Polyphonic Variations |
Polyphonic Variations - ib daim ntawv suab paj nruag raws li rov ua dua ntawm lub ntsiab lus nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov xwm txheej. AP ib. tuaj yeem ua suab paj nruag ywj pheej. prod. (lub npe rau-rogo qee zaum txiav txim siab daim ntawv, piv txwv li. "Canonical Variations ntawm Ib Zaj Nkauj Christmas" los ntawm I. C. Bach) los yog ib feem ntawm lub voj voog loj. prod. (Largo los ntawm fp. quintet g-moll op. 30 Taneyev), ib ntu hauv cantata, opera (chorus "Tus Huab Tais Ntuj Zoo Kawg" los ntawm opera "Cov Lus Dab Neeg ntawm Lub Nroog Invisible Kitezh thiab Maiden Fevronia" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov); feem ntau P. a. - ib ntu ntawm ib qho loj dua, incl. non-polyphonic, cov ntaub ntawv (pib ntawm lub hauv paus seem ntawm 2nd txav ntawm Myaskovsky lub 5th symphony); qee zaum lawv tau suav nrog cov tsis yog polyphonic. variation voj voog ("Symphonic etudes" los ntawm Schumann). K P. a. tag nrho cov yam ntxwv ntawm daim ntawv ntawm kev hloov pauv yog siv tau (shaping, faib rau hauv nruj thiab dawb, thiab lwm yam); lub sij hawm yog dav. sij hawm tuaj txog. hauv owls musicology. AP ib. txuam nrog lub tswvyim ntawm polyphony. variation, uas implies contrapuntal. hloov tshiab ntawm lub ntsiab lus, daim ntawv seem, ib feem ntawm lub voj voog (piv txwv li, pib ntawm qhov nthuav tawm, tuav 1-26, thiab qhov rov ua dua, tuav 101-126, hauv 2nd txav ntawm Beethoven lub 1st symphony; chimes II nrog ob npaug hauv Bach's English Suite No 1; “Chromatic Invention” No. 145 los ntawm "Microcosmos" los ntawm Bartok); polyphonic variation yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw (piv txwv li, P. xyoo pua, fugue thiab peb daim ntawv hauv aria No 3 los ntawm Bach's cantata No 170). Main txhais tau tias polyphonic. variations: kev taw qhia ntawm contrapuntal lub suab (ntawm txawv qib ntawm kev ywj pheej), incl. sawv cev melodic-rhythmic. yooj yim xaiv. Cov ntsiab lus; daim ntawv thov ntawm magnification, lub ntsiab reversal, thiab lwm yam .; polyphonization ntawm chord kev nthuav qhia thiab melodicization ntawm nrog cov duab, muab lawv lub cim ntawm ostinato, siv cov imitations, canons, fugues thiab lawv ntau yam; kev siv ntawm complex counterpoint; nyob rau hauv polyphony ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. - aleatorics, kev hloov pauv ntawm dodecaphone series, thiab lwm yam. Hauv P. a. (los yog dav - nrog polyphonic. variation), lub logic ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog muab los ntawm tshwj xeeb txhais tau tias, uas nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev kom khaws ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntsiab lus tsis hloov (cf., piv txwv li, thawj zaug kev nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv tuav 1-3 thiab polyphonically varied. nyob rau hauv tuav 37-39 ntawm lub minuet ntawm lub g-moll symphony Mozart); Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws shaping txhais tau tias yog ostinato, uas yog muaj nyob rau hauv metric. constancy thiab harmony. ruaj khov; kev sib sau ntawm daim ntawv P. a. feem ntau txiav txim los ntawm ib txwm rov qab mus rau c.-l. hom kev nthuav qhia polyphonic (piv txwv li, mus rau canon), ib qho kev nyuaj ntawm kev siv tshuab, kev nce hauv cov suab, thiab lwm yam. Rau P. a. kev ua tiav yog ib txwm, to-rye sum up sounded polyphonic. ntu ntu thiab xaus cov txheej txheem siv; nws tuaj yeem ua tau nyuaj contrapuntal. compound (eg in Bach's Goldberg Variations, BWV 988), canon (Largo from the 8th symphony, prelude gis-moll op. 87 No 12 Shostakovich); pl. Kev hloov pauv hloov pauv (xws li tsis yog-polyphonic, uas, txawm li cas los xij, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm polyphonic. txoj kev loj hlob) xaus nrog fugue-variation, piv txwv li. hauv op. AP THIAB. Tchaikovsky, M. Regera, IB. Britten thiab lwm tus. Vim hais tias cov polyphonic cov txheej txheem feem ntau txuas rau homophonic kev nthuav qhia (piv txwv li, hloov lub suab los ntawm lub suab sab sauv mus rau lub ntses bass thaj tsam, xws li nyob rau hauv vertically movable counterpoint), thiab nyob rau hauv P. a. homophonic txhais tau tias ntawm kev sib txawv yog siv, ciam teb ntawm polyphonic. thiab tsis yog polyphonic. variations yog txheeb ze. AP ib. muab faib ua ostinato (xws li cov xwm txheej uas cov ntsiab lus rov tshwm sim, piv txwv li fp. "Basso ostinato" Shchedrin) thiab neostinato. Feem ntau P. a. ntawm stubborn bass. Lub suab nkauj rov qab tuaj yeem khaws cia hauv ib lub suab (piv txwv li, tus tswv ntawm cov qauv nruj feem ntau muab tso rau hauv cantus firmus hauv tenor (2)) thiab hloov ntawm ib lub suab mus rau lwm qhov (piv txwv li, hauv trio "Tsis txhob ua pa, nyob zoo" los ntawm Glinka's Opera "Ivan Susanin" ); cov lus txhais dav dav rau cov xwm txheej no yog P. a. mus rau lub suab nrov. Ostinate thiab neostinate hom feem ntau coexist, tsis muaj ciam teb meej ntawm lawv. AP ib. tuaj ntawm Nar. Cov kev coj ua dej khov, qhov twg cov suab paj nruag nrog cov lus rov ua dua tau txais qhov sib txawv polyphonic. kho kom zoo nkauj. Cov piv txwv thaum ntxov ntawm P. a. hauv prof. suab paj nruag belongs rau hom ostinato. Ib tug yam ntxwv piv txwv yog lub motet ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. hom galliard (saib hauv Art. Polyphony), uas yog raws li 3 bass kab ntawm Gregorian chant. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no tau nthuav dav (motets "Speravi", "Trop plus est bele - Biauté paree - je ne sui mie" los ntawm G. de Machot). Masters ntawm nruj style xyaum nyob rau hauv P. a. yuav qhia. cov txheej txheem polyphonic. lus, etc. cov txheej txheem melodic. kev hloov pauv. Типичен мотет «La mi la sol» X. Izaka: cantus firmus yog rov ua dua hauv tenor 5 zaug nrog lub suab qis qis hauv geometric. Kev nce qib (tom qab tuav nrog ob zaug luv luv), cov ntsiab lus sib txawv yog tsim los ntawm lub ntsiab. cov ntsiab lus hauv kev txo qis (saib piv txwv hauv qab). Txoj Cai P. a. Qee zaum ua haujlwm raws li lub hauv paus ntawm Pawg - keeb kwm yog thawj lub voj voog loj. Cov ntaub ntawv: cantus firmus, nqa tawm zoo li ostinato hauv txhua qhov chaw, yog tus ncej txhawb nqa ntawm lub voj voog loj loj (piv txwv li, hauv pawg ntawm L'homme armé los ntawm Josquin Despres, Palestrina). Sov. cov kws tshawb fawb V. AT. Protopopov thiab S. C. Scrapers yog suav tias yog polyphonic. variation (ntawm ostinato, raws li txoj cai ntawm germination thiab strophic. hom) lub hauv paus ntawm imitation cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub 14th-16th centuries. (cm. Polyphony). Hauv qub P. a. cantus firmus tsis tau nqa tawm cais ua ntej kev hloov pauv; cov kev cai ntawm kev nthuav qhia lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb rau kev hloov pauv tau npaj los ntawm intonation (cf. Intonation, VI) - los ntawm kev hu nkauj qhib kab lus ntawm chorale ua ntej pawg; kev txais tos tau kho tsis ntxov dua li xyoo pua 16th. nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm passacaglia thiab chaconne, uas tau los ua cov ntaub ntawv ntawm P.
Ib qho kev txhawb siab rau P. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib puas xyoo. (xws li neostinata) yog instrumentalism nrog nws cov duab possibilities.
Ib hom kev nyiam yog kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib tw, uas tau ua piv txwv los ntawm lub cev P. v. S. Scheidt ntawm "Warum betrübst du dich, mein Herz".
Organ P. in. Ya. P. Sweelinka ntawm "Est-ce Mars" - ornamental (lub ntsiab lus yog kwv yees nyob rau hauv kev ntxhib los mos nrog ib tug raug diminution (3)), nruj (daim ntawv ntawm lub ntsiab lus yog khaws cia), neostinata - yog ntau yam nrov nyob rau hauv lub 16 -17 centuries. variations ntawm lub ntsiab nkauj.
Ntawm neostinatny P. nyob rau hauv. 17th-18th centuries lub complex yog cov uas nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub fugue. Yog li, rau P. xyoo pua. kaw kev ua tiav ntawm kev tawm tsam, xws li hauv fugues F-dur thiab g-moll D. Buxtehude.
Cov txheej txheem yog qhov nyuaj dua. G. Frescobaldi: thawj 2 fugues, ces 3rd fugue variation (sib txuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm yav dhau los fugues) thiab 4th fugue variation (ntawm cov khoom ntawm 1st).
Suab paj nruag los ntawm JS Bach - encyclopedia ntawm kev kos duab ntawm P. v. Bach tsim lub voj voog ntawm kev sib tw choral, mus rau ntau yam. rooj plaub no mus txog dawb vim yog improvisational inserts ntawm cov kab lus ntawm chorale. Tib hom muaj xws li cov festive "Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song" (BWV 769) - series ntawm ob lub suab canons-variations ntawm cantus firmus (hauv octave, tsib, xya thiab octave hauv magnification; lub 3rd thiab 4th canons muaj dawb. suab); nyob rau hauv qhov kawg 5th variation, chorale yog cov khoom ntawm canons nyob rau hauv kev ncig (hauv thib rau, thib peb, thib ob, tsis muaj) nrog ob lub suab dawb; hauv kev ua koob tsheej. lub rau lub suab coda muab tag nrho cov kab lus ntawm chorale. Qhov tshwj xeeb muaj nuj nqis ntawm polyphonic variation txawv qhov "Goldberg Variations": lub voj voog yog tuav ua ke los ntawm ntau yam ntses bass thaj tsam thiab rov qab los - zoo li kev txwv - rau cov txheej txheem ntawm canon. Ob lub suab canons nrog lub suab pub dawb tau muab tso rau hauv txhua qhov kev hloov pauv thib peb (tsis muaj lub suab pub dawb hauv 27th variation), lub sijhawm ntawm canons nthuav tawm los ntawm unison mus rau tsis muaj (hauv kev ncig hauv 12th thiab 15th variations); nyob rau hauv lwm yam variations - lwm polyphonic. cov ntaub ntawv, ntawm lawv fughetta (10th variation) thiab quadlibet (30th variation), qhov twg ob peb pej xeem cov ntsiab lus yog cheerfully counterpointed. Lub cev passa-calla hauv c-moll (BWV582) yog qhov txawv ntawm lub zog tsis sib xws ntawm kev txhim kho tsis tu ncua ntawm daim ntawv, crowned nrog fugue raws li lub siab tshaj plaws semantic synthesis. Lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm kev tsim lub tswv yim ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub voj voog ntawm ib lub ntsiab lus characterizes "Art of the Fugue" thiab "Musical Offering" ntawm Bach; raws li dawb P. nyob rau hauv. tej yam cantatas yog tsim rau ntawm chorales (piv txwv li, Tsis muaj 4).
Los ntawm 2nd pem teb. Lub xyoo pua 18th variation thiab polyphony yog me ntsis demarcated: polyphonic. variation pab qhia cov ntsiab lus homophonic, muaj nyob rau hauv lub classic. variation form. Yog li, L. Beethoven siv lub fugue ua ib qho ntawm cov variations (feem ntau rau dynamization, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 33 variations op. 120, fugato nyob rau hauv Larghetto los ntawm lub 7th symphony) thiab asserted nws yog qhov kawg ntawm lub variation voj voog (piv txwv li, variations Es-dur op .35). Ob peb P. nyob rau hauv lub voj voog lawv yooj yim tsim "daim ntawv ntawm 2nd txoj kev npaj" (piv txwv li, hauv Brahms "Variations on a Theme of Handel", 6th variation-canon summarizes the dhau los txoj kev loj hlob thiab yog li cia siab tias qhov kawg fugue ). Lub keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv polyphonic. variations - sib xyaw homophonic-polyphonic. cov ntaub ntawv (saib Free style). Classic qauv - hauv Op. Mozart, Beethoven; hauv Op. composers ntawm tom ntej eras - qhov kawg ntawm lub piano. qw op. 47 Schumann, 2nd txav ntawm Glazunov lub 7th symphony (sarabandes nyob rau hauv lub cim yog ua ke nrog peb-tsav, concentric thiab sonata cov ntaub ntawv), qhov kawg ntawm Myaskovsky lub 27th symphony (rondo sonata nrog ib tug variation ntawm lub ntsiab ntsiab lus). Ib pab pawg tshwj xeeb yog tsim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm uas P. v. thiab fugue: Sanctus los ntawm Berlioz's Requiem (kev taw qhia thiab fugue rov qab los nrog cov teeb meem tseem ceeb polyphonic thiab orchestral); qhov nthuav tawm thiab cov strettas hauv lub fugue los ntawm Glinka's Introduction to the opera Ivan Susanin yog sib cais los ntawm ib tug chorus uas qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm polyphonic variation. daim ntawv sib txuas; Hauv kev taw qhia txog kev ua yeeb yam Lohengrin, Wagner zoo li P. v. kev kawm thiab teb cov lus qhia. Ostinatnye P. v. in music 2nd floor. 18th-19th centuries siv tsis tshua muaj thiab xoob heev. Beethoven tso siab rau cov kev cai ntawm cov chaconnes thaum ub nyob rau hauv 32 qhov kev hloov pauv hauv c-moll, qee zaum nws tau txhais P. v. ntawm basso ostinato uas yog ib feem ntawm daim ntawv loj (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub tragic coda ntawm 1st txav ntawm 9th symphony); Lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua siab loj kawg ntawm 3rd symphony yog P. v. ntawm basso ostinato (lub ntsiab lus pib), uas qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm rondo (repetition ntawm 2nd, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb), tripartite (rov qab los ntawm lub ntsiab tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub thib ob fugato. ) thiab concentric forms. Qhov kev sau tshwj xeeb no tau txais kev qhia rau I. Brahms (qhov kawg ntawm 2th symphony) thiab symphonists ntawm lub xyoo pua 4th.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 tau dhau los ua polyphonic. variation ntawm lub suab paj nruag sustained; Feem ntau nws yog soprano ostinato - daim ntawv, piv nrog basso ostinato, yog tsawg coherent, tab sis muaj xim zoo. (piv txwv li, 2nd variation nyob rau hauv Persian Choir los ntawm Glinka's Ruslan thiab Lyudmila) thiab kev pom (piv txwv li, ntu hauv Varlaam zaj nkauj los ntawm Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov) muaj peev xwm, txij li hauv P. v. ntawm soprano ostinato lub ntsiab. kev txaus siab tsom mus rau kev hloov pauv polyphonic. (nrog rau kev sib haum xeeb, orc., thiab lwm yam) melody design. Cov ntsiab lus feem ntau yog melodious (piv txwv li, Et incarnatus los ntawm Schubert's Mass Es-dur, pib ntawm Lacrimosa txav los ntawm Verdi's Requiem), kuj nyob rau niaj hnub. suab paj nruag (2nd ntawm Messiaen's "Peb Lub Liturgies"). Zoo sib xws P. in. muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv loj (xws li, nyob rau hauv Larghetto los ntawm Beethoven lub 7th symphony) feem ntau nrog rau lwm yam variations (piv txwv li, Glinka's Kamarinskaya, Glazunov's variations nyob rau hauv piano op. 72, Reger's Variations thiab Fugue ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm Mozart. ). Glinka coj ua ke P. xyoo pua. mus rau lub suab nkauj txhawb nqa nrog ib daim ntawv nkauj ua ke (xws li, vertically movable counterpoint nyob rau hauv lub couplet variations ntawm lub trio "Tsis txhob suffocate, nyob zoo" los ntawm lub opera "Ivan Susanin"; nyob rau hauv lub canon "Lub sij hawm zoo li cas" los ntawm lub opera "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" contrapuntal ib puag ncig nkag mus rau rispost zoo li P. v. ntawm qhov kev tshaj tawm). Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Glinka kev lig kev cai coj mus rau kev vam meej ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. op. Borodin, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov, Tchaikovsky thiab lwm yam. Nws tau siv rau hauv kev ua cov bunks. nkauj los ntawm AV Alexandrov (piv txwv li, "Tsis muaj ib txoj hauv kev"), Ukrainian. composer ND Leontovich (piv txwv li, "Vim lub roob pob zeb", "Poppy"), Uzbek. composer M. Burkhanov ("Nyob rau lub Roob siab"), Estonian composer V. Tormis (ntau yam ostinato compositions nrog kev siv niaj hnub harmonic thiab polyphonic cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub choral voj voog "Suab nkauj ntawm St. John lub hnub") thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. lwm tus
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th P. tus nqi hauv. (feem ntau ntawm basso ostinato) tau nce ntau heev; lub peev xwm ntawm ostinato neutralizes kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov niaj hnub. kev sib haum xeeb, thiab tib lub sij hawm basso ostinato, tso cai rau ib qho kev sib tw. thiab polytonal txheej, tsis cuam tshuam nrog harmonic. kev ywj pheej. Nyob rau hauv rov qab mus rau ostinato cov ntaub ntawv, kev zoo nkauj tau ua lub luag haujlwm. kev teeb tsa ntawm neoclassicism (piv txwv li, M. Reger); nyob rau hauv ntau P. cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv. - ib yam khoom ntawm stylization (piv txwv li, qhov xaus ntawm lub ballet "Orpheus" los ntawm Stravinsky). Nyob rau hauv neostinatny P. ntawm xyoo pua. txoj kev nyiam siv cov txheej txheem ntawm canon tuaj yeem taug qab (piv txwv li, "Free Variations" No. 140 los ntawm Bartok's "Microcosmos", qhov kawg ntawm Webern's symphony op. 21, "Variazioni polifonici" los ntawm piano sonata ntawm Shchedrin, "Hymn" rau cello, harp thiab timpani los ntawm Schnittke). Nyob rau hauv P. nyob rau hauv lub txhais tau tias ntawm ib tug tshiab polyphony yog siv: variational kev pab cuam ntawm dodecaphony, polyphony ntawm txheej thiab polyphonic. aleatoric (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub orchestral op. V. Lutoslavsky), sophisticated metrical. thiab suab paj nruag. cov txheej txheem (piv txwv li, P. v. nyob rau hauv Messiaen's Plaub Rhythmic Etudes), thiab lwm yam. Lawv feem ntau ua ke nrog cov tsoos polyphonic. dag zog; feem ntau yog siv cov kev cai ib txwm siv hauv lawv cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tshaj plaws (saib, piv txwv li, contrapuntal kev tsim kho hauv 2nd txav ntawm Shchedrin's sonata). Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub muaj ntau yam zoo heev piv txwv ntawm classical suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag; ib qho kev rov hais dua rau qhov kev paub ntawm Bach thiab Beethoven qhib txoj hauv kev rau kev kos duab ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav (kev ua haujlwm ntawm P. Hindemith, DD Shostakovich). Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm Shostakovich lub lig (op. 134) violin sonata (ostinato ob chav pianos, qhov twg counterpoint nyob rau hauv gis-moll muaj lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib sab), Beethoven txoj kev lig kev cai yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm sib sib zog nqus muses. kev xav, nyob rau hauv ib theem zuj zus ntawm kev ntxiv tag nrho; qhov no yog ib yam khoom. - ib qho ntawm cov pov thawj ntawm kev muaj peev xwm ntawm niaj hnub. P. cov forms.
References: Protopopov Vl., keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Lavxias teb sab classical thiab Soviet suab paj nruag, M., 1962; nws, keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Western European classics ntawm XVIII-XIX centuries, M., 1965; nws, Variational processes in music form, M., 1967; Asafiev B., Musical form as a process, M., 1930, the same, book. 2, M., 1947, (ob leeg) L., 1963, L., 1971; Skrebkov S., Artistic cov ntsiab cai ntawm suab paj nruag, M., 1973; Zuckerman V., Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag. Variation form, M., 1974.
VP Frayonov
