Ntsiab lus |
los ntawm Greek lub ntsiab lus, lit. - dab tsi yog lub hauv paus
Cov qauv suab paj nruag ua haujlwm raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag lossis ib feem ntawm nws. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus hauv kev ua haujlwm tau lees paub vim qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab suab paj nruag, lub peev xwm los tsim cov kev xav uas tsim cov ntsiab lus, thiab kuj yog vim muaj kev rov ua dua (yeej los yog ntau yam). Lub ntsiab lus yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim suab paj nruag, lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim ntawm daim ntawv ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag. Hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, lub ntsiab lus tsis raug rau kev txhim kho (cov ntsiab lus ntu; cov ntsiab lus uas sawv cev rau tag nrho cov haujlwm).
Thematic piv. thiab cov khoom tsis-thematic hauv kev tsim khoom. tuaj yeem sib txawv: los ntawm txhais tau tias. tus naj npawb ntawm thematically nruab nrab kev tsim kho (piv txwv li, episodic motifs nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob seem) kom txog rau thaum T. kiag li subjugates tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho. Prod. tuaj yeem ua ib leeg-tsaus thiab ntau qhov tsaus ntuj, thiab T. nkag mus rau hauv ntau yam kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg: los ntawm kev sib raug zoo heev rau kev sib cav sib ceg. Tag nrho cov complex yog thematic. phenomena nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ua nws thematic.
Tus cwj pwm thiab cov qauv ntawm t. yog nyob ze rau ntawm hom thiab daim ntawv ntawm ntau lawm. tag nrho (los yog nws qhov chaw, lub hauv paus ntawm uas yog qhov no T.). Tseem ceeb txawv, piv txwv li, cov kev cai ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm T. fugue, T. Ch. qhov chaw ntawm lub sonata allegro, T. qeeb ib feem ntawm lub sonata-symphony. cycle, etc. T. homophonically harmonic. warehouse yog teev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub sij hawm, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib kab lus, nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim 2- los yog 3-ntu daim ntawv. Qee zaum, T. tsis muaj lus txhais. kaw daim ntawv.
Lub tswvyim ntawm "T." endured txhais tau tias. kev hloov hauv keeb kwm. kev loj hlob. Lub sij hawm thawj zaug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, borrowed los ntawm rhetoric, thiab lub sij hawm ntawd feem ntau coincided nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus nrog rau lwm cov ntsiab lus: cantus firmus, soggetto, tenor, thiab lwm yam. X. Glarean ("Dodecachordon", 1547) hu T. osn. lub suab (tenor) lossis lub suab, uas lub suab hu ua (cantus firmus) tau tso siab rau, G. Tsarlino (“Istitutioni harmoniche”, III, 1558) hu T., lossis passagio, suab paj nruag. ib kab nyob rau hauv uas lub cantus firmus yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug alterned daim ntawv (nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub soggetto - lub suab uas ua lub cantus firmus tsis hloov). Dr. theorists ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. txhawb qhov sib txawv no los ntawm kev siv lub sij hawm inventio nrog rau lub sij hawm tema thiab subjectum nrog rau soggetto. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th qhov txawv ntawm cov tswv yim no yog erased, lawv ua synonyms; Yog li, kev kawm raws li lub ntsiab lus rau T. tau raug khaws cia hauv Western Europe. kws suab paj nruag. liter-re mus txog rau lub xyoo pua 20th. Hauv pem teb 2. 17-1st pem. XVIII xyoo pua lo lus "T." xaiv feem ntau lub ntsiab suab paj nruag. fugue xav. Muab tso rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag classical. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm T. fugues yog raws li Ch. arr. ntawm kev tsom xam ntawm cov ntsiab lus tsim hauv JS Bach's fugues. Polyphonic T. feem ntau yog monophonic, nws ncaj qha ntws mus rau hauv lub suab paj nruag tom ntej.
Hauv pem teb 2. Lub xyoo pua 18th Homophonic xav, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Viennese classics thiab lwm yam composers ntawm lub sij hawm no, hloov tus cwj pwm ntawm T. nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm. T. - tag nrho melodic-harmonic. complex; muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev xav thiab kev loj hlob (G. Koch tau qhia lub tswv yim ntawm "thematic work" nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Musicalisches Lexikon, TI 2, Fr./M., 1802). Lub tswvyim ntawm "T." siv rau yuav luag tag nrho cov homophonic hom. Homophonic T., piv rau polyphonic, muaj qhov tseeb dua. ciam teb thiab ib tug ntshiab sab hauv. articulation, feem ntau ntau dua ntev thiab tiav. Xws li T. yog ib feem ntawm cov muses uas cais mus rau ib qho degree lossis lwm qhov. prod., uas "suav nrog nws tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb" (G. Koch), uas yog xav txog hauv German lo lus Hauptsatz, siv los ntawm 2nd pem teb. XVIII xyoo pua nrog rau lo lus "T." (Hauptsatz kuj txhais tau tias T. ch. qhov chaw hauv sonata allegro).
Romantic composers ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm kev tsim kho thiab siv cov suab paj nruas twj paj nruag tsim nyob rau hauv lub ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Viennese classics, ho nthuav lub Scope ntawm thematic kos duab. Tseem ceeb dua thiab ywj siab. cov motifs uas ua rau lub suab nrov pib ua lub luag haujlwm (piv txwv li, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm F. Liszt thiab R. Wagner). Muaj kev ntshaw rau thematic. kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov khoom, uas ua rau cov tsos ntawm monothematism (saib Leitmotif). Tus kheej ntawm thematism manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm kev ntxhib los mos-rhythm. thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm timbre.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, kev siv qee cov qauv ntawm 19th-xyoo pua thematicism. txuas nrog cov phenomena tshiab: ib qho kev thov rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm polyphonic. thematism (DD Shostakovich, SS Prokofiev, P. Hindemith, A. Honegger, thiab lwm yam), compression ntawm lub ntsiab lus mus rau lub shortest motive kev tsim kho, tej zaum ob-los yog peb-tone (IF Stravinsky, K. Orff, kawg ua hauj lwm los ntawm DD Shostakovich. ). Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntsiab lus ntawm intonation thematism hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm ntau tus kws sau paj huam poob. Muaj cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm shaping, nyob rau hauv relation mus rau qhov kev siv ntawm lub qub tswvyim ntawm T. tau los ua tsis ncaj ncees lawm.
Nyob rau hauv ntau qhov xwm txheej, qhov kev siv zog loj ntawm kev loj hlob ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem siv cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag zoo, kom meej meej (hu ua suab paj nruag athematic): qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov khoom siv los ua ke nrog nws txoj kev loj hlob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus uas ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab nyob ze rau hauv kev ua haujlwm rau T yog khaws cia. Cov no yog qee lub sijhawm uas tuav tag nrho muses ua ke. ntaub (B. Bartok, V. Lutoslavsky), series thiab dav hom kev xav (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv dodecaphony), textural-rhythmic, timbre yam ntxwv (K. Penderetsky, V. Lutoslavsky, D. Ligeti). Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov xwm txheej zoo li no, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb suab paj nruag siv lub tswv yim ntawm "dispersed thematism".
References: Mazel L., Structure of suab paj nruas tej hauj lwm, M., 1960; Mazel L., Zukkerman V., Kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag, (ib ntu 1), Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv me me, M., 1967; Sposobin I., Musical form, M., 1967; Ruchyevskaya E., Function ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntsiab lus, L., 1977; Bobrovsky V., Functional foundations of music form, M., 1978; Valkova V., Ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "suab paj nruag ntsiab", nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Suab paj nruas kos duab thiab science, vol. 3, M., 1978; ib. Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts. Bachs melodische Polyphonie, Bern, 1917, 1956
VB Valkova
