Suab nkauj kho siab |

(los ntawm Greek. axoystixos – auditory) – ib tug science uas kawm txog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub cev txoj cai ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog nws kev nkag siab thiab kev ua tau zoo. A. m. tshawb cov phenomena xws li qhov siab, nrov, timbre, thiab lub sij hawm ntawm suab paj nruag. suab, consonance thiab dissonance, suab paj nruag. systems thiab tsim. Nws tab tom kawm suab paj nruag. hnov, kev kawm suab paj nruag. cov cuab yeej thiab cov neeg. pov npav. Ib qho teeb meem hauv nruab nrab ntawm A.m. yog qhov qhia meej ntawm lub cev li cas. thiab psychophysiological. cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog reflected nyob rau hauv qhov tshwj xeeb. kev cai lij choj ntawm qhov kev foob no thiab cuam tshuam rau lawv cov evolution. Hauv A.m. cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm lub cev dav dav siv. acoustics, uas kawm txog cov txheej txheem ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab propagation ntawm suab. Nws muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog kev tsim vaj tsev acoustics, nrog rau kev xav ntawm kev xav, lub cev ntawm kev hnov ​​lus thiab lub suab (physiological acoustics). A. m. yog siv los piav ntau qhov tshwm sim hauv kev sib haum xeeb, kev ntsuas, kev ua yeeb yam, thiab lwm yam.

Raws li ib feem ntawm suab paj nruag. Txoj kev xav ntawm A.m. originated nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia ntawm ancient philosophers thiab tshuab raj. Yog li, piv txwv li, lej cov hauv paus ntawm cov tshuab suab paj nruag, ntu ntu thiab kev sib tw tau paub hauv dr. Tim Nkij teb chaws (Pythagorean tsev kawm ntawv), cf. Asia (Ibn Sina), Tuam Tshoj (Lu Bu-wei) thiab lwm lub tebchaws. Kev loj hlob ntawm A.m. yog txuam nrog cov npe ntawm J. Tsarlino (Ltalis), M. Mersenne, J. Sauveur, J. Rameau (Fabkis), L. Euler (Russia), E. Chladni, G. Ohm (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees), thiab ntau lwm tus. lwm tus kws ntaus nkauj thiab kws tshawb fawb. Tau ntev, lub ntsiab suab paj nruag khoom. Acoustics yog tus lej kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab nrov hauv suab paj nruag. intervals, tunings thiab systems. Dr. seem tau tshwm sim ntau tom qab thiab tau npaj los ntawm kev xyaum ua muses. cov cuab yeej, kev tshawb fawb pedagogical. Yog li, cov qauv ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm muses. Cov twj paj nruag tau tshawb pom los ntawm cov tswv, cov kws hu nkauj thiab cov kws qhia ntawv tau xav txog cov suab nkauj ntawm lub suab hu nkauj.

txhais tau tias. theem hauv kev loj hlob ntawm A.m. yog txuam nrog lub npe ntawm ib tug zoo German. physicist thiab physiologist G. Helmholtz. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev hnov ​​​​lus zoo li lub hauv paus ntawm lub cev ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag" ("Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen als physiologische Grundlage für die Theorie der Musik", 1863), Helmholtz tau piav qhia txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws cov kev soj ntsuam thiab kev sim ntawm suab paj nruag. . suab thiab lawv kev nkag siab. Hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no, thawj lub tswv yim tiav ntawm lub cev ntawm lub suab hnov ​​lus tau muab, paub los ntawm lub npe. resonance theory of hnov. Nws piav qhia txog kev xaav ntawm lub suab raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog resonant tuned rau decomp. zaus ntawm cov fibers ntawm lub cev ntawm Corti. Helmholtz piav qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm dissonance thiab consonance los ntawm neeg ntaus. Acoustic Helmholtz txoj kev xav tau khaws nws cov nqi, txawm hais tias qee qhov ntawm nws cov kev cai tsis sib haum rau niaj hnub. cov tswv yim hais txog lub mechanism ntawm lub rooj sib hais.

Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho psychophysiology thiab acoustics ntawm kev hnov ​​​​lus tau ua thaum kawg ntawm 19th - pib. 20th caug xyoo K. Stumpf thiab W. Köhler (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees). Cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb no nthuav dav A. m. raws li kev tshawb fawb. kev qhuab ntuas; nws suav nrog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xav (kev xav thiab kev xav) decomp. Lub hom phiaj ntawm lub suab vibrations.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm A. m. yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntxiv ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb, suav nrog cov ntu cuam tshuam nrog lub hom phiaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm decomp. cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag. Nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov nce ntawm Muses. prom-sti, lub siab xav tsim rau zus tau tej cov suab paj nruag. cov cuab yeej hard theoretical. hauv paus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, txoj kev ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam suab paj nruag tsim. suab raws li kev xaiv ntawm ib nrab tones los ntawm ib tug complex suab spectrum thiab lawv ntsuas. kev siv zog. Cov txheej txheem sim. kev tshawb fawb, raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm electroacoustic. Kev ntsuas, tau txais qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov suab paj nruag acoustics. cuab yeej.

Kev txhim kho ntawm xov tooj cua thiab suab kaw tshuab kuj tau pab txhawb kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog suab paj nruag acoustical. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev saib xyuas hauv cheeb tsam no yog cov teeb meem ntawm acoustics hauv xov tooj cua thiab kaw studios, luam tawm suab paj nruag, thiab kho dua qub phonographic instruments. cov ntaub ntawv. Cov kev txaus siab zoo yog cov haujlwm ntsig txog kev tsim cov suab kaw suab thiab cov suab paj nruag stereophonic tshaj tawm hauv xov tooj cua.

Ib theem tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho niaj hnub A.m. yog txuam nrog kev tshawb fawb ntawm owls. musicologist thiab acoustics tus kws tshawb fawb NA Garbuzov. Hauv nws cov haujlwm, nws tau piav qhia thiab txhais tau tias. tsawg kawg, kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm A. m. coj zoo li ib feem ntawm cov niaj hnub. suab paj nruag txoj kev xav. Garbuzov tsim ib coherent txoj kev xav ntawm auditory xaav, nyob rau hauv ib tug swarm center. qhov chaw yog nyob los ntawm cheeb tsam lub tswv yim ntawm suab paj nruag. hnov lus (saib Zone). Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cheeb tsam lub tswv yim coj mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev rau deciphering thiab soj ntsuam kev ua tau zoo ntxoov nyob rau hauv intonation, dynamics, tempo thiab atherosclerosis. Nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm suab paj nruag creativity thiab xaav, nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm suab paj nruag. prod. nws tau los ua kom vam khom lub hom phiaj cov ntaub ntawv characterizing lub muses. lus, art. kev ua. Qhov no muaj peev xwm yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev daws teeb meem ntau yam suab paj nruag ntawm peb lub sijhawm, piv txwv li. kom paub meej txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm intonation thiab hom hauv suab paj nruag tiag tiag. ntau lawm, interrelations ntawm kev ua yeeb yam thiab composing Cheebtsam ntawm arts. tag nrho, uas yog lub suab, executing, ntau lawm.

Yog tias ua ntej A. lub m raug txo kom hl. arr. rau cov lus piav qhia lej tshwm sim hauv suab paj nruag. kev xyaum ntawm lub koom haum systems - frets, intervals, tunings, ces nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej qhov tseem ceeb hloov mus rau txoj kev kawm los ntawm lub hom phiaj txoj kev cai ntawm kev ua yeeb yam thiab suab paj nruag. kev xaav.

Ib feem ntawm niaj hnub A.m. yog lub acoustics ntawm tus singer. pov npav. Muaj ob txoj kev xav piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem rau kev tswj cov zaus ntawm kev vibrations ntawm lub suab qaum - classical. myoelastic. kev tshawb xav thiab neurochronax. txoj kev xav muab los ntawm Fab Kis tus kws tshawb fawb R. Yusson.

LS Termen, AA Volodin thiab lwm tus tau koom nrog acoustics ntawm cov twj paj nruag hluav taws xob hauv USSR. Raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib txuas suab spectra, Volodin tau tsim txoj kev xav ntawm lub suab pom, raws li lub suab pom los ntawm tus neeg yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws txoj kev sib haum xeeb. spectrum, thiab tsis yog oscillation zaus ntawm lub ntsiab. suab nrov. Qhov kev xav no yog ib qho kev ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet hauv kev ua suab paj nruag. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov twj paj nruag hluav taws xob tau nce ntxiv qhov kev txaus siab ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb acoustic hauv cov lus nug ntawm kev sib tw, tus cwj pwm, thiab muaj peev xwm tswj tau cov suab nrov dawb.

Raws li ib ceg ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag, A.m. tsis tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog kev qhuab qhia muaj peev xwm muab cov lus piav qhia tag nrho ntawm cov muses. phenomena, xws li hom, scale, kev sib haum xeeb, consonance, dissonance, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem ntawm acoustics thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau txais nrog lawv cov kev pab pub rau musicologists ntau objectively txiav txim ib los yog lwm yam scientific. lus nug. Acoustic txoj cai ntawm suab paj nruag thaum lub sij hawm centuries-laus txoj kev loj hlob ntawm muses. kab lis kev cai tau siv tas li los tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb ntawm muses. lus nrog ib txoj cai tshwj xeeb subordinate rau art.-aesthetic. txoj cai.

Owls. cov kws tshaj lij hauv A.m. overcame lub one-sidedness views ntawm qhov xwm ntawm lub suab paj nruag, yam ntxwv ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yav dhau los, to-rye exaggerated qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev. suab nta. Cov qauv ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv A.m. hauv suab paj nruag. theories yog cov hauj lwm ntawm owls. musicologists Yus. N. Tyulin ("Qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb"), LA Mazel ("Ntawm suab paj nruag", thiab lwm yam), SS Skrebkov ("Yuav txhais li cas tonality?"). Lub tswv yim ntawm lub zonal xwm ntawm lub rooj sib hais yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv decomp. kws suab paj nruag. ua hauj lwm thiab, tshwj xeeb, nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb kev tshawb fawb, mob siab rau ua intonation (ua hauj lwm los ntawm OE Sakhaltuyeva, Yu. N. Rags, NK Pereverzev thiab lwm yam).

Ntawm cov dej num, to-rye yog tsim los daws cov niaj hnub. A. m., - lub hom phiaj kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov phenomena tshiab ntawm hom thiab intonation nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm niaj hnub. composers, qhia meej lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub hom phiaj acoustic. yam hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim muses. lus (suab-qhov siab, timbre, dynamic, spatial, thiab lwm yam), kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm hnov, suab, suab paj nruag. kev xaav, nrog rau kev txhim kho cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua tau zoo thiab kev xaav ntawm cov suab paj nruag, cov txheej txheem raws li kev siv electroacoustic. cov cuab yeej kaw lus thiab tshuab.

References: Rabinovich A. V., Kawm luv luv ntawm suab paj nruag acoustics, M., 1930; Suab paj nruag acoustics, Sat. Kos duab. ed. N. A. Garbuzova, M.-L., 1948, M., 1954; Garbuzov H. A., Zone nature of pitch hearing, M.-L., 1948; nws tus kheej, Zone xwm ntawm tempo thiab atherosclerosis, M., 1950; nws, Intrazonal intonation lub rooj sib hais thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, M.-L., 1951; nws, Zonal xwm ntawm dynamic hnov, M., 1955; nws tus kheej, Zone xwm ntawm timbre hnov, M., 1956; Rimsky-Korsakov A. V., Kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruas acoustics nyob rau hauv lub USSR, Izv. Acad. sciences ntawm lub USSR. Physical Series, 1949, Vol. XIII, nr. 6; Kev tshem tawm П. P., Yusich E. E., Suab-altitude tsom xam ntawm lub suab paj nruag dawb, K., 1956; rag Yu. N., Intonation ntawm ib tug suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog ib co ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv: Proceedings of the Department of Music Theory of the Moscow State Conservatory. AP THIAB. Tchaikovsky, nr. Ib., 1, p. 338-355; Sakhaltueva O. E., Ntawm ib co qauv ntawm intonation nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog daim ntawv, dynamics thiab hom, ibid., p. 356-378; Sherman N. S., Tsim kom muaj ib qho kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo, M., 1964; Kev siv cov kev tshawb fawb acoustic hauv suab paj nruag, Sat. Art., M., 1964; Laboratory of Suab paj nruag Acoustics, Sat. cov ntawv ed. E. AT. Nazaikinsky, M., 1966; Pereverzev N. K., Teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruag intonation, M., 1966; Volodin A. A., Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub harmonic spectrum nyob rau hauv kev xaav ntawm suab thiab timbre ntawm lub suab, nyob rau hauv: Suab paj nruag Art thiab Science, vol. 1, M., 1970; nws, Hluav Taws Xob Synthesis of Musical Sounds as a Basis for the Study of their Perception, “Problems of Psychology”, 1971, No 6; nws, On the Perception of Transient Processes of Musical Sounds, ibid., 1972, No 4; Nazaikinskiy S. V., On the psychology of music perception, M., 1972; Helmholtz H. von, Txoj kev xav ntawm lub tonal sensations raws li lub hauv paus physiological rau txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968, в рус. ib. - Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm auditory sensations, raws li lub hauv paus physiological rau txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag, St. Petersburg, 1875; Stumpf, C., Tonpsychologie, Bd 1-2, Lpz., 1883-90; Riemann H., Die Akustik, Lpz., 1891; nyob rau hauv Russia пер., M., 1898; Helmholtz H. von, Lectures on the lej ntawm acoustics, в кн.: Lectures on theoretical physics, vol. 3 Ib., 1879; hauv рус. ib. — SIB, 1896; Kцhler W., Acoustic kev tshawb nrhiav, vols. 1-3, “Journal of Psychology”, LIV, 1909, LVIII, 1910, LXIV, 1913; Riemann H., Catechism of Acoustics (Musicology), Lpz., 1891, 1921; Schumann A., The Acoustics, Breslau, (1925); Trendelenburg F., Introduction to acoustics, В., 1939, В.-(а. ib.), 1958; Ntoo A., Acoustics, L., 1947; его же, The physics of music, L., 1962; Bartholomew W. T., Acoustics of music, N. Ib., 1951; Lоbachowski S., Drobner M., Musical Acoustics, Krakow, 1953; Culver Сh., Suab paj nruag acoustics, N. Y., 1956; Acoustique suab paj nruag, tsim los ntawm F. Canac, в кн.: International Colloquia ntawm National Center for Scientific Research…, LXXXIV, P., 1959; Drobner M., Instrumentoznawstwo thiab akustyka. Phau ntawv rau cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag theem nrab, Kr., 1963; Reinecke H. P., Kev sim pab txhawb rau kev xav ntawm kev mloog suab paj nruag, tshaj tawm series ntawm Musicological Institute ntawm University of Hamburg, Hamb., 1964; Taylor S., Suab thiab suab paj nruag: ib tug tsis yog lej treatise ntawm lub cev kev cai ntawm suab paj nruag thiab kev sib haum xeeb, nrog rau cov thawj acoustical discoveries ntawm xib fwb Helmholtz, L., 1873, reprint, N.

EV Nazaikinskiy