Francois Couperin |

Francois Couperin

Couperin. "Les Barricades mystirieuses" (John Williams)

Thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX, lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag harpsichord tsim hauv Fabkis (J. Chambonière, L. Couperin thiab nws cov kwv tij, J. d'Anglebert, thiab lwm tus). Dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev sau cov txheej txheem tau mus txog qhov kawg hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm F. Couperin, uas nws lub sijhawm pib hu ua zoo.

Couperin tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg nrog kev ua suab paj nruag ntev. Kev pabcuam ntawm tus kws kho mob hauv Cathedral ntawm Saint-Gervais, tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm nws txiv, Charles Couperin, tus kws sau nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam hauv Fabkis, Francois ua ke nrog kev pabcuam hauv tsev hais plaub. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm ntau thiab ntau lub luag haujlwm (suab nkauj rau lub tsev teev ntuj kev pabcuam thiab kev hais kwv txhiaj hauv tsev hais plaub, ua tus soloist thiab accompanist, thiab lwm yam) ua rau tus neeg sau lub neej mus txog qhov txwv. Couperin kuj tau muab cov lus qhia rau cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe: "… Tau nees nkaum xyoo tam sim no kuv muaj kev hwm los nrog huab tais thiab qhia yuav luag ib txhij ntawm nws lub siab Dauphin, Duke ntawm Burgundy thiab rau tus huab tais thiab ntxhais huab tais ntawm lub tsev huab tais ... " Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1720s. Couperin sau nws cov ntawv kawg rau harpsichord. Kev mob hnyav ua rau nws tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim, tsis ua haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub thiab hauv pawg ntseeg. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm chamber tshuab raj dhau mus rau nws tus ntxhais, Marguerite Antoinette.

Lub hauv paus ntawm Couperin cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim yog ua haujlwm rau harpsichord - ntau tshaj 250 daim luam tawm hauv plaub phau ntawv (1713, 1717, 1722, 1730). Raws li kev paub dhau los ntawm nws cov neeg ua ntej thiab cov neeg laus dua, Couperin tau tsim ib qho tseem ceeb harpsichord style, txawv los ntawm kev hloov maj mam thiab elegance ntawm kev sau ntawv, kev kho kom zoo ntawm cov ntawv me me (rondo los yog variations), thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm ornamental decorations (melismas) uas sib xws. qhov xwm ntawm harpsichord sonority. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws filigree style no yog nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev muaj feem xyuam rau Rococo style hauv Fabkis kos duab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Fabkis impeccability ntawm saj, kev nkag siab ntawm kev faib ua feem, ib tug maj mam ua si ntawm cov xim thiab sonorities dominate Couperin lub suab paj nruag, tsis suav nrog heightened qhia, muaj zog thiab qhib manifestations ntawm tus cwj pwm txawv. "Kuv nyiam qhov uas ua rau kuv xav tsis thoob." Couperin txuas nws cov kev ua si rau hauv kab (ordre) - cov hlua dawb ntawm ntau yam me me. Feem ntau ntawm cov yeeb yam muaj cov npe programmatic uas qhia txog kev nplua nuj ntawm tus kws sau ntawv lub tswv yim, cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm nws txoj kev xav. Cov no yog poj niam portraits (“Touchless”, “Naughty”, “Muam Monica”), pastoral, idyllic scenes, toj roob hauv pes (“Reeds”, “Lilies in the Making”), plays that characterizes lyrical states (“Regrets”, “Tender Kev chim siab”), lub ntsej muag ua yeeb yam (“Satires”, “Harlequin”, “Tricks of magicians”), thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub preface rau thawj sau ntawm plays, Couperin sau: “Thaum sau ntawv plays, kuv ib txwm muaj ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub siab. – Ntau yam xwm txheej qhia rau kuv. Yog li ntawd, cov npe sib raug rau cov tswv yim uas kuv muaj thaum sau. Nrhiav nws tus kheej, tus kheej kov rau txhua qhov me me, Couperin tsim ib qho kev xaiv tsis kawg rau harpsichord kev ntxhib los mos - cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, airy, openwork ntaub.

Cov twj paj nruag, txwv tsis pub dhau ntawm nws txoj kev nthuav tawm, dhau los ua hloov pauv, rhiab, muaj yeeb yuj hauv Couperin tus kheej txoj kev.

Ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm kev paub nplua nuj ntawm tus kws sau nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam, tus tswv uas paub meej txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm nws cov cuab yeej, yog Couperin's treatise The Art of Playing the Harpsichord (1761), nrog rau tus sau phau ntawv ua ntej rau kev sau ntawm harpsichord pieces.

Tus kws sau ntawv nyiam tshaj plaws hauv qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov ntsuas; nws qhia meej txog cov txuj ci kev ua tau zoo (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ua si ntawm ob lub keyboards), deciphers ntau yam khoom dai. "Lub harpsichord nws tus kheej yog ib qho cuab yeej ci ntsa iab, zoo tagnrho hauv nws qhov ntau, tab sis txij li lub harpsichord tsis tuaj yeem nce lossis txo lub zog ntawm lub suab, Kuv yuav ua tsaug rau cov neeg uas, ua tsaug rau lawv cov kos duab zoo kawg nkaus thiab saj, yuav muaj peev xwm ua tau. ua kom nws qhia. Qhov no yog qhov kuv cov thawj coj tau xav txog, tsis hais txog qhov zoo ntawm lawv cov yeeb yam. Kuv sim ua kom tiav lawv qhov kev tshawb pom. "

Qhov kev txaus siab zoo yog lub chamber-instrumental ua haujlwm ntawm Couperin. Ob lub voj voog ntawm kev hais kwv txhiaj "Royal Concertos" (4) thiab "New Concertos" (10, 1714-15), sau rau ib pawg me me (sextet), tau ua nyob rau hauv tsev hais plaub chamber music concerts. Couperin's trio sonatas (1724-26) tau tshwm sim los ntawm A. Corelli's trio sonatas. Couperin mob siab rau lub trio sonata "Parnassus, los yog Apotheosis ntawm Corelli" rau nws nyiam composer. Cov npe yam ntxwv thiab txawm tias tag nrho cov phiaj xwm txuas ntxiv - ib txwm witty, thawj - kuj pom muaj nyob hauv Couperin's chamber ensembles. Yog li, qhov kev pab cuam ntawm trio sonata "Apotheosis ntawm Lully" tau xav txog qhov kev sib cav txog qhov zoo ntawm Fabkis thiab Italian suab paj nruag.

Qhov loj thiab siab loj ntawm kev xav txawv qhov txawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag dawb ceev ntawm Couperin - lub cev pawg (1690), motets, 3 pre-Easter pawg (1715).

Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Couperin, nws tej hauj lwm tau dav paub sab nraum Fabkis. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws composers pom nyob rau hauv lawv cov piv txwv ntawm ib tug meej, classically polished harpsichord style. Yog li, J. Brahms hu ua JS Bach, GF Handel thiab D. Scarlatti ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Couperin. Kev sib txuas nrog cov harpsichord style ntawm Fabkis tus tswv muaj nyob rau hauv piano tej hauj lwm ntawm J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas L. Beethoven. Cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Couperin ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv thiab lub hauv paus intonational tau rov kho dua thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMXth-XNUMXth. nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Fabkis composers C. Debussy thiab M. Ravel (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Ravel's suite "Lub ntxa ntawm Couperin".)

I. Okhalova