Organum |

Laj Lat. Organum, los ntawm Greek. organon – instrument

Lub npe dav dav ntawm ob peb. qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. polyphony (lig 9th - mid-13th centuries). Thaum xub thawj, tsuas yog lub suab nrog lub npe hu ua O., tom qab lub sij hawm los ua ib qho kev xaiv rau hom polyphony. Hauv kev txiav txim siab dav, O. suav nrog txhua yam los ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thaum ntxov. polyphony; nyob rau hauv ib qho nqaim, nws thawj zaug, nruj cov ntaub ntawv (kev txav mus los ntawm plaub thiab thib tsib, nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm lawv cov octave extensions), piv rau cov tsim nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm O. thiab tau txais lawv tus kheej. npe ntawm hom thiab hom ntawm polygols. ntawv.

O. npog ntau yam. polygonal tsev kawm ntawv. cov ntawv, tsis tas li ntawd, tsis yog ib txwm muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg. Cov hom tseem ceeb ntawm O. (nrog rau cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob): parallel (9th-10th centuries); dawb (11th - mid-12th centuries); melismatic (12th caug xyoo); metrized (lig 12th - 1st ib nrab ntawm lub 13th centuries).

Keeb kwm O., thaj, ua ntej lub thiaj li hu. paraphony nyob rau hauv lub lig Roman suab paj nruag (raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub Ordo romanum, 7-8 centuries; ib co ntawm cov singers ntawm papal Schola Cantorum yog hu ua paraphonists; nws yog assumed tias lawv hu nkauj nyob rau hauv parallel plaub thiab tsibths). Lo lus "organicum melos", ze rau hauv lub ntsiab lus rau "O.", yog thawj zaug ntsib los ntawm John Scotus Eriugena ("De divisione naturae", 866). Thawj O. cov qauv uas tau nqes los rau peb yog muaj nyob rau hauv anonymous theoretical. treatises "Musica enchiriadis" thiab "Scholia enchiriadis" (ninth caug xyoo). O. yog nyob ntawm no ntawm lub suab paj nruag choral, uas yog duplicated los ntawm zoo meej consonances. Lub suab coj lub suab choral, naz. principalis (vox principalis - lub suab tseem ceeb), thiab (tom qab) tenor (tenor - tuav); duplicating suab - organalis (vox organalis - lub cev, los yog organum, lub suab). Lub atherosclerosis tsis yog raws nraim, lub suab yog monorhythmic (lub ntsiab lus punctus contra punctum los yog nota contra notam). Ntxiv rau qhov sib npaug ua rau lub quart lossis thib tsib, muaj octave ob npaug ntawm lub suab (aequisonae - suab sib npaug):

Cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob sib luag los ntawm cov khoom siv Musica enchiriadis (sab saum toj) thiab Scholia enchiriadis (hauv qab).

Tom qab ntawv Askiv. O.'s ntau yam - gimel (cantus gemellus; gemellus - ob, ntxaib) tso cai rau kev txav mus rau hauv peb (ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm gimel yog zaj nkauj rau St. Magnus Nobilis, humilis).

Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Guido d'Arezzo, lwm hom O. tsim - dawb O., los yog diaphonia (thaum pib, lo lus "diaphonia" yog scientific thiab theoretical, thiab "O." - ib tug niaj hnub tswv yim xaiv ntawm tib yam tshwm sim; Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, cov ntsiab lus "diaphonia" thiab "o." tau los ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam kev sib xyaw ua ke). Nws kuj yog monorhythmic, tab sis cov suab hauv nws yog linearly dawb; indirect txav, kev tawm tsam, nrog rau kev hla ntawm lub suab tau dav siv. Kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab cov piv txwv ntawm dawb O. – hauv Guido d'Arezzo hauv Microlog (c. 1025-26), hauv Milanese treatise Ad Organum faciendum (c. 1150), hauv John Cotton hauv nws txoj haujlwm De musica ( txog 1100); Lwm qhov chaw yog Winchester Troparion (1st ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th), cov ntawv sau ntawm cov monasteries ntawm Saint-Martial (Limoges, c. 1150) thiab Santiago de Compostela (c. 1140). Dawb O. (nrog rau qhov sib npaug) feem ntau yog ob lub suab.

Piv txwv organum los ntawm treatise "Ad Organum faciendum".

O. parallel thiab O. pub dawb, raws li hom kev sau ntawv, yuav tsum raug ntaus nqi ntau dua rau homophony (raws li hom chord warehouse lossis raws li nws cov suab nrov) dua li polyphony hauv qhov kev xav ib txwm muaj.

Ib lub suab paj nruag tshiab tau yug los hauv O. warehouse - polyphony raws li kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntsug. Qhov no yog ib qho keeb kwm zoo ntawm tus nqi ntawm O., uas tau cim ib txoj kab ntse ntawm cov hauv paus monodic. xav nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm tag nrho cov dr. ntiaj teb (xws li Lwm Sab Hnub Tuaj), thaum lub monodic thaum ntxov cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Tswv Yexus. hu nkauj (1 xyoo txhiab AD), ntawm ib sab, thiab raws li qhov tshiab no (los ntawm hom - polyphonic) kev sib haum xeeb, New Western kab lis kev cai, ntawm lwm yam. Yog li ntawd, lub lem ntawm lub 9th-10th centuries yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag. dab neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm tom ntej (txog rau xyoo pua 20th), suab paj nruag tau hloov kho tshiab, tab sis tseem muaj ntau yam. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm dawb O., muaj qee zaus muaj kev tawm tsam rau ib lub suab ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm ob peb lub organalis. Txoj kev sau ntawv no tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb hauv melismatic. A. Lub suab txuas ntxiv ntawm tenor (punctus organicus, punctus organalis) suav nrog ntau yam. suab rau ib lub suab nkauj ntev ntev:

Organum los ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Saint-Martial.

Melismatic O. (diaphonie basilica) twb muaj ib tug hais lus polyphonic. tus cwj pwm. Cov qauv melismatic. O. – nyob rau hauv cov lis dej num ntawm Santiago de Compostela, Saint-Martial, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub Paris lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Notre Dame (nyob rau hauv Leonin's "Magnus liber organi", uas yog hu ua optimus organista - qhov zoo tshaj plaws organista, nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm "zoo tshaj plaws organist. ”). Hauv con. 12th caug xyoo, ntxiv rau cov kab lig kev cai. ob lub suab (dupla) O., thawj cov qauv ntawm peb lub suab (tripla) thiab txawm tias plaub lub suab (quadrupla) tshwm sim. Ntawm ntau lub suab Organalis muaj npe: duplum (duplum - thib ob), triplum (trilum - thib peb) thiab quadruplum (quadruplum - plaub). Liturgich. lub tenor tseem khaws lub ntsiab lus ntawm ch. pov npav. Ua tsaug rau melismatic. embellishment ntawm txhua lub suab nrov ntawm lub tenor, tag nrho cov nplai ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg nce mus rau kaum npaug ntawm qhov ntev.

Kev sib kis ntawm modal rhythms thiab nruj metrization ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj (los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th) ua tim khawv rau lub hwj chim ntawm yam uas nyob deb ntawm nws thawj liturgical style. foundations, thiab txuas O. nrog secular thiab Nar. kos duab. Qhov no yog qhov poob ntawm O.'s suit. Hauv Leonin lub organum, melismatic. ib feem ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg alternate nrog metrized sawv daws yuav. Thaj, metrization kuj tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev nce ntawm cov suab: lub koom haum ntawm ntau tshaj ob lub suab ua rau lawv cov suab nrov ntau meej. kev sib koom tes. Vershina O. - ob-, peb- thiab txawm plaub-ntu Op. Perotin (Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Notre Dame), lub npe hu ua optimus dis-cantor (qhov zoo tshaj plaws disantist):

Perotin. Maj mam “Sederunt principes” (c. 1199); organum quadruplum.

Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm O., modal atherosclerosis thiab imitation tshwm sim (Saint-Martial, Notre-Dame), thiab kev sib pauv suab (Notre-Dame).

Nyob rau hauv lub 12th-13th centuries. O. sib koom ua ke rau hauv kev kos duab ntawm motet, cov piv txwv thaum ntxov uas nyob ze heev rau lub metrized O.

Thoob plaws hauv nws keeb kwm, O. – hu nkauj yog solo thiab ensemble, thiab tsis choral, uas tseem nyob monophonic (raws li G. Khusman). Ob- thiab polyphony O. yog ib qho khoom dai ntawm pawg ntseeg. chants, xws li chants yog Ameslikas hu nkauj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev ua koob tsheej / lub sijhawm (xws li kev pab Christmas). Raws li qee cov ntaub ntawv, O. thaum ntxov tau ua nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov cuab yeej.

References: Gruber RI, Keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, vol. 1, ntu 1–2, M.-L., 1941; Riemann H., Geschichte der Musiktheorie im IX.-XIX. Jahrhundert, Lpz., 1898; Handschin J., Zur Geschichte der Lehre vom Organum, “ZfMw”, 1926, Jg. 8 ,nqe 6;. Chevallier L., Les theories harmoniques, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Encyclopédie de la musique …, (n. 1), P., 1925 (Lus txhais lus – Chevalier L., Keeb kwm ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, ed. thiab nrog ntxiv M V. . Ivanov-Boretsky, Moscow, 1932); Wagner R., La paraphonie “Revue de Musicologie”, 1928, No 25; Perotinus: Organum quadruplum "Sederunt principes", teev. v. R. Ficker, W.-Lpz., 1930; Besseler H., Die Musik des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, Potsdam, (1937); Georgiades Thr., Musik und Sprache, B.-Gott.-Hdlb., (1954); Jammers E., Anfänge der abendländischen Musik, Stras.-Kehl, 1955; Waeltner E., Das Organum bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts, Hdlb., 1955 (Diss.); Chominski JM, Historia harmonii thiab kontrapunktu, t. 1, (Kr., 1958) (Ukrainian translation: Khominsky Y., History of harmony and counterpoint, vol. 1, Kiev, 1975); Dahlhaus G., Zur Theorie des frehen Organum, “Kirchenmusikalisches Jahrbuch”, 1958, (Bd 42); nws tus kheej, Zur Theorie des Organum im XII. Jahrhundert, ibid., 1964, (Bd 48); Machabey A., Remarques sur le Winchester Troper, hauv: Festschrift H. Besseler, Lpz., 1961; Eggebrecht H., Zaminer F., Ad Organum faciendum, Mainz, 1970; Gerold Th., Histoire de la musique…, NY, 1971; Besseler H., Güke P., Schriftbild der mehrstimmigen Musik, Lpz., (1); Reskow F., Organum-Begriff und frühe Mehrstimmigkeit, hauv: Forum musicologicum. 1. Basler Studien zur Musikgeschichte, Bd 1973, Bern, 1.

Yu. H. Kholopov