Tshuaj lom |

los ntawm Greek xoros - round seev cev nrog hu nkauj; lat. chorus, ital. coro, qog. Chor, French choeur, eng. hu nkauj, hu nkauj

1) Ib pawg neeg cult seev cev nrog kev hu nkauj (qee zaum ib puag ncig seev cev), feem ntau nrog aulos, kifara, lyre hauv Dr. Greece, thiab hauv Dr. Judea.

2) Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, ib tug obligatory collective koom nyob rau hauv tragedies thiab comedies, personifying lub suab ntawm cov neeg thiab feem ntau ua raws li kev ywj pheej. ua yeeb yam.

3) Ib pawg neeg hu nkauj uas koom ua ke ua wok. prod. nrog instr. nrog los yog tsis muaj accompaniment (choir a cappella). X. tau dhau los ua keeb kwm ntev. kev txhim kho thiab ua decomp. muaj nuj nqi. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib ua suab, hloov zuj zus, cov neeg ua yeeb yam hloov pauv (saib Choral music). Nyob rau thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog (c. 4th caug xyoo), thaum los ntawm pawg ntseeg. zej zog sawv tawm prof. X. (kliros), nws tseem undifferentiated. Hauv 10-13 centuries. thawj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov suab los ntawm kev sau npe pib. Tom qab ntawd (tej zaum los ntawm 14th-15th centuries), nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm polyphony, lub tswvyim ntawm chorus tau tsim. ob tog, txhua tus uas tuaj yeem ua tau hauv kev sib koom ua ke lossis muab faib ua ob peb. votes (hu ua divisi). Thaum lub sijhawm no, kev faib ua suab paj nruag tau txiav txim siab los ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm hauv suab paj nruag. ntaub. Lub ntsiab melodic lub suab yog tenor; lwm lub suab - motet, triplum, quadruplum - ua auxiliary. luag hauj lwm. Tus naj npawb ntawm pawg hu nkauj thiab qhov loj ntawm pawg hu nkauj feem ntau nyob ntawm cov muses. style ntawm txhua lub sijhawm. Rau 14-15 centuries. 3-4 lub hom phiaj yog tus yam ntxwv. hu nkauj, nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab tau nce mus rau 6-8 los yog ntau tshaj, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muab ob npaug rau thiab triple X compositions. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov system ntawm kev ua haujlwm harmonics. kev xav tau coj mus rau kev faib pawg hu nkauj ua 4 cores. ob tog: treble (los yog soprano), alto, tenor, bass (qhov kev faib ntawm pawg hu nkauj tseem muaj hnub no).

Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm opera, X. dhau los ua nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab maj mam tau txais kev ua yeeb yam zoo hauv qee hom kev ua yeeb yam. lub ntsiab lus. Tsuas yog lub tsev teev ntuj. thiab opera choirs, hauv suab paj nruag. culture Zab. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, ib qho chaw tseem ceeb tau nyob los ntawm pawg hu nkauj. tsev teev ntuj. Qhov kev lees paub ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm X. nyob rau hauv txhais tau tias. degree cuam tshuam nrog kev loj hlob ntawm hom oratorio, nrog rau kev hu nkauj tshwj xeeb. conc. hom (piv txwv li, chorus cantatas). Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag X. ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb, vim hais tias nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. nkauj hmoob seev cev hu nkauj. hu nkauj dominated, thiab prof. Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag mus txog rau thaum xyoo pua 18th. tsim ch. arr. mus rau pawg hu nkauj (saib Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, lub tsev teev ntuj suab paj nruag); nplua nuj kev lig kev cai ntawm pawg hu nkauj. kab lis kev cai tau khaws cia nyob rau lub sijhawm tom ntej.

Niaj hnub nimno Choreology distinguishes X. raws li muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub suab - homogeneous (poj niam, txiv neej, cov me nyuam), sib tov (suav nrog heterogeneous suab), tsis tiav mix (nyob rau hauv tsis muaj ib qho ntawm 4 lub ntsiab tog), thiab kuj los ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm cov neeg koom. Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm choristers yog 12 (chamber choir), 3 tus tswv cuab txhua. mus rau pawg hu nkauj, siab tshaj plaws - mus txog 100-120 teev. (sib koom hu nkauj txog li 1000 tus neeg lossis ntau dua ua yeeb yam hauv Soviet Baltic cov koom pheej ntawm Song Festivals).

4) Suab paj nruag. cov khoom npaj rau kev hu nkauj. pab neeg. Nws tuaj yeem muaj kev ywj pheej lossis suav nrog ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm loj dua.

5) Hauv Western Europe opera suab paj nruag ntawm 17th thiab 18th centuries. lub npe yuav xaus. seem ntawm "duets ntawm kev pom zoo" thiab trios.

6) Ib pawg ntawm cov hlua ntawm ib lub suab paj nruag. ntsuas (lute, fp.), tuned nyob rau hauv unison los txhim kho lossis txhawb lub suab nrog timbre. Nyob rau hauv lub cev yog ib pawg ntawm potion kav ua los ntawm ib tug yuam sij.

7) Nyob rau hauv lub orchestra - lub suab ntawm ib pawg ntawm homogeneous instruments (cello choir, thiab lwm yam).

8) Spec. ib qho chaw rau choristers hauv Byzantine, Romanesque thiab Gothic pawg ntseeg. architecture; nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab churches - "choirs".

References: Chesnokov P., Choir and management, M.-L., 1940, 1961; Dmitrevsky G., Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm pawg hu nkauj, M.-L., 1948, 1957; Egorov A., Kev xav thiab kev xyaum ua haujlwm nrog pawg hu nkauj, L.-M., 1951; Sokolov V., Ua hauj lwm nrog cov hu nkauj, M., 1959, 1964; Krasnoshchekov V., Cov lus nug ntawm kev tshawb fawb choral. M., 1969; Levando P., Problems of choral studies, L., 1974. Saib kuj lit. ntawm Art. nkauj kho siab.

EI Kolyada