Choral ua |

nra. Choralbearbeitung, англ. choral arrangement, choral chaw, франц. muaj pes tsawg leeg sur choral, итал. elaboration ntawm ib tug choral, composition ntawm ib tug choral

Ib qho kev ua suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag lossis suab seev suab paj nruag uas lub suab hu nkauj ntawm Western Christian pawg ntseeg (saib Gregorian chant, Protestant chant, Choral) tau txais cov qauv tsim.

Lub sij hawm X. hais txog." feem ntau yog siv rau polygonal compositions ntawm choral cantus firmus (piv txwv li, antiphon, zaj nkauj, teb). Qee zaum hauv qab X. txog. tag nrho cov suab paj nruag suav nrog. op., ib txoj kev los yog lwm txoj kev txuas nrog chorale, nrog rau cov uas nws tsuas yog siv los ua cov khoom siv. Hauv qhov no, kev ua tiav qhov tseem ceeb dhau los ua kev ua tiav, thiab lo lus siv lub ntsiab lus dav dav. Hauv nws. musicology npe. X. hais txog." Feem ntau siv rau hauv kev nkag siab zoo dua los xa mus rau ntau hom kev ua Protestant chorale. Scope X. txog. dav heev. Cov thawj coj ntawm prof. suab paj nruag ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Renaissance. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv polyphonic thaum ntxov (parallel organum, foburdon) chorale ua tiav. Ua lub suab qis, uas yog duplicated los ntawm tus so ntawm lub suab, nws tsim lub hauv paus ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv lub literal siab. Nrog polyphonic amplification. kev ywj pheej ntawm lub suab, lub choral yog deformed: nws cov suab nrov lengthen thiab theem tawm (nyob rau hauv lub melismatic organum lawv tau khaws cia kom txog rau thaum lub nplua nuj ornamentation ntawm contrapunctuated lub suab resounds), lub choral poob nws kev ncaj ncees (qhov slowness ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia vim hais tias. lub suab nrov nce ntxiv rau nws kom txwv rau qee qhov kev coj ua - qee zaum tsis pub ntau tshaj 4-5 lub suab pib). Qhov kev xyaum no tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv thaum ntxov ntawm motet (13th caug xyoo), qhov twg cantus firmus feem ntau kuj yog ib feem ntawm Gregorian chant (saib piv txwv hauv qab no). Los ntawm tib lub sijhawm, chorale tau dav siv los ua lub hauv paus ostinato rau polyphonic. daim ntawv hloov pauv (saib Polyphony, kab 351).

Gregorian chant. Hallelujah Vidimus Stellam.

Motet. Parisian tsev kawm ntawv (13th caug xyoo). Ib feem ntawm chorale tshwm sim hauv tenor.

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej hauv keeb kwm ntawm X. o. - txuas ntxiv mus rau chorale ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm isorhythm (saib Motet), uas tau siv txij li xyoo pua 14th. Forms X.o. honed los ntawm tus tswv ntawm ntau lub hom phiaj. pawg. Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv chorale (qee qhov ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ua ke hauv ib qho op.): txhua ntu muaj 1-2 nqe lus ntawm cov nkauj hu nkauj, uas tau muab faib ua cov kab lus sib cais los ntawm kev ncua (tag nrho pawg, yog li ntawd, sawv cev rau lub voj voog ntawm variations); txhua feem muaj ib feem ntawm chorale, uas yog dispersed thoob plaws hauv pawg; chorale - tsis sib xws rau cov kev cai ntawm kev nthuav qhia hauv tenor (2) - txav ntawm lub suab mus rau lub suab (lub thiaj li hu ua migrating cantus firmus); lub choral yog ua sporadically, tsis nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub choral tsis nyob twj ywm unchanged; nyob rau hauv kev xyaum ntawm nws ua, 4 lub ntsiab tau txiav txim. cov ntawv thematic. transformation - nce, txo, ncig, txav. Nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv ua ntej, lub chorale, narrated precisely los yog sib txawv (melodic filling ntawm jumps, ornamentation, ntau yam rhythmic kev npaj), yog contrasted nrog kuj dawb, thematically unrelated counterpoints.

G. Dufay. Hymn “Aures ad nostras deitatis”. 1st stanza is a monophonic choral melody, the 2nd stanza is a three-voice arrangement (varied choral melody in soprano).

Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm imitation, npog tag nrho cov suab, cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub cantus firmus muab txoj kev rau cov neeg tshiab, thiab chorale tsuas yog ib qhov chaw ntawm thematic. cov khoom siv ntau lawm. (cf. piv txwv hauv qab no thiab piv txwv hauv kab 48).

Гимн “Pange lingua”

Cov tswv yim thiab cov qauv ntawm kev ua cov choral, tsim nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm nruj style, tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Protestant, thiab nrog rau kev siv imitations. Cov ntaub ntawv tau hloov kho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub cantus firmus. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - cantata, "passions", sab ntsuj plig concerto, motet - feem ntau txuam nrog chorale (qhov no yog xav txog nyob rau hauv lub terminology: Choralkonzert, piv txwv li "Gelobet seist du, Yexus Khetos" los ntawm I. Schein; Choralmotette, piv txwv li. "Komm, heiliger Geist » A. von Brook; Choralkantate). Tshem tawm. Kev siv cov cantus firmus hauv cantatas ntawm JS Bach yog qhov txawv ntawm nws ntau haiv neeg. Chorale feem ntau muab rau hauv ib qho yooj yim 4-lub hom phiaj. kev sib haum xeeb. Ib lub suab nkauj hu nkauj ua los ntawm lub suab lossis lub suab paj nruag yog superimposed rau ntawm ib qho kev hu nkauj txuas ntxiv. composition (eg BWV 80, No 1; BWV 97, No 1), wok. lub instr. a duet (BWV 6, No 3), an aria (BWV 31, No 8) and even a recitative (BWV 5, No 4); Qee zaum ariose choral kab thiab recitative non-choral kab alternate (BWV 94, No 5). Tsis tas li ntawd, lub choral tuaj yeem ua haujlwm raws li thematic. lub hauv paus ntawm txhua qhov chaw, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cantata hloov mus rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm variational voj voog (piv txwv li, BWV 4; thaum kawg, chorale yog ua nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub feem ntawm lub choir thiab orchestra).

Keeb Kwm X. txog. rau cov twj paj nruag keyboard (feem ntau rau lub cev) pib thaum xyoo pua 15th, thaum lub npe hu ua. lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm kev ua tau zoo (lat. alternatim – alternately). Cov nqe lus ntawm kev hu nkauj, ua los ntawm pawg hu nkauj (vers), uas yav tas los hloov nrog cov lus solo (piv txwv li, hauv antiphons), pib hloov nrog org. kev ua haujlwm (versett), tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Mass thiab Magnificat. Yog li, Kyrie eleison (hauv Krom, raws li kev lig kev cai, txhua qhov ntawm 3 ntu ntawm Kyrie - Christe - Kyrie tau rov ua peb zaug) tuaj yeem ua tau:

Josquin Despres. Mecca "Pange lingua". Pib ntawm "Kyrie eleison", "Christe eleison" thiab thib ob "Kyrie". Cov khoom siv thematic ntawm imitations yog ntau cov kab lus ntawm choral.

Kyrie (organ) – Kyrie (choir) – Kyrie (organ) – Christe (choir) – Christe (organ) – Christe (choir) – Kyrie (organ) – Kyrie (choir) – Kyrie (organ). Sat org. tau luam tawm. Cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm Gregorian Magnificats thiab qhov chaw ntawm Pawg (sau ua ke, lawv tom qab ntawd hu ua Orgelmesse – org. mass): “Magnificat en la tabulature des orgues”, luam tawm los ntawm P. Attenyan (1531), “Intavolatura coi Recercari Canzoni Himni Magnificat ..." thiab "Intavolatura d'organo cio Misse Himni Magnificat. Libro secondo” los ntawm G. Cavazzoni (1543), “Messe d'intavolatura d'organo” los ntawm C. Merulo (1568), “Obras de musica” los ntawm A. Cabeson (1578), “Fiori musicali” los ntawm G. Frescobaldi ( 1635) thiab lwm yam.

"Sanctus" los ntawm lub cev loj "Cimctipotens" los ntawm ib tug tsis paub sau ntawv, luam tawm los ntawm P. Attenyan nyob rau hauv "Tabulatura pour le ieu Dorgucs" (1531). Cantus firmus yog ua nyob rau hauv tenor, ces nyob rau hauv soprano.

Liturgical suab paj nruag (cf. cantus firmus los ntawm qhov piv txwv saum toj no).

Org. Kev hloov pauv ntawm Protestant choral ntawm 17th-18th centuries. absorbed qhov kev paub ntawm tus tswv ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los; lawv tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug concentrated daim ntawv technical. thiab nthuav tawm. achievements ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Ntawm cov kws sau ntawv X. o. - tus tsim ntawm monumental compositions JP Sweelinck, uas gravitated rau complex polyphonic. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm D. Buxtehude, nplua nuj xim suab paj nruag G. Böhm, siv yuav luag txhua hom kev ua haujlwm los ntawm JG Walter, nquag ua haujlwm hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm choral variations S. Scheidt, J. Pachelbel thiab lwm tus (choral improvisation yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm txhua tus. church organist). JS Bach kov yeej kev lig kev cai. generalized expression of X.o. (kev xyiv fab, kev tu siab, kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb) thiab txhawb nws nrog txhua qhov ntxoov ntxoo nkag mus rau tib neeg kev nkag siab. Xav txog qhov romantic aesthetic. miniatures, nws endowed txhua daim nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb tus kheej thiab immeasurably nce lub expressiveness ntawm obligate suab.

Ib tug feature ntawm lub composition X. o. (xws li kev zam ntawm ob peb hom, piv txwv li, fugue ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm chorale) yog nws "ob txheej xwm", uas yog, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg - lub suab nkauj choral thiab dab tsi nyob ib puag ncig nws (kev ua haujlwm tiag tiag. ). Cov tsos thiab daim ntawv ntawm X. o. nyob ntawm lawv lub koom haum thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam. Muses. Cov khoom ntawm Protestant choral melodies yog qhov ruaj khov: lawv tsis muaj zog, nrog cov lus tseeb, thiab tsis muaj zog ntawm cov kab lus. Daim ntawv (nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov kab lus thiab lawv cov nplai) luam cov qauv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, uas yog feem ntau ib tug quatrain nrog ntxiv ntawm ib tug arbitrary kab. Ua li ntawd. sextines, sevenths, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub suab nkauj sib haum mus rau qhov pib tsim zoo li lub sij hawm thiab ib tug ntau los yog tsawg polyphrased continuation (qee zaum ua ib tug bar ua ke, piv txwv li BWV 38, No 6). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev rov ua dua ua cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem xyuam rau ob ntu, peb ntu, tab sis qhov tsis muaj kev cia siab rau squareness ho txawv ntawm lawv los ntawm classical sawv daws yuav. Qhov ntau ntawm cov tswv yim tsim thiab txhais tau hais tias siv rau hauv suab paj nruag. cov ntaub puag ncig lub choral yog dav heev; nws ch. arr. thiab txiav txim siab qhov dav dav ntawm Op. (cf. kev npaj sib txawv ntawm ib qho choral). Kev faib tawm yog raws li X. o. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tiav yog muab tso rau (lub suab paj nruag ntawm choral nws txawv los yog tseem tsis hloov, nws tsis muaj teeb meem rau kev faib tawm). Muaj 4 lub ntsiab hom X. o.

1) kev npaj ntawm chord warehouse (nyob rau hauv lub koom haum cov ntaub ntawv, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws sawv daws yuav, piv txwv li, Bach's “Allein Gott in der Hoh sei Ehr”, BWV 715).

2) Polyphonic ua. lub tsev khaws khoom. Cov suab uas nrog rau feem ntau yog thematically ntsig txog chorale (saib piv txwv hauv kab 51, saum toj no), feem ntau lawv tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm nws (“Der Tag, der ist so freudenreich”, BWV 605). Lawv tawm tsam kev sib cav sib ceg thiab ib leeg (“Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stud”, BWV 621), feem ntau tsim cov imitations (“Wir Christenleut”, BWV 612), qee zaus canon (“Canonical Variations on a Christmas Song”, BWV 769 ).

3) Fugue (fughetta, ricercar) raws li daim ntawv X. o .

a) ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab paj nruag, qhov twg lub ntsiab lus yog nws cov lus qhib ("Fuga super: Jesus Christus, unser Heiland", BWV 689) los yog - hauv lub npe. strophic fugue – tag nrho cov nqe lus ntawm chorale nyob rau hauv lem, tsim ib tug series ntawm expositions (“Aus tiefer Not schrei'ich zu dir”, BWV 686, see an example in Art. Fugue, kem 989);

b) to a chorale, where a thematically ywj pheej fugue pab raws li ib tug accompaniment rau nws ("Fantasia sopra: Jesu meine Freude", BWV 713).

4) Canon – a form where the chorale is canonically performed (“Gott, durch deine Güte”, BWV 600), qee zaum nrog imitation (“Erschienen ist der herrliche Tag”, BWV 629) lossis canonical. escort (saib piv txwv hauv kab 51, hauv qab). Qhov txawv. hom kev npaj tuaj yeem sib xyaw ua ke hauv choral variations (saib Bach's org. partitas).

Txoj kev sib txawv hauv evolution ntawm X. o. yog lub zog ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm lub suab counterpointing choral. Lub stratification ntawm chorale thiab accompaniment mus txog ib theem, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug "counterpoint of forms" tshwm sim - ib tug mismatch ntawm tus ciam teb ntawm chorale thiab accompaniment ("Nun freut euch, lieben Christen g'mein", BWV 734). Lub autonomization ntawm kev ua kuj tau hais nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm chorale nrog rau lwm yam, tej zaum nyob deb ntawm nws, ib hom ntawv nyeem - aria, recitative, fantasy (uas muaj ntau seem uas yog contrasting nyob rau hauv cov xwm thiab txoj kev ua, piv txwv li, "Ich ruf. zu dir, Herr Yexus Khetos” los ntawm V. Lübeck), txawm tias yog kev seev cev (piv txwv li, hauv partita “Auf meinen lieben Gott” los ntawm Buxtehude, qhov thib 2 variation yog sarabande, qhov thib 3 yog suab nrov, thiab 4th yog ib gigue).

JS Bach. Choral organ arrangement “Ach Gott und Herr”, BWV 693. Feem ntau ua raws li (hauv ob npaug thiab plaub npaug txo) thawj thiab thib ob (daim iav xav txog ntawm 1st)

JS Bach. In dulci Jubilo, BWV 608, Organ Book. Ob chav canon.

Los ntawm Ser. 18th caug xyoo rau cov laj thawj ntawm keeb kwm thiab kev zoo nkauj X. o. yuav luag ploj los ntawm kev xyaum sau. Ntawm ob peb qhov piv txwv lig yog Choral Mass, org. fantasy thiab fugue ntawm chorales los ntawm F. Liszt, org. choral preludes los ntawm I. Brahms, choral cantatas, org. choral fantasies thiab preludes los ntawm M. Reger. Qee zaum X.o. dhau los ua ib yam khoom ntawm stylization, thiab tom qab ntawd cov yam ntxwv ntawm hom yog rov tsim dua yam tsis siv lub suab nkauj tiag tiag (piv txwv li, E. Krenek's toccata thiab chaconne).

References: Livanova T., Keeb kwm ntawm Western European suab paj nruag txog 1789, M.-L., 1940; Skrebkov SS, Polyphonic tsom xam, M.-L., 1940; Sposobin IV, Musical form, M.-L., 1947; Protopopov Vl., keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Western European classics ntawm XVIII-XIX centuries, M., 1965; Lukyanova N., Ntawm ib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm shaping nyob rau hauv choral npaj los ntawm cantatas ntawm JS Bach, nyob rau hauv: Teeb meem ntawm Musicology, vol. 2, M., 1975; ib. Druskin M., Passions thiab masses ntawm JS Bach, L., 1976; Evdokimova Yu., Thematic txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub masses ntawm Palestrina, nyob rau hauv: Theoretical kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag, M., 1978; Simakova N., Melody "L'homme caj npab" thiab nws cov refraction nyob rau hauv pawg neeg ntawm lub Renaissance, ibid.; Etinger M., Early classical harmony, M., 1979; Schweitzer A, JJ Bach. Le musicien-poite, P.-Lpz., 1905, nthuav German. ed. nyob rau hauv lub npe: JS Bach, Lpz., 1908 (Lavxias teb sab txhais – Schweitzer A., ​​​​Johann Sebastian Bach, M., 1965); Terry CS, Bach: the cantatas and oratorios, v. 1-2, L., 1925; Dietrich P., JS Bach's Orgelchoral und seine geschichtlichen Wurzeln, “Bach-Jahrbuch”, Jahrg. 26, 1929; Kittler G., Geschichte des protestantischen Orgelchorals, Bckermünde, 1931; Klotz H., Lber die Orgelkunst der Gotik, der Renaissance und des Barock, Kassel, 1934, 1975; Frotscher G., Geschichte des Orgelspiels und der Orgelkomposition, Bd 1-2, B., 1935-36, 1959; Schrade L., Lub cev nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, “MQ”, 1942, v. 28, No 3, 4; Lowinsky EE, English organ music of the Renaissance, ibid., 1953, v. 39, No 3, 4; Fischer K. von, Zur Enstehungsgeschichte der Orgelchoralvariation, hauv Festschrift Fr. Blume, Kassel (ua), 1963; Krummacher F., Die Choralbearbeitung in der protestantischen Figuralmusik zwischen Praetorius und Bach, Kassel, 1978.

TS Kyuregyan