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los ntawm Greek pausis - txiav, nres; lat. silentium los yog pausa, Italian. pause, French silence or pause, eng. ntsiag to lossis so
Kev so hauv lub suab ntawm ib, ob peb lossis tag nrho cov suab ntawm Muses uas kav ntev rau ib lub sijhawm. ua hauj lwm, raws li zoo raws li ib tug suab paj nruas kos npe rau qhia no so nyob rau hauv lub suab. Nyob rau hauv loj instr. nyob rau hauv compositions, ensembles, choirs thiab nyob rau hauv loj opera scenes, lub general so nyob rau hauv lub suab yog hu ua ib tug general pause.
Lub tswv yim ntawm P. twb tau sawv cev rau hauv cov suab paj nruag thaum ub. txoj kev xav, uas suav tias tag nrho cov kab poetic tsis raug raws li qhov tseeb luv luv los ntawm pauses; P. tau qhia los ntawm kos npe ^ (nrog cov cim ntxiv rau ncua sij hawm ntev); P., ua txhaum ib lub 'meter', kuj paub. Hauv kev tsis xav (saib Nevma) thiab choral notation, tsis muaj cov cim qhia ntawm P., txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau qee theem ntawm kev txhim kho cov suab paj nruag, cov npoo ntawm cov suab paj nruag pib qhia los ntawm kab sib faib. Nrog lub advent ntawm polyphony, qhov no feature tau los ua ib tug kos npe rau ntawm ib tug luv luv ncua ntawm indefinite ntev. Lub npe ntawm ncua sij hawm sib txawv los ntawm lub sijhawm tau coj los nrog nws los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm thaum ntxov (12th-13th centuries), rau tag nrho cov siv suab paj nruas ncua sij hawm, cov cim qhia ntawm P. tau qhia: pausa longa perfecta (peb feem), pausa longa imperfecta (ob feem), pausa brevis thiab semipausa , sib npaug rau semibrevis; cov txheej txheem ntawm qee qhov ntawm lawv tom qab tau hloov pauv.
Nrog rau kev qhia txog cov ntawv me me - minima, semiminima, fusa thiab semifusa - cov cim ntawm P., sib npaug rau lawv cov longitude, tau txais qiv los ntawm tablature system.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, qhov system sau tseg rau ncua tau siv cov hauv qab no:
Pauses ntawm mensural notation
Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub P. yog siv nyob rau hauv kev sau suab paj nruag: tag nrho, ib nrab, peb lub hlis twg, yim, kaum rau, peb caug-ob, rau caum-plaub, thiab qee zaus - ib tug breve, sib npaug ntawm lub sij hawm rau ob tag nrho sau ntawv. Txhawm rau nce lub sijhawm ntawm P. los ntawm 1/2, 1/2 + 1/4, 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8, thiab lwm yam, nrog rau kev nce lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv, dots yog siv. . Kev ncua nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ntsuas tag nrho, tsis hais nws qhov loj npaum li cas, yog qhia los ntawm P., sib npaug rau tag nrho daim ntawv. P. nyob rau hauv 2-4 kev ntsuas yog qhia siv cov paib qiv los ntawm lub sij hawm sau npe, P., sib npaug rau ntau qhov kev ntsuas, los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov paib no lossis nrog kev pab ntawm cov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ncua ncua nrog cov lej sau saum toj no. sib raug rau tus naj npawb ntawm kev ntsuas ntawm qhov ncua.
Pauses ntawm niaj hnub notation
Yog thawj zaug P. feem ntau denoted lub articulation ntawm melodic. suab, lawv maj mam pib siv nyob rau hauv lub melodic. formations, ua ib qho tseem ceeb qhia. txhais tau tias. Raws li X. Riemann tau taw qhia, qhov kev ncua no tsis yog "zero", tab sis lub ntsiab lus "tsis zoo", cuam tshuam rau kev nthuav tawm ntawm yav dhau los thiab tom qab muses. kev tsim kho. Qhia nrog piv txwv. pauses tuaj yeem ua ntau yam piv txwv ntawm classic. music, np. "Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj hmoo" los ntawm 1 feem ntawm Beethoven's 5th symphony, qhov twg P. deepens qhov ua rau. Qhov xwm ntawm lub suab paj nruag, los yog cov suab paj nruag ntawm Tchaikovsky txoj kev hlub "Ntawm lub Noisy Ball", qhov twg ntxoov ntxoo ntawm agitated ua tsis taus pa yog txuam nrog kev siv ntawm pauses. Saib Mensural notation, Rhythm.
Nyob rau hauv lwm yam Lavxias teb sab. suab paj nruag txoj kev xav thaum lub sij hawm ntawm kev hloov ntawm kev sib txuas lus mus rau square notation, muaj nws tus kheej system rau xaiv pauses: edna - tag nrho, eu (los yog es) - ib nrab, ncej (ncej) - quarter, Sep los yog sema - yim; phooj ywg - ob qho kev ntsuas; qhov thib peb - peb ntsuas, chvarta - plaub ntsuas, thiab lwm yam.
References: Diletsky H., Musician Grammar, (St. Petersburg), 1910.
VA Vakhromeev
