Chromatism |

Greek xromatismos - xim, los ntawm xroma - xim tawv nqaij, xim, xim; xromatikon - chromatic, lub ntsiab lus genos - genus

Halftone system (raws li A. Webern, chromatism yog "kev txav hauv halftones"). Chromatisms suav nrog ob hom kev ncua sij hawm - Greek "chroma" thiab European chromatism.

1) "Chrome" - ib qho ntawm peb lub ntsiab. "hom" ntawm tetrachord (los yog "hom suab paj nruag") nrog rau "diatone" thiab "enarmony" (saib Greek suab paj nruag). Ua ke nrog kev sib haum xeeb (thiab nyob rau hauv sib piv rau diatone) ntawm chromium, nws yog characterized los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias cov sum ntawm ob lub sij hawm me me yog tsawg dua tus nqi ntawm peb. Xws li ib tug "cluster" ntawm nqaim intervals yog hu ua. pykn (Greek pyknon, tsiaj ntawv - neeg coob coob, feem ntau). Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau enharmonics, qhov tsawg tshaj plaws chroma intervals yog semitones, piv txwv li: e1 – des1 – c1 – h. Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm niaj hnub suab paj nruag Greek theories. chroma qhov tseem ceeb sib raug rau cov nplai nrog SW. thib ob (nyob rau hauv octave frets - nrog ob incremental vib nas this, raws li nyob rau hauv lub aria ntawm tus poj huab tais ntawm Shemakhan los ntawm lub thib ob ua yeeb yam ntawm lub opera Golden Cockerel los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov) thiab yog ze rau diatonic tshaj li chromatic. Greek theorists kuj txawv nyob rau hauv "yug" "xim" (xroai), te interval variants ntawm tetrachords ntawm ib tug muab genus. Raws li Aristoxenus, chrome muaj peb "xim" (hom): suab (hauv xees: 300 + 100 + 100), ib thiab ib nrab (350 + 75 + 75) thiab mos (366 + 67 + 67).

Melodica chromatic. genus tau pom tias muaj yeeb yuj (pom meej, yog li lub npe). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog tus yam ntxwv ua kom zoo, "coddled". Nrog rau qhov pib ntawm Christian era, chromatic. cov suab nkauj raug rau txim tsis txaus siab rau kev ncaj ncees. cov cai (Clement of Alexandria). Hauv Nar. music of the East frets with uv. vib nas this (hemiolic) khaws lawv cov nqi nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. (Said Mohammed Awad Khawas, 1970). Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab European melodic X. muaj ib tug txawv keeb kwm thiab, raws li, ib tug txawv xwm.

2) Lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm X. presupposes lub xub ntiag ntawm diatonicism raws li lub hauv paus, uas X. "xim" (cov ntsiab lus ntawm chroma, xim hauv Marchetto ntawm Padua; saib Gerbert M., t. 3, 1963, p. 74B) . X. yog txhais raws li ib txheej ntawm high-altitude qauv, sprouting los ntawm lub hauv paus diatonic (lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev hloov; piv nrog lub tswv yim ntawm G. Schenker tus qauv theem). Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov Greek, lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm X. yog txuam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm 6 lub suab (melodic kauj ruam) nyob rau hauv ib tug tetrachord (cov Greeks ib txwm muaj plaub ntawm lawv; Aristoxenus lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug uniformly tempered tetrachord ntawm ib semitone. qauv tseem yog qhov theoretical abstraction) thiab 12 lub suab nyob rau hauv txhua octave. "Nordic" diatonicism suab paj nruag yog xav txog hauv kev txhais lus ntawm X. raws li "compression" ntawm diatonic. hais, "embedding" hauv paus diatonic. ib kab ntawm qhov thib ob (diatonic hauv nws tus kheej) txheej li X. Li no lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm chromatic systematics. phenomena, teem nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm lawv nce ceev, los ntawm cov rarefied chromaticity mus rau qhov tsis tshua muaj ntom (A. Webern's hemitonics). X. yog subdivided rau hauv melodic. thiab chord (piv txwv li, chords tuaj yeem yog diatonic nkaus xwb, thiab cov suab paj nruag tuaj yeem yog chromatic, xws li hauv Chopin's etude a-moll op. 10 No 2), centripetal (qhia rau lub suab ntawm tonic.., thaum pib ntawm 1st variation. ntawm 2nd ib feem ntawm 32nd sonata los ntawm L. Beethoven rau piano.). Lub systematic ntawm lub ntsiab phenomena X.:

Modulation X. yog tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob diatonic, disconnected los ntawm kev muab lawv mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg (L. Beethoven, zaum kawg ntawm 9th piano sonata, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab kev hloov pauv; N. Ya. Myaskovsky, "Yellowed Nplooj ntawv "rau piano, Tsis muaj 7, kuj sib xyaw nrog lwm hom X.); chromatic lub suab nyob rau hauv ntau lub tshuab thiab tuaj yeem sib nrug. Subsystem X. (hauv kev sib txawv; saib Subsystem) sawv cev rau lub suab ntawm chromatic. kev sib raug zoo hauv tib lub cev (JS Bach, lub ntsiab lus ntawm h-moll fugue los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm Well-Tempered Clavier), uas thickens X.

Lead-tone X. los ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm qhib tones rau txhua lub suab lossis chord, tsis muaj lub sijhawm hloov pauv raws li kev txav mus rau uv. Kuv yuav lees txais (kev sib haum xeeb me; Chopin, mazurka C-dur 67, Tsis muaj 3, PI Tchaikovsky, 1st ib feem ntawm 6th symphony, pib ntawm lub ntsiab lus thib ob; lub npe hu ua "Prokofiev's dominant"). Hloov X. yog txuam nrog cov yam ntxwv. Lub sijhawm yog kev hloov kho ntawm diatonic. keeb (suab, chord) los ntawm txoj kev chromatic kauj ruam. semitone - ua. Kuv yuav lees txais, nthuav qhia meej (L. Beethoven, 5th symphony, 4th txav, tuav 56-57) los yog implied (AN Scriabin, Paj Huam rau piano op. 32 Tsis muaj 2, tuav 1-2).

Mixed X. muaj nyob rau hauv sequential los yog ib txhij sib tov ntawm modal ntsiab, txhua yam uas belongs rau txawv diatonic cim (AP Borodin, 2nd symphony, 1st zog, bar 2; F. Liszt, symphony "Faust", 1 -th zog, tuav 1 -2; SS Prokofiev, sonata No 6 rau pianoforte, 1st zog, bar 1; DD Shostakovich, 7th symphony, 1st zog, tooj 35-36; NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Golden Cockerel", orchestral introduction to Act II; symmetrical frets tuaj yeem ze rau ntuj X.). Ntuj X. ("organic chromaticity" raws li A. Pusseru) tsis muaj diatonic. cov hauv paus hauv paus (O. Messiaen, “20 views …” for piano, No 3; EV Denisov, piano trio, 1st zog; A. Webern, Bagatelli for piano, op. 9).

Theory X. in Greek. cov neeg xav yog ib qho kev piav qhia ntawm chromatic intervals. txheeb los ntawm calculus lej. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab ntawm tetrachord (Aristoxenus, Ptolemy). Qhia. tus cwj pwm ("ethos") ntawm chroma raws li ib yam ntawm cov mos mos, refined, tau piav los ntawm Aristoxen, Ptolemy, Philodem, Pachymer. Generalization ntawm antiquity. X. txoj kev xav thiab qhov chaw pib rau Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. theorists yog ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog X., teej tug mus rau Boethius (pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 6th AD). Lub phenomena ntawm ib tug tshiab (introductory tone, transpositional) X., uas tshwm sim approx. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, pib zoo li txawv txawv uas lawv tau raug xaiv los ua "tsis ncaj ncees lawm" suab paj nruag (musica ficta), "tsis tseeb", "tsis tseeb" suab paj nruag (musica falsa). Summing txog cov suab chromatic tshiab (los ntawm lub tiaj tus thiab ntse sab), Prosdocimus de Beldemandis tuaj nrog lub tswv yim ntawm 17-kauj ruam tone scale:

Qhov "artificial" introductory semitone ntawm cov me me tseem yog ib qho qub txeeg qub teg ntawm "ficta music".

Ntawm txoj kev mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm anharmonic. tone values ​​nyob rau hauv con. Xyoo pua 16th los ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm X. branched microchromatics. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th txoj kev xav X. txhim kho nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog cov lus qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb (kuj yog cov ntses bass thaj tsam). Modulation thiab subsystem X. raug kho feem ntau. raws li kev hloov pauv hloov chaw ntawm kev sib raug zoo chaw. cell ntawm ladotonality mus rau subordinate thiab peripheral.

References: 1) Anonymous, Introduction to Harmonics, Philological Review, 1894, vol. 7, kitab. 1–2; Petr VI, On compositions, structures and modes in ancient Greek music, Kyiv, 1901; El Said Mohamed Awad Khawas, Modern Arabic Folk Song, M., 1970; Paul O., Boetius und die griechische Harmonik, Lpz., 1872; Westphal R., Aristoxenus von Tarent. Melik und Rhythmik des classischen Hellenenthums, Lpz., 1883; Jan K. von (comp.), Musici scriptores graeci, Lpz., 1895; D'ring I. (ed.), Die Harmonielehre des Klaudios Ptolemaios, Göteborg, 1930.

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Yu. H. Kholopov