Suab txias

Kev kaw suab - nqa tawm nrog kev pab los ntawm cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. cov cuab yeej kho lub suab vibrations (hais lus, suab paj nruag, suab nrov) ntawm lub suab cab kuj, tso cai rau koj rov qab qhib cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg. Qhov muaj peev xwm tiag tiag ntawm Z. tshwm sim los ntawm 1688, thaum nws. Tus kws tshawb fawb GK Schelhammer pom tias lub suab yog huab cua vibrations. Z. thawj qhov kev sim tau ntes lub suab vibrations, tab sis tsis tau ua kom lawv cov kev tsim tawm. Lub suab vibrations feem ntau yog ntes tau los ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab kis los ntawm nws mus rau tus pin (kab koob), uas tau tso ib qho wavy cim rau ntawm qhov chaw sooty (T. Jung hauv Askiv, 1807; L. Scott hauv Fab Kis thiab R. Koenig hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, 1857).

Thawj Z. apparatus, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rov tsim dua yam uas tau sau tseg, yog tsim los ntawm TA Edison (USA, 1876) thiab, ntawm nws tus kheej, Ch. Cros (Fabkis, 1877). Nws hu ua phonograph. Cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv yog nqa tawm nrog ib rab koob tsau rau ntawm daim nyias nyias nrog lub horn, qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv yog thawj zaug ib lub staniole tsau rau ntawm lub tog raj kheej tig, thiab tom qab ntawd ib lub wax roller. Z. ntawm hom no, nyob rau hauv uas lub suab kab, los yog phonogram, yog tau siv ib tug neeg kho tshuab. cuam ​​tshuam rau cov khoom nqa khoom (txiav, extrusion) yog hu ua mechanical.

Thaum xub thawj, cov ntawv sib sib zog nqus tau siv (nrog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov tob), tom qab ntawd (txij li xyoo 1886) kev hloov pauv (nrog rau qhov tob tob ntawm qhov tob) kuj tau siv. Kev tsim tawm yog nqa tawm siv tib lub cuab yeej. Tsiaj txhu. Qhov tsis txaus ntawm phonograph yog qhov tsis zoo thiab cov txheeb ze. lub brevity ntawm cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv, raws li zoo raws li impossibility ntawm reproducing lub kaw.

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog mechanical. Z. tau sau tseg rau ntawm daim disk (E. Berliner, USA, 1888), pib hlau, ces coated nrog siv quav ciab, thiab thaum kawg yas. Qhov Z. txoj kev no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm muab cov ntaub ntawv sib npaug ntawm qhov loj; discs nrog cov ntaub ntawv hu ua gramophone records (gramophone records). Rau qhov no galvanoplastic los ntawm kev tsim cov hlau. ib daim ntawv thim rov qab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg, uas tau siv los ua ib lub thwj hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov sib thooj. yas khoom thaum rhuab.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1925, kev kaw lus tau pib ua los ntawm kev siv cov kev hloov ntawm lub suab vibrations rau hauv cov hluav taws xob, uas tau nthuav dav nrog kev pab ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd hloov mus ua ib qho khoom siv. kev hloov pauv ntawm tus txiav; qhov no zoo heev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov recordings. Ntxiv kev vam meej nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no yog txuam nrog kev txhim kho Z. thev naus laus zis, kev tsim khoom ntawm lub npe hu ua. ntev ua si thiab tso suab. gramophone records (saib Gramophone record, Stereophony).

Cov ntaub ntawv tau ua si thaum xub thawj nrog kev pab los ntawm gramophone thiab gramophone; los ntawm 30s 20th caug xyoo lawv tau hloov los ntawm ib tug hluav taws xob player (electrophone, radiogram).

Ua tau mechanical. Z. on movie. Cov cuab yeej siv rau kev kaw suab tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1927 los ntawm AF Shorin hauv USSR ("shorinophone"), thawj zaug rau kev ntaus yeeb yaj kiab, thiab tom qab ntawd rau kev kaw suab paj nruag thiab hais lus; 60 lub suab lem tau muab tso rau raws qhov dav ntawm zaj duab xis, uas, nrog rau zaj duab xis ntev ntawm 300 m, ua rau nws tuaj yeem kaw rau 3-8 teev.

Nrog rau cov neeg kho tshuab Magnetic kaw pom dav daim ntawv thov. Sib nqus cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv thiab nws cov kev tsim tawm yog ua raws li kev siv cov hlau nplaum seem hauv cov khoom ferromagnetic txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw sib nqus sib nqus. Nrog lub suab sib nqus, lub suab vibrations hloov mus rau hauv hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog. Lub tom kawg, tom qab kev nthuav dav, yog pub rau lub taub hau kaw, cov ncej uas tsim kom muaj qhov sib nqus sib nqus ntawm cov khoom sib nqus txav, tsim cov hlau nplaum seem ntawm nws, sib xws rau cov suab kaw. Thaum xws li ib tug kaw lus nruab nrab hla lub suab reproducing lub taub hau, ib tug alternating hluav taws xob tam sim no yog induced nyob rau hauv nws winding. voltage hloov dua siab tshiab tom qab amplification rau hauv suab vibrations zoo ib yam li cov kaw.

Thawj qhov kev paub ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib nqus tau rov qab mus rau xyoo 1888 (O. Smith, Tebchaws Asmeskas), tab sis cov khoom siv sib nqus cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau kev tsim khoom loj tau tsim hauv nruab nrab. 30s 20th century Lawv hu ua tape recorders. Lawv raug kaw rau ntawm ib daim kab xev tshwj xeeb coated rau ntawm ib sab nrog ib txheej ntawm hmoov los ntawm cov khoom muaj peev xwm ua tau hlau nplaum thiab khaws cov khoom sib nqus (hlau oxide, magnesite) lossis (hauv cov qauv nqa tau) ntawm cov hlau nyias ua los ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Ib daim kab xev kaw tuaj yeem ua si ntau zaus, tab sis nws kuj tuaj yeem raug tshem tawm.

Sib Nqus Z. tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv zoo heev, incl. thiab stereophonic, rewrite lawv, raug rau decomp. transformations, siv lub txim ntawm ntau yam sib txawv. cov ntaub ntawv (siv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm thiaj li hu ua suab paj nruag hluav taws xob), thiab lwm yam. Raws li txoj cai, cov ntaub ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv phonograph yog pib ua rau daim kab xev sib nqus.

Optical, lossis photographic, Z., ch. arr. hauv cinematography. Raws ntug ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab kho qhov muag. Txoj kev no kho lub suab khiav, uas lub suab vibrations yog imprinted nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib hloov ceev (lub degree ntawm blackening ntawm photosensitive txheej) los yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm fluctuations nyob rau hauv lub dav ntawm lub pob tshab ib feem ntawm txoj kev khiav. Thaum lub sij hawm playback, ib tug beam ntawm lub teeb yog dhau los ntawm lub suab khiav, uas ntog ntawm ib tug photocell los yog photoresistance; fluctuations nyob rau hauv nws illumination yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv hluav taws xob. vibrations, thiab tom kawg mus rau hauv suab vibrations. Thaum lub sij hawm thaum sib nqus Z. tseem tsis tau los rau hauv kev siv, optical. Z. kuj tau siv los kho cov muses. ua haujlwm hauv xov tooj cua.

Ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm optical Z. - Z. ntawm zaj duab xis nrog kev siv suab-kho qhov muag. modulator raws li cov nyhuv Kerr. Xws li ib tug Z. tau ua nyob rau hauv 1927 nyob rau hauv lub USSR los ntawm PG Tager.

References: Furduev VV, Electroacoustics, M.-L., 1948; Parfentiev A., Physics thiab zaj duab xis suab kaw cov txheej txheem, M., 1948; Shorin AF, Yuav ua li cas lub vijtsam los ua tus hais lus, M., 1949; Okhotnikov VD, Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm khov suab, M.-L., 1951; Burgov VA, Fundamentals of sound recording and reproduction, M., 1954; Glukhov VI thiab Kurakin AT, Technique of sounding the film, M., 1960; Dreyzen IG, Electroacoustics thiab suab tshaj tawm, M., 1961; Panfilov N., Suab hauv zaj duab xis, M., 1963, 1968; Apollonova LP thiab Shumova ND, Mechanical sound recording, M.-L., 1964; Volkov-Lannit LF, Art of Imprinted Sound, M., 1964; Korolkov VG, Hluav taws xob circuits ntawm daim kab xev recorders, M., 1969; Melik-Stepanyan AM, Sound recording equipment, L., 1972; Meerzon B. Ya., Fundamentals of electroacoustics and magnetic recording of sound, M., 1973. Saib kuj lit. nyob rau hauv cov khoom Gramophone, Gramophone record, Tape recorder, Stereophony, Electrophone.

LS Termin, 1982.