Organic khoom
Organic khoom, pedal (German Orgelpunkt, Fabkis pedale inferieure, Italian pedale d'armonia, lus Askiv pedal point), - ib lub suab nyob rau hauv cov ntses bass thaj tsam, tawm tsam lwm lub suab txav mus los ywj siab, qee zaum nkag mus rau hauv qhov tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov ntses bass thaj tsam (txog thaum tawm mus. nyob deb tones); harmonic qhov concurrence ntawm O. p. thiab tus so ntawm lub suab tau rov qab los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm nws qhov kev txiav tawm lossis luv luv ua ntej ntawd. Kev nthuav qhia ntawm O. p. yog txuam nrog harmonic. nro, txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis sib xws ntawm lub suab txhawb nqa thiab lwm lub suab. O. p. enriches lub suab ntawm harmonics. ntsug, ua rau multifunctionality.
Feem ntau siv OPs yog nyob ntawm lub suab ntawm tonic (I degree ntawm hom) thiab qhov tseem ceeb (V degree). O. p. Nws yog ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov sib txuam modal muaj nuj nqi, nws qhov txuas ntxiv tsis yog rau ib qho chord, tab sis mus rau qhov kev sib haum xeeb dav dav. kev tsim kho. Yog li, nws muaj lub ntsiab lus sib koom ua ke, tuav ua ke cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub suab sab saud. O. p. ntawm lub tonic coj mus rau lub suab paj nruag muaj kev ruaj ntseg, qee zaum txawm tias zoo li qub; nws pom nws daim ntawv thov loj tshaj plaws hauv qhov kawg, nrog rau thawj ntu ntawm cov suab paj nruag. ua hauj lwm (piv txwv li, seem kawg nyob rau hauv lub scene ntawm Boris txoj kev tuag los ntawm lub opera "Boris Godunov", qhov pib ntawm lub 1st chorus nyob rau hauv "Matthew Passion" los ntawm JS Bach). Lub OP ntawm qhov tseem ceeb sib txuas ua haujlwm tsis ruaj khov bass thaj tsam nrog kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv lub suab sab sauv, deb ntawm tonic, uas tig mus ua subordinate rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam. Nws muab cov suab paj nruag tus cwj pwm ntawm kev cia siab hnyav. Nws qhov kev siv feem ntau yog ua ntej kev rov tsim dua (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv sonata allegro - piv txwv li, kuv ib feem ntawm 8th sonata hauv c-moll rau piano los ntawm Beethoven), thiab ua ntej coda; pom nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia.
O. p. Nws yog ua tau tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub bass, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm lub suab (feem ntau hu ua sustained suab) - nyob rau hauv lub Upper (Fabkis pédale supérieure, Italian pédale, lus Askiv inverted pedal, piv txwv li, III ib feem ntawm lub 3rd Tchaikovsky quartet) thiab nruab nrab (Fabkis). pédale intérieure lossis médiaire, Italian pédale, lus Askiv sab hauv pedal, piv txwv li, kev ua si "The Gallows" los ntawm lub voj voog piano "Hmo ntuj Gaspard" los ntawm Ravel). Cov qauv ntawm ob chav O. p. paub - tib lub sijhawm. ntawm tonic thiab dominant suab. Zoo sib xws O. ntawm cov khoom, hauv Krom tonic dominates. function yam ntxwv ntawm suab paj nruag. lus dab neeg ntawm ntau haiv neeg ("bagpipe fifths"), nws kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv prof. suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum imitating nar. ua si suab paj nruag (piv txwv li, qhov thib tsib ntawm Beethoven's 6th symphony); ob dominant O.p. - ntawm lub suab ntawm qhov tseem ceeb (qis) thiab tonic (hauv kev hloov mus rau qhov kawg ntawm Beethoven lub 5th symphony). Qee lub sij hawm muaj OPs ntawm lwm cov kauj ruam (piv txwv li, nyob rau theem thib peb ntawm cov menyuam yaus - nyob rau hauv lub trio los ntawm II ib feem ntawm Tchaikovsky lub 6th symphony; lub suab txhawb nqa ntawm theem plaub - nyob rau hauv lub piano "Serenade" los ntawm Rachmaninov). Cov nyhuv ntawm O. p. kuj tseem khaws cia nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas lub suab uas ua rau nws tsis ncab, tab sis rov qab (piv txwv li, scene IV los ntawm lub opera Sadko los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov) los yog thaum luv melodic sawv daws yuav. cov duab (saib Ostinato).
Zoo li kos duab. O.'s phenomenon ntawm cov khoom yog rooted nyob rau hauv nar. suab paj nruag (nrog kev hu nkauj los ntawm kev ua si lub bagpipes thiab cov twj paj nruag zoo sib xws. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lo lus "O. p." yog txuam nrog kev xyaum ntawm polyphony thaum ntxov, organum. musicae" (11-1025) ob lub suab "floating" organum nrog lub suab tsis ncaj ntawm lub suab ("Organum suspensum"):
Franco ntawm Cologne (13th caug xyoo), hais lus (hauv treatise "Ars cantus mensurabilis") txog lub cev, kuj siv lo lus "OP" - "organicus punctus". Los ntawm "point" ntawm no yog txhais tau hais tias seem ntawm lub cev, qhov twg lub suab ntawm lub cantus yog counterpointed los ntawm lub suab paj nruag. daim duab ntawm lub suab sab sauv ("point" kuj hu ua xws li lub suab nws tus kheej). Tom qab ntawd, OP pib nkag siab tias lub suab pedal ntev ntawm lub cev, uas yog siv dav hauv cov suab paj nruag hauv lub cev raws li kev siv tshuab. lub peev xwm ntawm cov cuab yeej (Fabkis lub sij hawm taw tes d'orgue hauv Fabkis cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag txhais tau hais tias yog ib qho kev ua suab paj nruag ntawm ib tus neeg hu nkauj, lossis, ntau zaus, fermata). Nyob rau hauv polyphonic Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab lub Renaissance, phenomena ntawm OP yog feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm cov txheej txheem cantus firmus (los ntawm G. de Macaux, Josquin Despres, thiab lwm yam), lub suab uas tau muab ib tug ntev lub sij hawm.
Nyob rau hauv lub 17-19 centuries. O. p. tau (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv classic. suab paj nruag cov ntaub ntawv) dynamic. cov khoom tau dhau los ua qhov muaj zog ntawm kev txhim kho. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th O. p. pib siv raws li ib tug coloristic, ib hom ntawv nyeem-tus yam ntxwv. txhais tau tias (piv txwv li, Chopin's "Lullaby", "Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj Qub" los ntawm "Duab ntawm Kev Tshaj Tawm" los ntawm Mussorgsky, II ua los ntawm opera "Prince Igor", "Song of the Indian Guest" los ntawm opera "Sadko"). Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th lwm txoj kev siv O. p. (thiab ostinato) tshwm sim. Tus nqi ntawm O. p. muaj peev xwm muaj chord (piv txwv li, coda II ntawm Shostakovich lub 8th symphony) los yog ib tug complex consonance. O. p. tuaj yeem coj tus cwj pwm ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los (piv txwv li, kev taw qhia rau Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav) thiab cov ntaub ntawv txawv txawv (piv txwv li, ib qho kev ua ntej rau kev rov tshwm sim hauv plaub ntu ntawm 2nd piano Prokofiev's sonata - 15 lub suab nrov nrov eis. ib tug lead-tone precursor rau ib tug rerise nyob rau hauv tus yuam sij ntawm d-moll).
References: saib ntawm Art. Kev sib raug zoo.
Yu. N. Kholopov
