Ntshai muaj nuj nqi |

Kev ua haujlwm siab - lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab thiab consonances nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo (altitude system).

F. l. sawv cev rau ib qho kev tshwm sim ntawm kev sib txuas suab paj nruag-semantic, los ntawm qhov kev xav thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm muses tiav. tag nrho. Nyob rau hauv cov kev lig kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab terminology hom yog feem ntau txhais raws li ib tug generalizing qeb nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau tag nrho cov hom suab systems (los ntawm ancient, oriental, pej xeem hom mus rau ntau haiv neeg thiab complex suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th). Yog li ntawd, lub tswvyim ntawm F. l. kuj yog qhov feem ntau, correlated nrog feem ntau decomp. hom suab paj nruag-semantic lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab thiab consonances, txawm hais tias lawv tso cai nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov hom (lawv lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv modal systems - tshwj xeeb "hom" suab paj nruag ntawm lub 14th-15th centuries, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau qhov tseem ceeb, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no. lub harmonic tonality ntawm lub 18th-19th centuries raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb hom ntawm modal system). Txij li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm embodiment ntawm hom yog keeb kwm hloov tau, ces F. l. yuav ua li cas tshwj xeeb suab kev sib raug zoo evolve keeb kwm, thiab kev hloov mus rau ntau tsim thiab complex hom ph. thaum kawg qhia txog kev nce qib ntawm muses. xav.

Systematics F. L. nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub koom haum high-altitude, uas nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg tau txais tej lub ntsiab lus, thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub suab paj nruag (suab) qhia ntawm lub logic. kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm lub modal (altitude) system. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm hom tau txais qhov tseem ceeb, ob qho tib si yooj yim (ntawm theem pib ntawm cov khoom siv) thiab sib xyaw (ntawm qib siab ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus yooj yim rau hauv ntau cov kev sib koom ua ke). Cov ntsiab lus yooj yim - otd. suab ("monads"), ntu ntu, ob lub suab ("dyads"), triads ("triads"), lwm yam chords raws li cov khoom siv ntawm lub cev. Composite - dec. hom "microlads" nyob rau hauv lub composition ntawm hom (piv txwv li, tetrachords, pentachords, trichords nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ntau voluminous monodich. hom; tej pawg chord, subsystems, ib tug chord uas nyob ib sab suab los yog consonances, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub polygonal hom. ). Tej zaum F. l. tau, piv txwv li, c.-l. loj modal units (ib los yog lwm tonality, system) nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau lwm tus ntawm tib yam nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tag nrho (lub tonality ntawm ib tug thib ob lub ntsiab lus yog zoo li D rau lub ntsiab tonic, thiab lwm yam). Muz.-logical. kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm hom yog qhia nyob rau hauv kev faib ntawm modal ntsiab rau hauv lub ntsiab (central) thiab subordinate (peripheral), ces nyob rau hauv ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws semantic sib txawv ntawm lub tom kawg; li no lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm qeb ntawm lub hauv paus raws li lub hauv paus F. l. nyob rau hauv txawv nws cov kev hloov kho (saib Lad). Kev nkag siab zoo txaus (hnov) ntawm cov suab paj nruag presupposes xav nyob rau hauv pawg ntawm cov F. l., uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb no. system (piv txwv li, kev siv Western-European system ntawm loj thiab me nrog lawv cov phonographs rau kev ua cov qub Lavxias teb sab pej xeem nkauj, kev txhais ntawm tag nrho cov suab systems los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm Western-European kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub 18-19th centuries nrog nws F. l., ib.).

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau F. l. sib 2 main. hom modal (suab) systems nyob ntawm seb cov qauv ntawm lawv cov khoom - monophonic los yog polyphonic (nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th kuj sonorant). Li no qhov kev faib feem ntau ntawm cov hom F. l. nyob rau hauv monodic thiab chord-harmonic. P. l. nyob rau hauv txawv ancient, nruab nrab-xyoo pua. thiab Nar. monodic. hom (piv txwv li, monodic F. l.) typologically muaj ntau yam sib xws. Yooj yim monodich. F. l. (piv txwv li, modal qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus kheej lub suab thiab consonances) feem ntau suav nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Ch. kev txhawb nqa fret: center. lub suab (nres, siv suab nrov, tonic; nws lub hom phiaj yog los ua ib qho kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag), lub suab kawg (finalis; nyob rau hauv ntau zaus nws coincides nrog lub suab nruab nrab, uas ces kuj hu ua finalis), lub suab thib ob siv. (repercussion, tone ntawm repetition, confinalis, dominant tone, dominant; feem ntau yog khub nrog qhov kawg); Cov kev txhawb nqa hauv zos (cov chaw hauv zos, cov chaw sib txawv; yog tias cov kev txhawb nqa txav los ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm hom mus rau sab), lub suab pib (initialis, pib; 1st suab ntawm lub suab paj nruag; feem ntau coincides nrog qhov kawg). Rau kev sib xyaw monodich. F. l. suav nrog cov nqi txiav txim. melodic revolutions, chants - cov lus xaus. cov qauv, clauses (qee zaum, lawv lub suab kuj muaj lawv tus kheej cov qauv ua haujlwm, piv txwv li, ultima, penultima thiab antepenultima; saib Cadence), cov qauv pib pib (initio, pib), cov qauv lus Lavxias qub. chants, Gregorian melodies. Saib, piv txwv li, kev sib txawv F. l. chaw. tone (as1) thiab lub suab kawg (es1) hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm st. Ancient Greek hom (kem 306), finalis thiab repercussions - ntawm Art. Medieval frets; pom cov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kev txhawb nqa hauv zos (e1, d1, e1) hauv suab paj nruag "Tus Tswv Kuv quaj" ntawm st. Suab system (kem 447), sib txawv F. l. pib thiab zaum kawg tones hauv suab paj nruag "Antarbahis" ntawm st. Suab nkauj kho siab (kem 511). Saib kuj modal values ​​(ie F. l.) typical melodic. revolutions (piv txwv li, pib, zaum kawg) nyob rau hauv kos duab. Medieval hom (kem 241), Melody (kem 520), Full cadence (kem 366), Znamenny chant (kem 466-67), Melody (kem 519).

Systems F. L. nyob rau hauv ib tug polygon frets, synthesizing fret khoom ntawm 2 hom (ib leeg-headed thiab multi-headed), muaj ob-dimensional (interdimensional) cim. Hauv cov suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab (saib Melody), tshwm monodich. F. l.; lawv nkag mus rau hauv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog F. l. ntsug consonances (saib. Harmony), tsim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib txheej ntawm F. l. txheeb ze rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm tus (piv txwv li, melodic tones txheeb ze rau chords, lossis vice versa; "interlayer", interdimensional phlebotomy, tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm monodic thiab chord-harmonic phlebodies). Li no cov art. muaj nyiaj F. l. nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag ntawm tsim polyphony. Projection ntawm chord-harmonic. F. l. cov suab paj nruag yog cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov nthuav dav ntawm chord suab (dhia), pom tau tias yog ib qho kev ua haujlwm (lawv tau tawm tsam raws li kev ua haujlwm sib txawv "transits" dhau thiab cov suab nrov), hauv qhov txo qis ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kab nro (siab dua. - ntau khaus) nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm harmonic-functional (kev loj hlob nro thaum tawm hauv lub hauv paus, qhov poob - thaum rov qab mus rau lub hauv paus), nyob rau hauv hloov lub suab paj nruag basso continuo nrog ib tug zigzag dhia kab basse fondamentale, thiab lwm yam. Cov cawv ntawm monodic F. l. ntawm chord-harmonic yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab. tonal functions (central tone - central chord, tonic; repercussion - dominant chord), thiab lawv cov nyhuv ntawm chord sequences yog manifested nyob rau hauv kev tswj los ntawm lub ntsiab. suab cov kauj ruam (lawv monophonic phonographs) ntawm kev xaiv thiab semantic lub ntsiab lus ntawm chords harmonizing lub suab paj nruag (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub kawg cadence ntawm lub hu nkauj "Glory" los ntawm lub opera "Ivan Susanin" - tus nqi rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub caj qaum ntawm cov suab paj nruag txhawb nqa:

cf. Digital system), nyob rau hauv hais txog. harmonic autonomy ntawm modal complexes ntawm ib lub suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm polyphony (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev xav ntawm kev sib haum xeeb kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub modal complex ntawm ib lub taub hau ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub polygonal ntaub ntawm lub fugue, tej zaum txawm nyob rau hauv contradiction nrog Ph. . l. ntawm lwm lub suab). Interdimensional functional kev sib raug zoo muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm abstraction los ntawm normative F. l. suab thiab consonances ntawm ib tug muab system nyob rau hauv lub cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm heterogeneous (monodic thiab chord-harmonic) F. l. Yog, monodic. F. l. nyob rau hauv ib lub suab paj nruag subordinate rau chord F. l. D 7, hloov mus rau qhov ua tiav rov qab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus (piv txwv li, lub suab ntawm qib 1 gravitates rau hauv 7th, thiab lwm yam); subordination ntawm chord rau F. l. suab paj nruag, piv txwv li, kev ua haujlwm ntawm duplication (hauv faubourdon, thaum ntxov organum, hauv suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, saib, piv txwv li, kuj yog lub piano prelude ntawm C. Debussy "Lub Sunken Cathedral").

Lub modal kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab Renaissance (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub 15th-16th centuries) yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm monodic. thiab chord harmonic. F. l. (feem ntau linear-polyphonic xav); qhov taw qhia yog cov cai rau kev txiav txim siab hom thiab tseem ceeb F. l. "los ntawm tenor", uas yog, ib lub suab txhua; zoo li lub suab ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm consonance decomp. cov kauj ruam ua raws ib leeg, thiab txhais. tsis muaj qhov tseeb nyiam rau chords raws li cov tseem ceeb hauv kev sib raug zoo; sab nraum lub cadences, “tonal kev twb kev txuas tej zaum yuav tsis muaj kiag li, thiab txhua chord … tej zaum yuav ua raws li ib tug chord” (SI Taneev, 1909; saib, piv txwv li, cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag los ntawm J. Palestrina nyob rau hauv St. Polyphony, kab 347, 348, Josquin Despres - hauv kab lus Canon, kab 692).

Tonal kev sib raug zoo (17-19 centuries) yog cim los ntawm predominance ntawm chord-harmonic. F. l. dhau monodic (saib Harmonic tonality, Harmonic function, Tonality, Dominant, Subdominant, Tonic, Major, Minor, Modulation, Deviation, variable functions, Relationship of keys). Ib yam li ob-fret "harmonic. tonality "West-Europe. suab paj nruag yog hluavtaws. modal system ntawm ib hom tshwj xeeb, nws tus kheej ntau yam ntawm F. l. muaj ib qho tshwj xeeb. lawv hom, hu ua “tonal functions” (H. Riemann, “Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde”, 1893). Classic functions (T, D, S) ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws natural kev sib raug zoo - quintal kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub ntsiab. lub suab ntawm chords ntawm cov kauj ruam IV-IV - xyaum tsis hais ib los yog lwm yam ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv modal (piv txwv li, ntawm seb lub tonic yog qhov loj lossis me); yog li nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm no. lo lus "tonal functions" (correlative to the word "modal functions"), thiab tsis yog "F. l." (combining ob leeg). harmonic tonality yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug mob siab ua hauj lwm attraction rau qhov chaw. chord (tonic), nkag mus rau tag nrho cov qauv ntawm lub fret, tsis tshua muaj kev txheeb xyuas ntawm harmonics. functions ntawm txhua consonance thiab otd. lub suab nrov. Vim lub zog ntawm tonal functions, "lub tonality ntawm ib lub tuam tsev cuam tshuam rau lub tonality ntawm lwm tus, qhov pib ntawm daim ntawv cuam tshuam rau nws cov lus xaus" (SI Taneev, 1909).

Hloov mus rau lub xyoo pua 20th suab paj nruag pib los ntawm kev hloov kho cov classic. functionality (ua raws li tus qauv tseem ceeb rau ntau lub tshuab tshiab ntawm kev sib raug zoo), kev tsim cov qauv suab tshiab los ntawm cov tsoos. thiab kho cov khoom siv tonal. Yog li ntawd, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm inversion ("hloov pauv" thiab rov yug dua tshiab ntawm tonal gravity) yog dav: kev taw qhia ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw nruab nrab (R. Wagner, kev taw qhia rau opera "Tristan thiab Isolde"), los ntawm kev sawv mus rau unsteady (NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Cov Dab Neeg ntawm Invisible City of Kitezh thiab Maiden Fevronia", xaus ntawm 3rd d.; AN Skryabin, kev sib haum xeeb hauv kev tsim khoom op. 40-50), los ntawm consonance mus rau dissonance thiab, ntxiv, ib tug nyiam kom tsis txhob consonance (SV Rachmaninov, romance "Au!"), los ntawm ib tug chord mus rau ib tug uas tsis yog-chord tsim (qhov tsos ntawm sab tones nyob rau hauv ib tug chord raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev kho qeeb, auxiliary thiab lwm yam uas tsis yog-chord suab nyob rau hauv nws. qauv). Nrog kev yug dua tshiab ntawm kev lig kev cai. qub F.l. nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, piv txwv li, dissonant tonality tshwm sim (Scriabin, lig sonatas rau pianoforte; A. Berg, Wozzeck, 1st act, 2nd scene, dissonant cis-moll, saib suab paj nruas piv txwv nyob rau hauv Art. Accord, kem 82, 1st chord – T ), derivative hom (SS Prokofiev, "Fleeting", Tsis muaj 2, Lub peb hlis ntuj los ntawm lub opera "Hlub rau peb txiv kab ntxwv" - los ntawm C-dur; DD Shostakovich, 9 symphony, 1st zog, pib ntawm sab ib feem ntawm lub exposition - raws li -moll raws li ib tug derivative ntawm T los ntawm G-dur), atonic lug (N. Ya. Myaskovsky, 6th symphony, 1st ib, lub ntsiab ntawm sab ib feem; lub tonic chord Fis-dur tshwm tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub kawg ib feem). Ntawm lub hauv paus tshiab, ntau hom kev txhawb nqa; raws li, ntau hom F. l. (system functions, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab thiab consonances nyob rau hauv lub muab system).

Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag tshiab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. nrog rau cov tsoos hom F. l. (monodic-modal; chord-harmonic, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tonal) lwm yam kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb kuj tau nthuav tawm, qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus, tshwj xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov chaw ("tsim variation" raws li kev qhia kom hloov kho rov ua dua ntawm cov xaiv. suab pab pawg, raws li nws yog, variation ntawm nws). Cov haujlwm hauv nruab nrab yog qhov tseem ceeb. qhov siab (high-altitude abutment) nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm otd. suab (central tone, raws li IF Stravinsky - "ncej"; piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub piano ua si "Signs on White", 1974, tone a2 los ntawm EV Denisov; kuj saib ib qho piv txwv nyob rau hauv Art. Dodecaphony, kem 274, central tone es ), center. consonances (xws li polychord Fis-dur + C-dur nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm 2nd scene ntawm Stravinsky tus ballet "Petrushka", saib ib qho piv txwv nyob rau hauv Art. Polychord, kem 329), center. cov hauj lwm ntawm cov koob (piv txwv li, series nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ge-dis-fis-cis-fdhbca-gis nyob rau hauv A. Webern lub suab voj voog op. 25, saib ib qho piv txwv nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm Pointillism). Thaum siv sonorno-harmonic. txheej txheem, kev nkag siab ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov siab-altitude abutment yog ua tiav yam tsis muaj qhov qhia meej meej. tones (qhov kawg ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov thib ob piano concerto los ntawm RK Shchedrin). Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv lo lus "F. l." nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ntau phenomena ntawm kev sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 2th. zoo nkaus li muaj teeb meem (los yog tsis yooj yim sua), lawv cov ntsiab lus xav tau kev txhim kho ntawm cov ntsiab lus meej dua.

References: saib hauv qab cov lus hais.

Yu. N. Kholopov