Classicism |

Classicism (los ntawm lat. classicus – piv txwv) – arts. txoj kev xav thiab style nyob rau hauv kos duab ntawm 17th-18th centuries. K. tau ua raws li kev ntseeg ntawm kev tsim nyog ntawm kev ua, nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib leeg, universal kev txiav txim uas tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm tej yam nyob rau hauv lub neej thiab lub neej, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm tib neeg xwm. Koj aesthetic. cov neeg sawv cev ntawm K. scooped lub zoo tagnrho nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm antiquity. foob ​​thiab hauv lub ntsiab. cov kev cai ntawm Aristotle's Poetics. Lub npe "K." los ntawm kev thov rau classic. antiquity raws li tus qauv siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev zoo nkauj. zoo tag nrho. Aesthetics K., los ntawm rationalistic. prerequisites, normative. Nws muaj cov lej ntawm cov cai nruj, uas cov txuj ci yuav tsum ua raws. ua haujlwm. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog qhov yuav tsum muaj rau qhov sib npaug ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab qhov tseeb, lub laj thawj pom tseeb ntawm lub tswv yim, kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev ua tiav ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hom.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm K. muaj ob loj keeb kwm. theem: 1) K. 17th caug xyoo, uas tau loj hlob los ntawm kev kos duab ntawm Renaissance nrog rau cov baroque thiab tsim ib nrab ntawm kev tawm tsam, ib feem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov tom kawg; 2) kev kawm K. ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, txuam nrog cov pre-revolutionary. ideological zog nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab nws lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm lwm cov European. lub teb chaws. Nrog rau qhov dav dav ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus zoo nkauj, ob theem no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb. Hauv Western Europe. keeb kwm kos duab, lo lus "K." feem ntau tsuas yog siv rau kev kos duab. cov lus qhia ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, thaum thov ntawm 17th - thaum ntxov. Xyoo pua 18th suav tias yog baroque. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau qhov kev xav no, uas tau los ntawm kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov qauv raws li kev hloov pauv theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, Marxist-Leninist txoj kev xav ntawm cov qauv tsim nyob rau hauv USSR coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho ntawm contradictory tendencies uas sib tsoo thiab sib cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv txhua txhua keeb kwm. era.

K. 17th caug xyoo, ua nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev antithesis ntawm baroque, loj hlob tawm ntawm tib lub keeb kwm. cov hauv paus hniav, xav txog nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv cov contradictions ntawm transitional era, characterized los ntawm loj kev hloov, kev loj hlob sai ntawm scientific. kev paub thiab kev txhawb zog ib txhij ntawm kev ntseeg-feudal cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov kev qhia zoo tshaj plaws thiab ua tiav ntawm K. 17th caug xyoo. tau txais nyob rau hauv Fabkis lub heyday ntawm lub meej monarchy. Hauv suab paj nruag, nws tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog JB Lully, tus tsim ntawm hom "lyrical tragedy", uas, hais txog nws cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus. stylistic cov ntsiab lus nyob ze rau qhov xwm txheej classic ntawm P. Corneille thiab J. Racine. Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau Italian baruch opera nrog nws "Shakespearean" txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev txiav txim, npaj txhij txog contrasts, bold juxtaposition ntawm sublime thiab lub clownish, Lully's "lyrical tragedy" muaj kev sib sau thiab sib xws ntawm tus cwj pwm, nruj logic ntawm kev tsim kho. Nws lub teb chaws yog siab heroics, muaj zog, noble passions ntawm cov neeg uas nce saum toj no cov theem. Dramatic lub expressiveness ntawm Lully lub suab paj nruag yog raws li kev siv ntawm ib txwm. revolutions, uas ua hauj lwm rau hloov decomp. kev xav thiab kev xav - raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev cuam tshuam (saib. cuam tshuam txoj kev xav), uas qhia txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm K. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Baroque nta tau muaj nyob rau hauv Lully txoj haujlwm, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov zoo nkauj splendor ntawm nws operas, loj hlob. lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub sensual txoj cai. Ib qho zoo sib xws ntawm baroque thiab classical ntsiab kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ltalis, nyob rau hauv operas los ntawm composers ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Neapolitan tom qab lub dramaturgy. kev hloov kho ua los ntawm A. Zeno ntawm tus qauv ntawm Fabkis. classic tragedy. Lub heroic opera series tau txais ib hom ntawv thiab tsim kev sib koom ua ke, hom thiab kev ua yeeb yam tau tswj hwm. functions txawv. cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag. Tab sis feem ntau qhov kev sib koom ua ke no tau dhau los ua kev cai, kev lom zem intrigue thiab virtuoso wok tuaj ua ntej. kev txawj ntawm singers-soloists. Zoo li Italian. opera seria, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Fabkis cov thwjtim ntawm Lully ua tim khawv rau qhov kev poob zoo ntawm K.

Lub sijhawm tshiab kev vam meej ntawm karate nyob rau hauv Enlightenment yog txuam tsis tau tsuas yog nrog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv nws ideological orientation, tab sis kuj nrog ib tug ib nrab rov qab los ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv heev, kov yeej ib co dogmatic sawv daws yuav. yam ntawm classical aesthetics. Nyob rau hauv nws cov piv txwv siab tshaj, enlightenment K. ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. nce mus rau qhov qhib tshaj tawm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig. tswv yim. Fabkis tseem yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm K. lub tswv yim, tab sis lawv pom dav resonance nyob rau hauv qhov zoo nkauj. kev xav thiab kev kos duab. creativity ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria, Ltalis, Russia thiab lwm lub teb chaws. Hauv suab paj nruag Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev zoo nkauj ntawm kab lis kev cai yog ua los ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev coj ua, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv Fabkis los ntawm Ch. Batte, JJ Rousseau, thiab d'Alembert; -aesthetic xav ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th qhov kev xav no tau txuam nrog kev nkag siab ntawm intonation. qhov xwm ntawm suab paj nruag, uas coj mus rau realism. saib nws. Rousseau tau hais ntxiv tias cov khoom ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv suab paj nruag yuav tsum tsis yog lub suab ntawm cov xwm txheej tsis muaj sia, tab sis cov intonations ntawm tib neeg hais lus, uas ua rau kev ncaj ncees thiab ncaj qha qhia ntawm kev xav. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub muz.-aesthetic. kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau xyoo pua 18th. muaj ib tug opera. Franz. encyclopedists suav hais tias nws yog ib hom ntawv nyeem, nyob rau hauv uas thawj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev kos duab, uas muaj nyob rau hauv anti-tich, yuav tsum tau rov qab los. t-re thiab ua txhaum cai hauv lub sijhawm tom ntej. Lub tswv yim no tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm KV Gluck, uas tau pib los ntawm nws hauv Vienna hauv 60s. thiab tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub pre-revolutionary cua. Paris nyob rau hauv lub 70s Gluck tus paub tab, hloov kho operas, ardently txhawb los ntawm cov encyclopedists, zoo kawg nkaus embodied classic. lub hom phiaj ntawm lub sublime heroic. art-va, txawv los ntawm nobility ntawm passions, majesties. simplicity thiab nruj ntawm style.

Raws li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, thaum lub sij hawm Enlightenment, K. tsis yog ib tug kaw, cais tshwm sim thiab nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dec. Stylistic trends, zoo nkauj. xwm rau-rykh yog qee zaum tsis sib haum nrog nws lub ntsiab. txoj cai. Yog li, lub crystallization ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm classical. instr. suab paj nruag pib twb nyob rau lub quarter thib 2. 18th caug xyoo, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub gallant style (los yog Rococo style), uas yog successively txuam nrog K. 17th caug xyoo thiab lub Baroque. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshiab ntawm cov neeg sau tau muab faib ua cov style zoo nkauj (F. Couperin hauv Fab Kis, GF Telemann thiab R. Kaiser hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, G. Sammartini, ib nrab D. Scarlatti hauv Ltalis) yog intertwined nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm baroque style. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, monumentalism thiab dynamic baroque aspirations yog hloov los ntawm mos, refined sensibility, intimacy ntawm dluab, refinement ntawm kos duab.

Kev nthuav dav sentimentalist tendencies nyob nruab nrab. Xyoo pua 18th coj mus rau kev vam meej ntawm cov nkauj nyob hauv Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Russia, qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis. nat. hom kev ua yeeb yam uas tawm tsam cov qauv zoo nkauj ntawm classicist kev xwm txheej nrog cov duab yooj yim thiab kev xav ntawm "cov neeg me" los ntawm cov neeg, scenes los ntawm lub neej txhua hnub, unpretentious melodism ntawm suab paj nruag ze rau txhua hnub. Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm instr. suab paj nruag sentimentalism tau tshwm sim hauv Op. Czech composers nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Mannheim (J. Stamitz thiab lwm tus), KFE Bach, uas nws ua hauj lwm yog hais txog lub teeb. Movement "Storm thiab onslaught". Inherent nyob rau hauv no txav, lub siab xav rau unlimited. kev ywj pheej thiab immediacy ntawm tus kheej kev paub yog manifested nyob rau hauv ib tug upbeat lyric. lub pathos ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm CFE Bach, improvisational whimsicality, ntse, npaj txhij txog kab lus. qhov sib txawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua ub no ntawm "Berlin" lossis "Hamburg" Bach, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Mannheim, thiab lwm yam tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau txoj hauv kev ncaj qha npaj theem siab tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim suab paj nruag. K., txuam nrog cov npe ntawm J. Haydn, W. Mozart, L. Beethoven (saib Vienna Classical School). Cov masters zoo no tau sau cov kev ua tiav ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis. music styles thiab lub teb chaws cov tsev kawm ntawv, tsim ib hom tshiab ntawm classical suab paj nruag, ho enriched thiab tso tawm los ntawm cov conventions yam ntxwv ntawm yav dhau los theem ntawm classical style nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag. Inherent K. zoo harmonich. clarity ntawm kev xav, sib npaug ntawm sensual thiab kev txawj ntse lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog ua ke nrog lub dav thiab nplua nuj ntawm qhov tseeb. kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, sib sib zog nqus haiv neeg thiab kev ywj pheej. Nyob rau hauv lawv txoj hauj lwm, lawv kov yeej lub dogmatism thiab metaphysics ntawm classicist aesthetics, uas rau ib tug tej yam uas tshwm sim lawv tus kheej txawm nyob rau hauv Gluck. Cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev ua tiav ntawm theem no yog kev tsim cov symphonism raws li ib txoj hauv kev los ntawm kev xav txog kev muaj tiag hauv dynamics, kev loj hlob thiab ib tug complex interweaving ntawm contradictions. Lub symphonism ntawm Viennese classics suav nrog qee cov ntsiab lus ntawm operatic ua yeeb yam, embodying loj, ncauj lus kom ntxaws ideological tswvyim thiab ua yeeb yam. kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm symphonic xav nkag mus tsis tau tsuas yog rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis. instr. hom (sonata, quartet, thiab lwm yam), tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv opera thiab ntau lawm. cantata-oratorio yam.

Hauv Fabkis hauv con. 18th caug xyoo K. yog ntxiv tsim nyob rau hauv Op. cov thwjtim ntawm Gluck, uas txuas ntxiv nws cov kev coj noj coj ua hauv opera (A. Sacchini, A. Salieri). Teb ncaj qha rau cov xwm txheej ntawm Great Fabkis. Revolution F. Gossec, E. Megyul, L. Cherubini - tus sau ntawm operas thiab monumental wok.-instr. ua haujlwm tsim los rau kev ua haujlwm loj, imbued nrog siab pej xeem thiab patriotic. pathos. K. nyiam muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th MS Berezovsky, DS Bortnyansky, VA Pashkevich, IE Khandoshkin, EI Fomin. Tab sis nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab K. suab paj nruag tsis tau txhim kho mus rau hauv ib tug coherent broad kev taw qhia. Nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv cov composers ua ke nrog sentimentalism, ib hom ntawv nyeem tshwj xeeb realism. figurativeness thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm romanticism thaum ntxov (piv txwv li, hauv OA Kozlovsky).

References: Livanova T., Suab paj nruag classics ntawm XVIII caug xyoo, M.-L., 1939; nws, Nyob rau hauv txoj kev los ntawm Renaissance mus rau Enlightenment ntawm lub xyoo pua 1963, nyob rau hauv sau: Los ntawm lub Renaissance mus rau lub xyoo pua 1966, M., 264; nws, Qhov teeb meem ntawm style nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 89th, nyob rau hauv sau: Renaissance. Baroque. Classicism, M., 245, p. 63-1968; Vipper BR, Art of the 1973th century and the problem of the Baroque style, ibid., p. 3–1915; Konen V., Theatre and Symphony, M., 1925; Keldysh Yu., Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag ntawm 1926th-1927th centuries, "SM", 1934, No 8; Fischer W., Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Wiener klassischen Stils, “StZMw”, Jahrg. III, 1930; Becking G., Klassik und Romantik, in: Bericht über den I. Musikwissenschaftlichen KongreЯ… nyob rau hauv Leipzig… 1931, Lpz., 432; Bücken E., Die Musik des Rokokos und der Klassik, Wildpark-Potsdam, 43 (nyob rau hauv lub series "Handbuch der Musikwissenchaft" kho los ntawm nws; Lavxias teb sab txhais: Suab paj nruag ntawm Rococo thiab Classicism, M., 1949); Mies R. Zu Musikauffassung und Stil der Klassik, “ZfMw”, Jahrg. XIII, H. XNUMX, XNUMX/XNUMX, s. XNUMX-XNUMX; Gerber R., Klassischei Stil in der Musik, “Tuag Sammlung”, Jahrg. IV, XIV.

Yu.V. Keldysh

Classicism (los ntawm lat. classicus - piv txwv), ib qho kev kos duab uas muaj nyob rau hauv 17th - thaum ntxov. 19th centuries nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab. Nws tshwm sim yog txuam nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xeev absolutist, ib ntus kev sib npaug ntawm feudal thiab bourgeois ntsiab. Kev thov txim ntawm qhov laj thawj uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ntawd thiab cov qauv kev zoo nkauj uas loj hlob los ntawm nws yog raws li cov cai ntawm kev saj zoo, uas tau suav hais tias nyob mus ib txhis, tsis muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm tus neeg thiab tawm tsam tus kws kos duab tus kheej lub siab nyiam, nws kev tshoov siab thiab kev xav. K. muab tau cov qauv ntawm kev saj zoo los ntawm qhov, nyob rau hauv uas nws pom ib tug qauv ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. Yog li ntawd, K. hu ua kom xyaum qhov xwm txheej, thov kom muaj kev ntseeg siab. Nws yog to taub raws li ib tug correspondence rau lub zoo tagnrho, sib xws rau lub siab lub tswv yim ntawm kev muaj tiag. Hauv K. lub zeem muag, tsuas muaj kev nco qab ntawm tus neeg. Txhua yam uas tsis yog vim li cas, txhua yam dab phem yuav tsum tshwm sim hauv daim duab K. huv si thiab ennobled. Qhov no tau txuam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm kev kos duab thaum ub ua piv txwv. Rationalism tau coj mus rau lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm cov cwj pwm thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb (kev tawm tsam ntawm lub luag haujlwm thiab kev xav, thiab lwm yam). Feem ntau raws li cov tswv yim ntawm Renaissance, K., tsis zoo li nws, tsis pom kev txaus siab rau ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws ntau haiv neeg, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas ib tug neeg pom nws tus kheej. Li no, feem ntau qhov kev txaus siab tsis yog nyob rau hauv tus cwj pwm, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv uas nthuav tawm qhov teeb meem no. Lub rationalism ntawm k. muab nce mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm logic thiab simplicity, raws li zoo raws li lub systematization ntawm kos duab. txhais tau tias (kev faib ua qib siab thiab qis, stylistic purism, thiab lwm yam).

Rau ballet, cov kev cai no tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig. Kev sib tsoo tsim los ntawm K. - qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov laj thawj thiab kev xav, lub xeev ntawm tus kheej, thiab lwm yam - tau nthuav tawm ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev ua yeeb yam. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm K. txoj kev ua yeeb yam tob tob hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus neeg ntaus pob thiab ua kom muaj kev seev cev. cov duab ntawm semantic tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv comedies-ballets ("Lub tho txawv", 1661, "Kev sib yuav tsis muaj kev ywj pheej", 1664, thiab lwm yam), Moliere nrhiav kom ua tiav ib qho kev nkag siab txog kev nkag siab ntawm ballet inserts. Cov paj tawg tawg nyob rau hauv "Tus Tub Lag Luam hauv Nobility" ("Turkish Ceremony", 1670) thiab hauv "Tus Xav Txog Kev Mob" ("Kev Muab Siab Rau Tus Kws Kho Mob", 1673) tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam, tab sis organic. ib feem ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. Cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv farcical-txhua hnub, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv pastoral-mythological. sawv cev. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias ballet tseem muaj ntau yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque style thiab nws tseem yog ib feem ntawm cov hluavtaws. kev ua tau zoo, nws cov ntsiab lus tau nce. Qhov no yog vim lub luag hauj lwm tshiab ntawm tus playwright saib xyuas tus kws sau paj huam thiab tus sau.

Kev maj mam dhau los ntawm kev sib tw baroque thiab cumbersomeness, K.'s ballet, lagging qab cov ntaub ntawv thiab lwm yam kev ua yeeb yam, kuj ua rau kev tswj hwm. Kev sib faib ib hom ntawv tau txawv dua, thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, kev seev cev tau dhau los ua qhov nyuaj thiab ua tau zoo. txheej txheem. Ballet. P. Beauchamp, raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm eversion, tsim tsib txoj haujlwm ntawm ob txhais ceg (saib Txoj Haujlwm) - lub hauv paus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev seev cev classical. Qhov kev seev cev classical no tsom rau cov khoom qub. cov qauv imprinted nyob rau hauv lub monuments yuav depict. kos duab. Txhua yam kev txav, txawm qiv los ntawm Nar. seev cev, dhau los ua antique thiab stylized li antiquity. Ballet professionalized thiab mus dhau lub palace vajvoog. Dance lovers los ntawm cov courtiers nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. hloov prof. cov neeg ua yeeb yam, thawj cov txiv neej, thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, cov poj niam. Muaj kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev ua tau zoo. Xyoo 1661, Royal Academy of Dance tau tsim tsa hauv Paris, coj los ntawm Beauchamp, thiab xyoo 1671, Royal Academy of Music, coj los ntawm JB Lully (tom qab Paris Opera). Lully tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho tus neeg ntaus pob tesniv K. Ua tus ua yeeb yam thiab tus kws qhia seev cev raws li kev coj ntawm Molière (tom qab ua tus kws sau nkauj), nws tsim muses. lyric hom ntawv. tragedy, nyob rau hauv uas yas thiab seev cev ua si lub luag hauj lwm semantic. Cov kev lig kev cai ntawm Lully tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm JB Rameau hauv Opera-ballets "Gallant India" (1735), "Castor thiab Pollux" (1737). Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov tseem hluavtaws sawv cev, ballet fragments ntau thiab ntau corresponded rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm classical art (qee zaum tuav baroque nta). Thaum pib. Xyoo pua 18th tsis tsuas yog kev xav, tab sis kuj muaj kev nkag siab zoo ntawm plasticity. scenes coj mus rau lawv kev nyob ib leeg; Xyoo 1708 thawj tus neeg ua yeeb yam ywj pheej tau tshwm sim ntawm lub ntsiab lus los ntawm Corneille's Horatii nrog suab paj nruag los ntawm JJ Mouret. Txij thaum ntawd los, ballet tau tsim nws tus kheej ua ib hom kev kos duab tshwj xeeb. Nws tau dominated los ntawm divertissement seev cev, seev cev-xeev thiab nws lub siab lub ntsws unambiguity contributed rau rationalistic. tsim kev ua yeeb yam. Lub semantic gesture kis, tab sis preim. raws cai.

Nrog rau qhov poob ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv tshuab pib suppress tus playwright. Pib. Tus thawj daim duab nyob rau hauv lub ballet ua yeeb yam yog tus virtuoso ua las voos (L. Dupre, M. Camargo, thiab lwm yam), uas feem ntau relegated tus choreographer, thiab txawm ntau yog li tus composer thiab playwright, mus rau keeb kwm yav dhau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev hloov pauv tshiab tau siv dav, uas yog vim li cas rau qhov pib ntawm kev hloov pauv khaub ncaws.

Ballet. Encyclopedia, SE, 1981