau tias P. muaj nyob hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm xyoo pua 19th. (MP Mussorgsky, Cov duab ntawm ib qho Exhibition, "Ob tug neeg Yudais"; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, 16th variation ntawm "Paraphrase" - ntawm lub ntsiab lus uas tau hais los ntawm AP Borodin). Cov phenomena hu ua P. yog yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. (P. Hindemith, B. Bartok, M. Ravel, A. Honegger, D. Milhaud, C. Ive, IF Stravinsky, SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, K. Shimanovsky, B. Lutoslavsky thiab lwm yam).
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