Timbre |

Fabkis timbre, lus Askiv timbre, German Klangfarbe

Suab xim; ib qho ntawm cov cim ntawm lub suab paj nruag (nrog rau lub suab, nrov nrov thiab lub sijhawm), los ntawm cov suab ntawm tib qhov siab thiab nrov nrov yog qhov txawv, tab sis ua rau cov twj paj nruag sib txawv, sib txawv suab los yog tib lub twj paj nruag, tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, mob stroke. Lub cav yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm lub suab nrov - lub vibrator ntawm lub suab paj nruag, thiab nws cov duab (cov hlua, rods, cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam), nrog rau cov resonator (piano decks, violins, trumpet tswb, lwm yam); Lub timbre yog cuam tshuam los ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm chav tsev - cov yam ntxwv zaus ntawm absorbing, reflecting nto, reverberation, thiab lwm yam. T. yog yus muaj los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm overtones nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm lub suab, lawv piv nyob rau hauv qhov siab, ntim, suab nrov overtones, lub sijhawm pib ntawm lub suab tshwm sim - nres (ntse, du, mos), formants - thaj chaw ntawm kev txhim kho ib nrab lub suab hauv lub suab spectrum, vibrato, thiab lwm yam. T. kuj yog nyob ntawm tag nrho cov ntim ntawm lub suab, nyob rau hauv lub register - siab los yog tsawg, nyob rau hauv lub beats ntawm lub suab. Tus mloog characterizes T. Ch. arr. nrog kev pab los ntawm associative sawv cev – sib piv no suab zoo nrog nws pom, tactile, gustatory, thiab lwm yam impressions ntawm decomp. cov khoom, tshwm sim thiab lawv cov kev sib raug zoo (suab ci, ci ntsa iab, npub, npub, sov, txias, sib sib zog nqus, puv, ntse, mos, saturated, muaj kua, nws yog xim hlau, iav, thiab lwm yam); auditory txhais (suab, lag ntseg) yog siv tsawg zaus. T. zoo heev cuam tshuam lub suab intonation. suab txhais (tso npe suab nrog ib tug me me ntawm overtones nyob rau hauv relation mus suab feem ntau tshwm vague), lub peev xwm ntawm lub suab mus rau hauv ib chav tsev (kev cuam tshuam ntawm formants), kev txawj ntse ntawm vowels thiab consonants nyob rau hauv lub suab.

Evidence-based typology T. mus. lub suab tseem tsis tau tiav. Nws tau raug tsim los hais tias lub rooj sib hais timbre muaj ib cheeb tsam xwm txheej, piv txwv li, nrog kev xaav ntawm lub suab los ntawm tib lub suab nrov, piv txwv li. Lub suab ntawm lub violin sib haum mus rau tag nrho cov suab uas txawv me ntsis hauv kev muaj pes tsawg leeg (saib Zone). T. yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kev nthuav qhia. Nrog kev pab los ntawm T., ib qho los yog lwm qhov ntawm cov muses tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv. ntawm tag nrho - suab paj nruag, ntses bass thaj tsam, chord, kom muab cov khoom sib xyaw no ua tus yam ntxwv, lub ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb ua haujlwm tag nrho, cais cov kab lus lossis ib feem ntawm ib leeg - txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog lossis tsis muaj zog sib txawv, hais txog qhov zoo sib xws lossis qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem. kev loj hlob ntawm ib yam khoom; Cov kws sau paj huam siv cov suab sib txuas (timbre sib haum xeeb), hloov, txav, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub suab (timbre dramaturgy). Kev tshawb nrhiav cov suab nrov tshiab thiab lawv cov kev sib xyaw ua ke (hauv lub suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag) txuas ntxiv, cov suab paj nruag hluav taws xob tau raug tsim, nrog rau cov suab synthesizers uas ua rau kom tau txais cov suab nrov tshiab. Sonoristics tau dhau los ua kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb hauv kev siv cov suab nrov.

Lub phenomenon ntawm lub ntuj scale raws li ib tug ntawm cov physico-acoustic. lub hauv paus T. tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib haum xeeb raws li ib qho kev hu nkauj. kev nthuav qhia; nyob rau hauv lem, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. muaj kev pom zoo los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb los txhim kho lub suab ntawm lub suab (ntau yam sib luag, piv txwv li, triads loj, txheej ntawm kev ntxhib los mos, pawg, qauv suab ntawm tswb, thiab lwm yam). Txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag thiaj li yuav piav qhia ntau yam ntawm lub koom haum ntawm muses. lus tau rov tig mus rau T. Nrog T. nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los yog lwm qhov, kev tshawb nrhiav muses txuas nrog. tunings (Pythagoras, D. Tsarlino, A. Werkmeister thiab lwm tus), kev piav qhia ntawm modal-harmonic thiab modal-functional systems ntawm suab paj nruag (JF Rameau, X. Riemann, F. Gevart, GL Catoire, P. Hindemith thiab lwm tus. ).

References: Garbuzov HA, Ntuj overtones thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus sib haum xeeb, hauv: Sau cov haujlwm ntawm pawg thawj coj ntawm suab paj nruag acoustics. Proceedings of the HYMN, vol. 1, Moscow, 1925; nws tus kheej, Zone xwm ntawm timbre hnov, M., 1956; Teplov BM, Psychology ntawm lub peev xwm suab paj nruag, M.-L., 1947, nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv: Teeb meem ntawm tus kheej sib txawv. (Xaiv tej hauj lwm), M., 1961; Suab paj nruag acoustics, gen. ed. Edited los ntawm NA Garbuzova. Moscow, 1954. Agarkov OM, Vibrato raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm suab paj nruas qhia nyob rau hauv kev ua si lub violin, M., 1956; Nazaikinsky E., Pars Yu., Kev xaav ntawm cov suab paj nruag timbres thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug neeg harmonics ntawm lub suab, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Daim ntawv thov ntawm acoustic kev tshawb fawb txoj kev nyob rau hauv musicology, M., 1964; Pargs Yu., Vibrato thiab pitch perception, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Daim ntawv thov ntawm acoustic kev tshawb fawb txoj kev nyob rau hauv musicology, M., 1964; Sherman NS, Formation of a uniform temperament system, M., 1964; Mazel LA, Zuckerman VA, Kev Ntsuam Xyuas ntawm cov suab paj nruag ua haujlwm, (ib ntu 1), Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv me me, M, 1967, Volodin A., Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb hauv kev xaav ntawm lub suab thiab lub suab ntawm lub suab, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv .: Musical art and science, issue 1, M., 1970; Rudakov E., Nyob rau hauv cov npe ntawm lub suab hu nkauj thiab kev hloov mus rau cov suab nrov, ibid.; Nazaikinsky EV, On the psychology of musical perception, M., 1972, Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 (Lus txhais lus – Helmholtz G., The doctrine of ations auditory asphysics theory of music, St. Petersburg, 1875).

Yu. N. Rags