Tommaso Albinoni (Tomaso Albinoni) |
Thomas Albinoni
Tsuas yog ob peb qhov tseeb paub txog lub neej ntawm T. Albinoni, tus kws ntaus nkauj Italian thiab tus kws sau nkauj. Nws yug los hauv Venice hauv tsev neeg nplua nuj burgher thiab, pom tau tias, nws tuaj yeem ua siab ntev kawm suab paj nruag, tsis tshwj xeeb yog txhawj xeeb txog nws qhov nyiaj txiag. Los ntawm 1711, nws tsis kam kos npe rau nws cov ntawv sau "Venetian dilettante" (delettanta venete) thiab hu nws tus kheej suab paj nruag de violino, yog li hais txog nws txoj kev hloov mus rau cov xwm txheej ntawm tus kws tshaj lij. Qhov twg thiab nrog leej twg Albinoni kawm tsis paub. Nws ntseeg tias J. Legrenzi. Tom qab nws txoj kev sib yuav, tus composer tsiv mus rau Verona. Thaj, rau qee lub sij hawm nws nyob hauv Florence - tsawg kawg nyob ntawd, hauv 1703, ib qho ntawm nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam tau ua (Griselda, hauv libre. A. Zeno). Albinoni tau mus xyuas lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab, pom tseeb, pom nws tus kheej nyob ntawd ua tus tswv zoo, txij li nws yog nws uas tau txais kev qhuas ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab ua yeeb yam hauv Munich (1722) ua yeeb yam rau kev ua tshoob ntawm Prince Charles Albert.
Tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv paub txog Albinoni, tsuas yog tias nws tuag hauv Venice.
Tej hauj lwm ntawm composer uas tau nqis los rau peb kuj muaj tsawg tus naj npawb - feem ntau yog instrumental concertos thiab sonatas. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ib qho kev kawm ntawm A. Vivaldi, JS Bach thiab GF Handel, Albinoni tsis nyob hauv qib ntawm cov kws sau nkauj uas nws lub npe tsuas yog paub rau cov neeg keeb kwm suab paj nruag xwb. Nyob rau hauv lub heyday ntawm Italian instrumental kos duab ntawm lub Baroque, tiv thaiv lub backdrop ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub zoo tshaj plaws kev hais kwv txhiaj masters ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. - T. Martini, F. Veracini, G. Tartini, A. Corelli, G. Torelli, A. Vivaldi thiab lwm tus - Albinoni tau hais nws cov lus tseem ceeb, uas dhau sij hawm tau pom thiab qhuas los ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv.
Albinoni's concertos yog dav ua thiab kaw rau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Tab sis muaj pov thawj ntawm kev lees paub ntawm nws txoj haujlwm thaum nws lub neej. Nyob rau hauv 1718, ib phau ntawv luam tawm nyob rau hauv Amsterdam, uas suav nrog 12 concertos los ntawm nto moo Italian composers ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Ntawm lawv yog Albinoni lub concerto hauv G loj, qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom no. Tus zoo Bach, uas ua tib zoo kawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm nws cov neeg kawm, hu nkauj Albinoni lub sonatas, cov yas zoo nkauj ntawm lawv cov suab paj nruag, thiab nws tau sau nws cov clavier fugues rau ob ntawm lawv. Cov pov thawj ua los ntawm Bach txhais tes thiab rau 6 sonatas los ntawm Albinoni (op. 6) kuj tau khaws cia. Yog li ntawd, Bach tau kawm los ntawm Albinoni cov ntawv sau.
Peb paub 9 opuses ntawm Albinoni – ntawm lawv cycles ntawm trio sonatas (op. 1, 3, 4, 6, 8) thiab cycles ntawm "symphonies" thiab concertos (op. 2, 5, 7, 9). Tsim hom concerto grosso uas tau tsim nrog Corelli thiab Torelli, Albinoni ua tiav kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws hauv nws - hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm tutti mus rau solo (ntawm nws feem ntau muaj 3), hauv cov lus sau zoo tshaj plaws, zoo nkauj purity ntawm style. Concerts op. 7a ua op. 9, qee qhov uas suav nrog oboe (op. 7 nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 11), yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb melodic zoo nkauj ntawm solo ib feem. Lawv feem ntau hu ua oboe concertos.
Hauv kev sib piv nrog Vivaldi's concertos, lawv qhov peev xwm, ci ntsa iab virtuosic solo qhov chaw, qhov sib txawv, kev muaj zog thiab kev mob siab rau, Albinoni's concertos sawv tawm rau lawv txoj kev nruj nruj, kev nthuav dav zoo ntawm cov ntaub orchestral, melodism, kev txawj ntse ntawm cov txheej txheem contrapuntal (li no) thiab Bach ' , qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas yuav luag pom pom tseeb ntawm cov duab kos duab, tom qab uas ib tus tuaj yeem kwv yees lub hwj chim ntawm opera.
Albinoni tau sau txog 50 operas (ntau tshaj li tus kws sau nkauj ua yeeb yam Handel), uas nws tau ua haujlwm thoob plaws nws lub neej. Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov npe ("Cenobia" - 1694, "Tigran" - 1697, "Radamisto" - 1698, "Rodrigo" - 1702, "Griselda" - 1703, "Abandoned Dido" - 1725, thiab lwm yam), thiab los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov librettists (F. Silvani, N. Minato, A. Aureli, A. Zeno, P. Metastasio) txoj kev loj hlob ntawm opera nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Albinoni mus nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub baroque opera mus rau classic opera seria thiab, Raws li, rau qhov polished opera cim, cuam tshuam, ua rau crystallinity, clarity, uas yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm opera seria.
Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm Albinoni lub instrumental concertos, lub xub ntiag ntawm operatic dluab yog kom meej meej hnov. Tsa nyob rau hauv lawv cov suab nrov elastic, qhov loj allegri ntawm thawj qhov kev txav mus los sib haum rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam uas qhib qhov kev ua haujlwm. Interestingly, lub npe orchestral motif ntawm qhib tutti, tus yam ntxwv ntawm Albinoni, tom qab pib rov qab los ntawm ntau Italian composers. Qhov loj kawg ntawm concertos, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov xwm thiab hom ntawm cov khoom, echo lub zoo siab denouement ntawm lub opera nkaus (op. 7 E 3). Cov me me ntawm cov concertos, zoo kawg nkaus nyob rau hauv lawv cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj, yog nyob rau hauv tune nrog lamento opera arias thiab sawv ntawm ib tug par nrog cov masterpieces ntawm lamentose lyrics ntawm lub operas los ntawm A. Scarlatti thiab Handel. Raws li paub, kev sib txuas ntawm cov instrumental concerto thiab opera nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX - thaum ntxov xyoo pua yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog intimate thiab muaj nuj nqis. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lub concerto - kev hloov ntawm tutti thiab solo - tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm opera arias (lub suab yog ib qho cuab yeej ritornello). Thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, kev sib nrig sib txhawb ntawm lub opera thiab instrumental kev hais kwv txhiaj muaj ib tug fruitful nyhuv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ob hom ntawv, intensifying li lub sonata-symphony voj voog tau tsim.
Lub dramaturgy ntawm Albinoni lub concertos yog exquisitely zoo meej: 3 qhov chaw (Allegro - Andante - Allegro) nrog ib tug lyrical ncov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv plaub feem ntawm nws sonatas (Grave - Allegro - Andante - Allegro), qhov thib 3 ua raws li qhov chaw lyrical. Lub nyias, yas, melodic ntaub ntawm Albinoni lub instrumental concertos nyob rau hauv txhua yam ntawm nws lub suab yog txaus nyiam rau cov niaj hnub mloog rau qhov zoo meej, nruj, tsis muaj kev exaggeration kev zoo nkauj, uas yog ib txwm ib tug kos npe rau ntawm siab kos duab.
Y. Evdokimova
