Orchestra |

los ntawm Greek orxestra - ib puag ncig, tom qab semicircular platform ntawm lub tsev ua yeeb yam thaum ub, qhov twg, ua suab paj nruag, suab nkauj ntawm kev xwm txheej thiab kev ua yeeb yam hu lawv qhov chaw, los ntawm orxeomai - Kuv seev cev

Ib pawg neeg ntaus suab paj nruag uas ntaus ntau yam cuab yeej npaj rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag.

Mus txog rau ser. XVIII xyoo pua lo lus "Auj." nkag siab nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. kev nkag siab, hais txog qhov chaw ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj (Walther, Lexikon, 18). Tsuas yog hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm I. Mattheson “Rediscovered Orchestra” (“Das neu-eröffnete Orchestre”, 1732) lo lus “O.” nrog rau lub ntsiab lus qub tau txais ib qho tshiab. Niaj hnub no nws yog thawj zaug txhais los ntawm JJ Rousseau nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Suab paj nruag (Dictionnaire de la musique, 1713).

Muaj ob peb O. txoj kev faib cov ntsiab lus: lub ntsiab yog O. txoj kev faib raws li instr. muaj pes tsawg leeg. Sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, suav nrog cov cuab yeej ntawm cov pab pawg sib txawv (symphonic O., estr. O.), thiab homogeneous (piv txwv li, hlua orchestra, tooj dag band, O. percussion instruments). Homogeneous compositions muaj lawv tus kheej faib: piv txwv li, ib txoj hlua ntsuas yuav muaj cov cuab yeej hneev lossis plucked; Nyob rau hauv cov cua O., ib tug homogeneous muaj pes tsawg leeg yog txawv - ib tug tooj liab muaj pes tsawg leeg ("pawg") los yog tov, nrog rau ntxiv ntawm woodwinds, tej zaum percussion. Dr. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm O. qhov kev faib tawm tau los ntawm lawv qhov kev teem caij hauv muses. xyaum. Muaj, piv txwv li, ib pab tub rog, estr. O. Ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm O. yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau. nat. ensembles thiab O. Nar. cov twj paj nruag, ob qho tib si hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke (domrovy O.), thiab sib xyaw (tshwj xeeb, Neapolitan orchestra, suav nrog mandolins thiab guitars, taraf). Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau los ua tus kws tshaj lij (Great Lavxias teb sab Orchestra, tsim los ntawm VV Andreev, O. Uzbek pej xeem seev, tsim los ntawm AI Petrosyants, thiab lwm yam). Rau O. nat. Cov twj paj nruag ntawm Africa thiab Indonesia yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib xyaw nrog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm percussion, piv txwv li. gamelan, O. drums, O. xylophones. Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe lub siab tshaj plaws daim ntawv ntawm kev sib koom instr. kev ua tau zoo los ua symphonic. O., muaj xws li bowed, cua thiab percussion instruments. Tag nrho cov hlua yog ua nyob rau hauv symphony. O. los ntawm ib pawg (tsawg kawg yog ob tus kws ntaus nkauj); qhov no O. txawv ntawm instr. pawg, qhov twg txhua tus ntaus suab paj nruag plays otd. tog.

Keeb kwm ntawm symphony. O. hnub rov qab mus rau lub lem ntawm lub 16th-17th centuries. Cov cuab yeej loj loj tau tshwm sim ua ntej - hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab, hauv Renaissance. Nyob rau hauv lub 15th-16th centuries. hauv kev ua koob tsheej. rooj plaub tau sau adv. Cov khaub ncaws, to-rye suav nrog txhua tsev neeg ntawm cov twj paj nruag: bowed thiab plucked hlua, woodwinds thiab tooj dag, keyboards. Txawm li cas los xij, mus txog rau 17th c. tsis muaj ensembles ua tsis tu ncua; kev ua yeeb yam ntawm suab paj nruag tau teem sijhawm rau kev ua koob tsheej thiab lwm yam xwm txheej. O. qhov zoo li niaj hnub. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus yog txuam nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm tig ntawm 16th-17th centuries. hom suab paj nruag tshiab, xws li opera, oratorio, solo wok. concert, nyob rau hauv uas O. pib ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm instrumental accompaniment ntawm lub suab nrov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, pawg xws li O. feem ntau sau lwm lub npe. Yog, Italian. composers con. 16 – lus. Xyoo pua 17th feem ntau lawv tau hais los ntawm cov ntsiab lus "kev ua yeeb yam" (piv txwv li, "Concerti di voci e di stromenti" y M. Galliano), "chapel", "choir", thiab lwm yam.

O. txoj kev loj hlob tau txiav txim siab los ntawm ntau tus. khoom thiab kos duab. yam. Ntawm lawv yog 3 qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws: kev hloov pauv ntawm orc. cov twj paj nruag (kev tsim cov khoom tshiab, kev txhim kho cov qub, kev ploj ntawm cov twj paj nruag los ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag), kev txhim kho orc. kev ua tau zoo (txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev ua si, qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag nyob rau theem lossis hauv orc. pit, kev tswj hwm ntawm O.), uas cov keeb kwm ntawm orcs lawv tus kheej txuas nrog. collectives, thiab, thaum kawg, ib tug hloov nyob rau hauv lub orc. composers siab. Yog li, nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm O., cov ntaub ntawv thiab suab paj nruag zoo nkauj yog zoo intertwined. Cheebtsam. Yog li ntawd, thaum xav txog txoj hmoo ntawm O., peb txhais tau tias tsis ntau npaum li cas keeb kwm ntawm instrumentation los yog ork. styles, pes tsawg cov khoom siv ntawm O. txoj kev loj hlob. Keeb kwm ntawm O. nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog conditionally muab faib ua peb lub sij hawm: O. los ntawm txog 1600 txog 1750; A. 2 pem teb. 18 – lus. 20th caug xyoo (kwv yees ua ntej pib Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1 xyoo 1914-18); O. 20th caug xyoo (tom qab Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog I).

O. nyob rau lub sij hawm 17 - 1st pem teb. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th Los ntawm Renaissance, O. tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm kev xaiv cov ntoo thiab tessitura. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm orc. cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th yog: 1) kev faib cov cuab yeej hauv lub cev. qhov xwm ntawm lub cev lub suab mus rau hauv cov hlua thiab cua, npaj los ntawm A. Agazzari thiab M. Pretorius; lub tom kawg kuj hu ua nruas. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Pretorius, lub koom haum ntawm, piv txwv li, cov hlua suav nrog tag nrho cov cuab yeej "nrog cov hlua khi", txawm tias lawv txawv li cas hauv cov ntoo thiab cov suab nrov - viols, violins, lyres, lutes, harps, trumpet, monochord, clavichord. , cembalo, thiab lwm yam 2) Kev sib cais ntawm cov twj paj nruag nyob rau hauv tib hom raws li tessitura txiav txim los ntawm lawv qhov loj me. Qhov no yog li cas cov tsev neeg ntawm homogeneous instruments tshwm sim, feem ntau suav nrog 4, qee zaum ntau yam tessitura sib xws rau tib neeg lub suab (soprano, alto, tenor, bass). Lawv tau nthuav tawm hauv cov lus ntawm cov cuab yeej hauv ntu 2 ntawm "Code of Musical Science" ("Syntagma musicum", ntu II, 1618). Composers ntawm tig ntawm lub 16th-17th centuries. lawv muaj, yog li ntawd, ceg tsev neeg ntawm txoj hlua, cua thiab percussion. Ntawm cov tsev neeg cov hlua, viols (treble, alto, loj ntses bass thaj tsam, ob chav ntses bass thaj tsam; tshwj xeeb ntau yam - viol d'amour, baritone, viola-bastard), lyres (xws li da braccio), violins (4-txoj hlua treble, tenor, bass, 3-kab Fab Kis - pochette, me me treble tuned plaub siab dua), lutes (lute, theorbo, archilute, thiab lwm yam). Flute instruments (ib tsev neeg ntawm longitudinal flutes) yog ib qho ntawm cov twj paj nruag cua; cov twj paj nruag nrog ob lub reed: flute (ntawm lawv ib pab pawg ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws los ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam mus rau treble yeeb nkab), horns crooked - krummhorns; embouchure instruments: ntoo thiab pob txha zinc, trombones decomp. qhov loj me, cov kav dej; percussion (timpani, teeb tsa lub tswb, thiab lwm yam). Wok-instr. kev xav ntawm composers nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th ruaj khov raws li lub ntsiab lus tessitura. Tag nrho cov suab thiab cov cuab yeej ntawm treble tessitura, nrog rau cov twj paj nruag ntawm alto, tenor thiab bass tessitura, tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev sib koom ua ke (lawv qhov chaw raug kaw rau ib kab).

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub verge ntawm 16-17 centuries. homophonic style, nrog rau homophonic-polyphonic. Cov ntawv (JS Bach, GF Handel thiab lwm tus neeg sau), ua basso txuas ntxiv (saib General bass); nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nrog rau melodic. suab thiab twj paj nruag (violins, violas, ntau yam twj paj nruag cua) tau tshwm sim hu ua. pawg continuo. Cov cuab yeej nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg tau hloov pauv, tab sis nws txoj haujlwm (ua tau zoo ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm polygonal) tseem tsis hloov. Nyob rau hauv thawj lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm opera (piv txwv li, Italian opera tsev kawm ntawv), cov continuo pab pawg neeg nrog rau lub cev, cembalo, lute, theorbo, thiab harp; hauv pem teb 2. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th tus naj npawb ntawm cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv nws yog sharply txo. Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm Bach, Handel, Fabkis composers. Classicism yog txwv rau cov twj paj nruag (hauv lub tsev teev ntuj suab paj nruag - ib qho khoom nruab nrog, hloov nrog lub cembalo, nyob rau hauv secular ib hom ntawv nyeem - ib los yog ob cebalos, tej zaum ib tug theorbo nyob rau hauv opera) thiab basses - ib cello, ob bass (Violono), feem ntau ib tug bassoon.

Rau O. 1 pem teb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th characterized los ntawm instability ntawm compositions, tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog kev kho dua tshiab ntawm Renaissance kab lig kev cai hauv kev xaiv thiab pab pawg ntawm cov twj paj nruag. Cov cuab yeej tau raug kho dua tshiab. Lawv tso suab paj nruag. kev coj ua ntawm lute, viol, hloov chaw los ntawm violins - cov cuab yeej ntawm lub suab nrov. Lub foob pob thaum kawg tau muab txoj hauv kev rau cov bassoons tsim los ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam pommer thiab oboes reconstructed los ntawm treble yeeb nkab; zinc ploj lawm. Longitudinal flutes yog hloov los ntawm transverse flutes uas tshaj lawv lub zog suab. Tus naj npawb ntawm tessitura ntau yam tau txo qis. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem no tsis tau xaus txawm tias nyob rau xyoo pua 18th; Piv txwv li, cov hlua xws li violino piccolo, violoncello piccolo, nrog rau cov lute, viola da gamba, viol d'amour, feem ntau tshwm sim hauv Bach orchestra.

Dr. yog vim li cas rau qhov instability ntawm cov compositions yog random xaiv cov cuab yeej nyob rau hauv lub adv. opera tsev los yog cathedrals. Raws li txoj cai, composers sau suab paj nruag tsis yog rau cov feem ntau lees txais, ruaj khov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis rau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm O. txhais. theatre los yog priv. tsev teev ntuj. Thaum pib. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th ntawm lub npe ntawm cov qhab nia, cov ntawv sau feem ntau tau ua: "buone da cantare et suonare" (" haum rau kev hu nkauj thiab ua si"). Qee lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov qhab nia los yog nyob rau hauv lub npe nplooj ntawv muaj pes tsawg leeg uas muaj nyob rau hauv no ua yeeb yam yog tsau, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov qhab nia ntawm Monteverdi's opera Orfeo (1607), uas nws tau sau rau lub tsev hais plaub. Theatre hauv Mantua.

Hloov cov cuab yeej cuam tshuam nrog kev zoo nkauj tshiab. kev thov, pab txhawb rau kev hloov hauv sab hauv. Cov koom haum O. maj mam stabilization ntawm lub ork. compositions mus feem ntau raws kab ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm niaj hnub. peb lub tswvyim ntawm orc. ib pab pawg uas sib txuas cov twj paj nruag muaj feem xyuam nrog timbre thiab dynamic. khoom. Kev sib txawv ntawm cov timbre-homogeneous bowed string pab pawg - nkauj laus ncas ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv - tshwm sim feem ntau hauv kev xyaum ua haujlwm ( thawj zaug hauv 1610 hauv Parisian bowed opera "24 Violins ntawm Vaj"). Xyoo 1660-85, Royal Chapel ntawm Charles II tau teeb tsa hauv London raws li tus qauv Parisian - ib qho cuab yeej muaj 24 violins.

Lub crystallization ntawm pab pawg neeg tsis muaj viols thiab lutes ( nkauj laus ncas, violas, cellos, ob chav basses) yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws conquest ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th opera, uas tau tshwm sim feem ntau nyob rau hauv operatic creativity. Purcell's opera Dido thiab Aeneas (1689) tau sau rau lub suab seev nrog continuo; Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm trio ntawm cov cuab yeej cua - Cadmus thiab Hermione los ntawm Lully (1673). Lub woodwind thiab tooj dag pab pawg tseem tsis tau coj mus rau hauv lub baroque orthodoxy, txawm hais tias tag nrho cov woodwinds tseem ceeb, ntxiv rau clarinets (flutes, oboes, bassoons), twb tau qhia rau hauv O. Hauv cov qhab nia ntawm JB Lully, cua trio. feem ntau muaj npe: 2 oboes (los yog 2 flutes) thiab bassoon, thiab hauv F. Rameau's operas ("Castor and Pollux, 1737) yog ib pawg tsis tiav ntawm woodwinds: flutes, oboes, bassoons. Nyob rau hauv Bach's orchestra, nws qhov kev nyiam rau cov twj paj nruag ntawm xyoo pua 17th. Kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau kev xaiv cov cuab yeej cua: cov qub ntau yam ntawm oboe - oboe d'amore, oboe da caccia (tus qauv ntawm cov lus Askiv niaj hnub horn) yog siv ua ke nrog bassoon lossis nrog 2 flutes thiab bassoon. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov cuab yeej tooj dag kuj tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm Renaissance hom (piv txwv li, zinc thiab 3 trombones hauv Scheidt's Concertus Sacri) rau cov pab pawg tooj dag hauv zos (3 trumpets thiab timpani hauv Bach's Magnificat, 3 trumpets nrog timpani thiab horns hauv nws tus kheej canta. No. 205). Ntau. O. qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke tseem tsis tau hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov hlua. cov pab pawg muaj qee zaum me me thiab tsis tiav, thaum xaiv cov cuab yeej cua feem ntau random (saib Daim duab 1).

Los ntawm 1 pem teb. XVIII caug xyoo kev faib tau ua tiav. compositions nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub social functionality ntawm suab paj nruag, qhov chaw ntawm nws ua yeeb yam, cov neeg tuaj saib. Kev faib cov ntawv sau rau hauv pawg ntseeg, opera thiab kev hais kwv txhiaj kuj tau txuam nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm pawg ntseeg, opera thiab chamber styles. Kev xaiv thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov twj paj nruag hauv txhua qhov kev sib xyaw tseem hloov pauv dav; Txawm li cas los xij, opera opera (Handel's oratorios kuj tau ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev opera) feem ntau saturated nrog cov twj paj nruag cua tshaj qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj. Hauv kev sib txuas nrog dif. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej, nrog rau cov hlua, flutes thiab oboes, trumpets thiab timpani, trombones feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv nws (nyob rau hauv lub Scene ntawm ntuj raug txim nyob rau hauv Monteverdi's Orpheus, ib pawg ntawm zinc thiab trombones tau siv). Qee zaus ib lub tshuab raj me me tau qhia ("Rinaldo" los ntawm Handel); nyob rau hauv lub xeem thib peb ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. ib tug hneev taw tshwm. Mus church. O. yuav tsum suav nrog lub cev (hauv pawg txuas ntxiv lossis ua ib qho kev hais kwv txhiaj). Mus church. O.v os. Bach, nrog rau cov hlua, woodwinds (flutes, oboes), qee zaum cov kav dej nrog timpani, horns, trombones, ob npaug ntawm lub suab ntawm pawg hu nkauj (cantata No 17), feem ntau nthuav tawm. Raws li nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub operatic O. creatures. Lub luag haujlwm tau ua los ntawm obligate (saib Obligate) cov cuab yeej nrog kev hu nkauj solo: violin, cello, flute, oboe, thiab lwm yam.

Kev hais kwv txhiaj ntawm O. tag nrho nyob ntawm qhov chaw thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua si suab paj nruag. Rau kev ua koob tsheej. adv. baroque ceremonies (coronation, kab tshoob), nyob rau hauv cathedrals nrog rau liturgical. nkauj kho siab instr. concerts thiab fanfares ua los ntawm lub tsev hais plaub. kws ntaus nkauj.

Secular priv. concerts tau tuav ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv lub tsev opera thiab qhib huab cua - ntawm masquerades, processions, foob pob hluav taws, "nyob rau hauv dej", raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm tsev neeg castles los yog palaces. Tag nrho cov hom concerts yuav tsum tau dec. compositions O. thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv "Music for Fireworks" los ntawm Handel, ua nyob rau London's Green Park rau 27 Plaub Hlis Ntuj 1749, cua thiab percussion nkaus xwb (tsawg kawg 56 instruments); nyob rau hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj version, ua ib lub hlis tom qab ntawm lub tsev kho mob Foundling, tus composer, ntxiv rau 9 trumpets, 9 horns, 24 oboes, 12 bassoons, percussion, kuj siv hlua instruments. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov tseeb conc. O. lub luag haujlwm loj tshaj plaws tau ua si los ntawm ntau yam ntawm Baroque era li concerto grosso, solo concerto, orc. suite. Tus kws sau ntawv qhov kev cia siab ntawm qhov muaj - feem ntau me me - muaj pes tsawg leeg yog pom ntawm no thiab. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum no, tus kws sau ntawv feem ntau teeb tsa tshwj xeeb virtuoso thiab timbre cov dej num cuam tshuam nrog lub chamber style ntawm homophonic-polyphonic concerts. hauv paus. Cov no yog 6 Brandenburg Concertos ntawm Bach (1721), txhua tus uas muaj cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam, raws nraim li Bach. Qee zaum, tus kws sau ntawv qhia tias decomp. variants ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg ad libitum (A. Vivaldi).

Tsiaj txhu. Cov qauv ntawm lub orchestra ntawm lub sijhawm Baroque tau cuam tshuam los ntawm stereophonic (hauv kev nkag siab niaj hnub) cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau pawg hu nkauj. Lub tswv yim ntawm spatial juxtaposition ntawm suab tau saws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. los ntawm pawg hu nkauj. antiphonal polyphony ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Qhov chaw ntawm ob peb pawg hu nkauj. thiab instr. chapels nyob rau hauv lub choirs ntawm loj cathedrals tsim cov nyhuv ntawm spatial division ntawm sonority. Qhov kev xyaum no tau pib siv dav hauv Cathedral ntawm St. Mark hauv Venice, qhov chaw uas G. Gabrieli ua haujlwm, nws kuj paub txog G. Schutz, uas tau kawm nrog nws, nrog rau S. Scheidt thiab lwm tus kws sau nkauj. Ib qho kev tshwm sim heev ntawm kev lig kev cai ntawm ntau pawg hu nkauj wok.-instr. Tsab ntawv tau ua nyob rau hauv 1628 nyob rau hauv Salzburg Cathedral los ntawm O. Benevoli, festive pawg, uas nws coj 8 pawg hu nkauj (raws li contemporaries, muaj txawm 12). Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ntau lub tswv yim hu nkauj tau tshwm sim tsis yog nyob rau hauv cult polyphonic xwb. suab paj nruag (Bach's Matthew Passion tau sau rau 2 pawg hu nkauj thiab 2 operas), tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ib yam dab tsi secular. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm concerto grosso yog kev faib ntawm tag nrho pawg ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam rau hauv ob pawg tsis sib xws uas ua rau decomp. kev ua haujlwm: concertino - ib pab pawg neeg soloists thiab concerto grosso (loj concerto) - ib pawg nrog, kuj tau siv hauv O. oratorio, opera (Handel).

Qhov kev xav ntawm O. tshuab raj ntawm lub sijhawm 1600-1750 tau cuam tshuam tag nrho cov lus hais saum toj no. Raws li daim duab qhia los ntawm cov theoreticians ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th thiab cov engravings tso cai rau peb los txiav txim, qhov chaw ntawm O. musicians txawv heev ntawm qhov uas siv tom qab. Chaw nyob ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj hauv opera tsev, conc. Hall los yog cathedral xav tau ib tug neeg daws teeb meem. Qhov chaw ntawm lub opera opera yog lub bandmaster lub chambalo thiab cov hlua basses nyob ze nws - lub cello thiab ob bass. Nyob rau sab xis ntawm lub bandmaster yog cov hlua. cov twj paj nruag, sab laug - cov twj paj nruag cua (woodwinds thiab horns), sau ze rau qhov thib ob, nrog rau cembalo. Cov hlua kuj nyob ntawm no. basses, theorbo, bassoons, uas ua ke nrog lub thib ob cembalo tsim pab pawg continuo.

Qhov chaw ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv ib qho kev ua yeeb yam orchestra hauv xyoo pua 18th. (los ntawm phau ntawv: Quantz J., Versuch einer Anweisung, die Flöte traversiere zu spielen, Berlin, p. 134).

Hauv qhov tob (ntawm sab xis) cov kav dej thiab timpani tuaj yeem muab tso rau. Nyob rau hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, soloists nyob rau hauv lub foreground nyob ze ntawm lub bandmaster, uas pab mus rau qhov sib npaug ntawm sonority. Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov rooj zaum rooj zaum yog qhov ua haujlwm sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov twj paj nruag uas tsim ntau lub suab sib cais: 2 pawg txuas ntxiv, pawg concertino hauv concerto, qee zaum hauv kev ua yeeb yam, 2 pawg loj sib txawv (cov hlua, ntoo) nyob ib ncig ntawm 2 cembalos. . Xws li cov qauv xav tau kev tswj hwm ntau theem. Ib feem ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam tau ua raws li nrog chambalo, O. raws li tag nrho, ua raws li tus neeg ntaus suab paj nruag chambalo. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj dual kuj tau siv dav (saib Kev Ua ).

A. 2 pem teb. 18 – lus. 20th caug xyoo O. lub sij hawm no, npog xws li decomp. stylistic phenomena xws li Viennese classical tsev kawm ntawv, romanticism, kov yeej cov romantic. tiam sis, impressionism thiab ntau dissimilar rau ib leeg, uas muaj lawv tus kheej. cov evolution ntawm lub teb chaws cov tsev kawm ntawv, txawm li cas los xij, yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm ib qho txheej txheem. Qhov no yog kev txhim kho ntawm orc. apparatus, inextricably txuas nrog ib tug meej faib ntawm kev ntxhib los mos vertically nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm homophonic harmonic. xav. Nws pom cov lus qhia hauv cov qauv ua haujlwm ntawm orc. npuag (teeb pom kev ua haujlwm ntawm suab paj nruag, ntses bass thaj tsam, kev sib haum xeeb, orc. pedal, counterpoint, daim duab hauv nws). Lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem no tau muab tso rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Viennese muses. classics. Thaum kawg ntawm nws, ib qho orc tau tsim. apparatus (ob leeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov twj paj nruag thiab lub internal functional lub koom haum), uas tau los ua, raws li nws yog, pib taw tes rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm romantics thiab composers nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. tsev kawm ntawv.

Lub cim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev loj hlob yog homophonic harmonic. trends nyob rau hauv orc. suab paj nruag xav - withering tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub quarter thib 3. 18th caug xyoo basso continuo pawg Cov kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cembalo thiab lub cev tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog lub luag haujlwm loj hlob ntawm orc kom raug. kev sib raug zoo. Ntau thiab ntau alien orc. contemporaries kuj xav txog lub timbre ntawm lub harpsichord rau suab. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv tshiab - symphonies - cov twj paj nruag keyboard uas ua rau basso continuo (chembalo) muaj nuj nqi tseem muaj ntau heev - hauv qee lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Mannheim (J. Stamitz, A. Fils, K. Cannabih), thaum ntxov. symphonies ntawm J. Haydn. Mus church. Hauv suab paj nruag, basso continuo ua haujlwm tau muaj sia nyob mus txog 90s. 18th caug xyoo (Mozart's Requiem, Haydn's Masses).

Nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm composers ntawm lub Viennese classic. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tab tom rov xav txog kev faib mus rau hauv pawg ntseeg, kev ua yeeb yam thiab chav ua yeeb yam ntawm O. txij thaum pib. 19th century lo lus "church O." ua tau poob rau hauv disuse. Lo lus "chamber" tau pib siv rau pawg, kom tawm tsam orc. kev ua tau zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov sib txawv ntawm operatic thiab concert ensembles ntawm opera los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Yog hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub opera O. yog twb 18th caug xyoo. txawv los ntawm kev ua tiav thiab ntau yam ntawm cov cuab yeej, ces qhov tseeb conc. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, raws li zoo raws li cov hom ntawm symphony thiab solo concerto lawv tus kheej, nyob rau hauv nws cov me nyuam mos, xaus nrog L. Beethoven.

Lub crystallization ntawm O. cov compositions tau mus ua ke nrog rau kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm qhov ntsuas. Hauv pem teb 2. Xyoo pua 18th vim qhov kev hloov ntawm kev zoo nkauj. tswv yim los ntawm suab paj nruag. kev coj ua ploj mus. instruments – theorbos, viols, oboes d'amore, longitudinal flutes. Cov cuab yeej tshiab tau tsim los ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov ntoo thiab tessitura nplai ntawm O. Qhov chaw nyob hauv opera hauv 80s. 18th caug xyoo tau txais ib lub clarinet tsim (c. 1690) los ntawm I. Denner. Kev taw qhia ntawm clarinet rau lub symphony. O. xaus los ntawm qhov pib. Xyoo 19th tsim ib tug ntoo plig. pab pawg. Lub basset horn (corno di bassetto), alto ntau yam ntawm clarinet, ciaj sia nyob rau lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm txoj kev vam meej. Nrhiav tus ntsuj plig qis. bass composers tig mus rau lub contrabassoon (Haydn's oratorio).

Hauv pem teb 2. 18th caug xyoo tus composer tseem nyob ncaj qha nyob ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm O. Feem ntau cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov classical thaum ntxov. O. 1760-70s. txo mus rau 2 oboes, 2 horns thiab hlua. Nws tsis tau koom ua ke hauv Tebchaws Europe. O. thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov twj paj nruag hauv cov hlua. pab pawg. adv. O., hauv Krom muaj ntau tshaj 12 txoj hlua. cov cuab yeej, tau suav hais tias loj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog nyob rau hauv pem teb 2. Xyoo 18th nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog kev ywj pheej ntawm suab paj nruag. lub neej, qhov kev xav tau ruaj khov ntawm O. loj hlob. Lub sijhawm no, tshiab tas li O., pl. uas tom qab ntawd tau paub dav: O. "Spiritual Concerts" (concert spirituel) in Paris, O. Gewandhaus in Leipzig (1781), O. Ob-va concerts of conservatory in Paris (1828). (Saib daim duab 2)

Nyob rau hauv Russia, thawj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm O. tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab. 2th caug xyoo Nyob rau hauv 17, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub creation ntawm lub adv. t-ra rau Moscow tau caw txawv teb chaws. kws ntaus nkauj. Thaum pib. Xyoo 1672th Peter kuv tau qhia cov suab paj nruag hauv tebchaws Russia (saib Tub Rog Tub Rog). Hauv 18s. 30th caug xyoo nrog Lavxias teb sab Theatre thiab concerts lub neej tsim nyob rau hauv lub tshav puam. Nyob rau hauv 18, lub xeev ntawm thawj lub tsev hais plaub tau tsim nyob rau hauv St. O., suav nrog txawv teb chaws. musicians (nrog nws muaj cov tub ntxhais kawm Lavxias). Lub orchestra suav nrog cov hlua, flutes, bassoons, ib pawg tooj dag tsis muaj trombones, timpani, thiab clavi-chambalos (txog li 1731 tus neeg tag nrho). Nyob rau hauv 40, ib tug Italian raug caw mus rau St. ib pawg opera coj los ntawm F. Araya, Russians ua si hauv O. adv. kws ntaus nkauj. Hauv pem teb 1735. 2th century adv. O. tau muab faib ua 18 pawg: "lub koob yees duab musicians ntawm thawj O." (raws li lub xeev 2-1791 cov neeg, nrog K. Canobbio) thiab "tus thib ob O. tshuab raj yog tib lub ballroom" (47 tus neeg, nrog VA Pashkevich). Thawj O. yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg txawv teb chaws, qhov thib ob - los ntawm Russians. kws ntaus nkauj. Serfs tau dav; ib txhia ntawm lawv yog cov kws tshaj lij. Lub orchestra ntawm NP Sheremetev (cov vaj tse ntawm Ostankino thiab Kuskovo, 43 tus kws ntaus nkauj) tau txais koob meej.

Hauv symph. txoj hauj lwm ntawm L. Beethoven thaum kawg crystallized lub "classical", los yog "Beethovenian", muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm symphonies. A: cov hlua, ua ke ntawm woodwinds (2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons), 2 (3 los yog 4) horns, 2 trumpets, 2 timpani (nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 2th nws raug cais raws li ib tug me me. kev sib sau cim O.). Nrog rau lub 19th symphony (9), Beethoven nteg lub hauv paus rau ib tug loj (nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub) muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm symphonies. A: cov hlua, woodwind khub nrog cov twj paj nruag ntxiv (1824 flutes thiab lub raj me me, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons thiab contrabassoon), 2 horns, 4 trumpets, 2 trombones (thawj siv nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm 3th symphony), timpani , daim duab peb sab, cymbals, bass nruas. Yuav luag tib lub sijhawm. (5) 1822 trombones kuj tau siv hauv F. Schubert's "Unfinished Symphony". Nyob rau hauv opera operas ntawm lub xyoo pua 3th. nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau theem cov xwm txheej suav nrog cov twj paj nruag uas tsis suav nrog hauv conc. Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub cim A: piccolo, contrabassoon. Nyob rau hauv lub percussion pab pawg neeg, ntxiv rau timpani, nqa cov suab paj nruag. muaj nuj nqi, ib lub koom haum tsis tu ncua tshwm sim, feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv oriental lub sij hawm (lub thiaj li hu ua Turkish los yog "Janissary music"): ib tug bass nruas, cymbals, ib daim duab peb sab, tej zaum ib lub nruas nruas ("Iphigenia nyob rau hauv Tauris" los ntawm Gluck, "Cov. Abduction los ntawm Seraglio” los ntawm Mozart). Hauv chav haujlwm Qee zaus, tswb nrov tshwm sim (Glcckenspiel, Mozart's Magic Flute), tam-toms (Gosseca's Funeral March for the Death of Mirabeau, 18).

thawj xyoo caum ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. cim los ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm tus ntsuj plig. cov cuab yeej uas tshem tawm tej yam tsis zoo xws li intonation cuav, tsis muaj chromatic. nplai ntawm cov cuab yeej tooj dag. Flute, thiab tom qab ntawd lwm cov dab ntoo. Cov twj paj nruag tau nruab nrog lub tshuab valve (tus tsim ntawm T. Boehm), ntuj horns thiab cov kav dej tau nruab nrog lub valve mechanism, uas ua rau lawv cov nplai chromatic. Hauv 30s. A. Sachs tau txhim kho cov ntses bass thaj tsam clarinet thiab tsim cov cuab yeej tshiab (saxhorns, saxophones).

Lub zog tshiab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm O. tau muab los ntawm romanticism. Nrog kev vam meej ntawm kev pab cuam suab paj nruag, toj roob hauv pes thiab zoo heev. element nyob rau hauv lub opera, kev tshawb fawb rau lub orc los ua ntej. xim thiab ua yeeb yam. timbre kev nthuav qhia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws sau nkauj (KM Weber, P. Mendelssohn, P. Schubert) tau pib nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov khub ua yeeb yam (hauv opera nrog kev koom tes ntawm ntau yam: ib lub raj me me, lub suab lus Askiv, thiab lwm yam). Kev siv nyiaj txiag ntawm O. cov peev txheej muaj nyob hauv MI Glinka. Coloristic qhov kev nplua nuj ntawm nws O. yog ua tiav ntawm cov hlua. cua pab pawg thiab khub (nrog cov cuab yeej ntxiv); Nws txuas trombones rau horns thiab kav dej (3, tsis tshua muaj 1). G. Berlioz tau txiav txim siab los siv cov kev muaj peev xwm tshiab ntawm O.. Qhia txog kev xav tau ntau ntxiv rau kev ua yeeb yam, nplai ntawm lub suab, Berlioz tau nthuav dav cov ntsiab lus ntawm O. Nyob rau hauv qhov zoo heev Symphony (1830), nws nce cov hlua. pab pawg, qhia raws nraim cov naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv cov qhab nia: tsawg kawg 15 thawj thiab 15 thib ob violins, 10 violas, 11 cellos, 9 ob chav basses. Hauv no op. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog nws hais txog programmability, tus composer tsiv tawm ntawm lub qub nruj sib txawv ntawm opera thiab concerts. compositions los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv lub cim. O. yog li tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov xim. npaj cov cuab yeej, raws li lus Askiv. horn, me clarinet, harps (2), tswb. Qhov loj ntawm pawg tooj liab nce ntxiv, ntxiv rau 4 horns, 2 trumpets thiab 3 trombones, nws suav nrog 2 cornets-a-piston thiab 2 ophicleides (tom qab hloov los ntawm tubas).

Txoj haujlwm ntawm R. Wagner tau los ua ib lub sijhawm hauv keeb kwm ntawm O. Koloristich. kev tshawb nrhiav thiab siv zog rau qhov ntom ntom ntawm kev ntxhib los mos uas twb muaj lawm hauv Lohengrin ua rau muaj kev nce hauv orc. mus txog rau ib tug triple muaj pes tsawg leeg (feem ntau yog 3 flutes los yog 2 flutes thiab ib tug me me flute, 3 oboes los yog 2 oboes thiab ib tug English horn, 3 clarinets los yog 2 clarinets thiab bass clarinet, 3 bassoons los yog 2 bassoons thiab contrabassoon, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombone, bass tuba, nruas, hlua). Nyob rau hauv 1840s ua tiav qhov tsim ntawm niaj hnub. pab pawg tooj liab, uas suav nrog 4 horns, 2-3 trumpets, 3 trombones thiab tuba (thawj qhia los ntawm Wagner hauv Faust overture thiab hauv opera Tannhäuser). Hauv "Lub Nplhaib ntawm Nibelung" O. tau los ua tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov muses. ua yeeb yam. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm timbre nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm leitmotif thiab nrhiav kev ua yeeb yam. kev nthuav qhia thiab dynamics. Lub zog ntawm lub suab ua rau tus kws sau ntawv qhia txog qhov sib txawv tshwj xeeb ntawm timbre nplai rau hauv O. (los ntawm kev ntxiv tessitura ntau yam ntawm cov cuab yeej ntoo thiab cov kav dej). Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm O., yog li, nce mus rau plaub lub hlis. Wagner ntxiv dag zog rau pab pawg tooj liab nrog lub quartet ntawm Fabkis horn (los yog "Wagner") tubas tsim los rau nws qhov kev txiav txim (saib Tuba). Cov kev xav tau los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ntawm cov txheej txheem virtuoso orc tau loj hlob radically. kws ntaus nkauj.

Txoj kev uas tau teev tseg los ntawm Wagner (ib feem txuas ntxiv los ntawm A. Bruckner nyob rau hauv hom symphony) tsis yog tib qho xwb. Ib txhij nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm I. Brahms, J. Bizet, S. Frank, G. Verdi, ntawm Lavxias teb sab composers. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau txuas ntxiv txhim kho "classical" kab ntawm orchestration thiab rov xav txog ntau yam romantic. tiam. Nyob rau hauv lub orchestra ntawm PI Tchaikovsky, nrhiav kev puas siab puas ntsws. qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub timbre tau ua ke nrog kev siv nyiaj txiag zoo heev ntawm ork. nyiaj txiag. Rejecting lub expansion orc. apparatus nyob rau hauv symphonies (pair muaj pes tsawg leeg, feem ntau suav nrog 3 flutes), tus composer tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ua hauj lwm, nyob rau hauv tom qab operas thiab ballets tig mus rau qhov ntxiv. orc xim. palettes (xws li lus Askiv horn, bass clarinet, harp, celesta nyob rau hauv lub Nutcracker). Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm NA Rimsky-Korsakov, lwm yam haujlwm zoo heev. colouring, visuals prompted the composer to widely use (tsis mus dhau lub khub-triple thiab triple compositions) ob lub ntsiab thiab cov yam ntxwv timbres O.K ntxiv. Cov me me clarinet, alto ntau yam ntawm lub tshuab raj thiab trumpet tau ntxiv rau cov twj paj nruag, tus naj npawb ntawm cov cuab yeej percussion nqa cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj thiab kho kom zoo nkauj tau nce, cov keyboards tau qhia (raws li Glinka kev lig kev cai - fp., nrog rau lub cev). Kev txhais ntawm lub orchestra los ntawm NA Rimsky-Korsakov, tau txais los ntawm Lavxias teb sab. composers ntawm cov hluas tiam (AK Glazunov, AK Lyadov, IF Stravinsky nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub sij hawm ntawm creativity), muaj ib tug cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv lub sphere ntawm orc. xim thiab ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Western-European. composers – O. Respighi, M. Ravel.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho timbre kev xav nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. lub orchestra ntawm C. Debussy ua si. Kev mloog ntau ntxiv rau xim coj mus rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm lub ntsiab lus mus rau qhov sib cais. motives los yog kev ntxhib los mos-tom qab thiab coloristic. cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub, nrog rau kev nkag siab ntawm fonich. sab O. raws li daim foos. Cov kev xav no tau txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm orc. cov ntawv xa nyiaj.

Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm Wagnerian nyiam coj mus rau verge ntawm 19th-20th centuries. mus rau tsim nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm composers (G. Mahler, R. Strauss; Rimsky-Korsakov nyob rau hauv Mlada, AN Scriabin, thiab kuj Stravinsky nyob rau hauv lub Rite ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav) ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua super-orchestra - nthuav piv rau Cov plaub pawg ntawm O. Mahler thiab Scriabin tau siv los ua ib lub suab paj nruag loj heev los qhia lawv cov kev xav hauv ntiaj teb. tswvyim. Lub apogee ntawm qhov sib txawv no yog tus ua yeeb yam. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Mahler lub 8th symphony (8 soloists, 2 sib xyaw choirs, cov tub hu nkauj, tsib muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib tug loj symphony O. nrog rau cov hlua reinforced, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm percussion thiab dai kom zoo nkauj instruments, raws li zoo raws li lub cev).

Percussion instruments nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 tsis tsim ib lub koom haum ruaj khov. Txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, pawg percussion-decorating tau nthuav dav. Ntxiv nrog rau timpani, nws suav nrog lub nruas loj thiab snare, tambourine, cymbals, daim duab peb sab, castanets, tom-toms, tswb, glockenspiel, xylophone. Cov harp (1 thiab 2), celesta, pianoforte, thiab cov khoom nruab nrog feem ntau suav nrog O., feem ntau tsis tshua muaj - "cov cuab yeej rau lub sijhawm": lub suab nrov, lub tshuab cua, lub suab nrov nrov, thiab lwm yam hauv nruab nrab. thiab con. Lub xyoo pua 19th tshiab orcs txuas ntxiv mus. pawg: New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1842); Orchestra Kem hauv Paris (1873); Orchestra ntawm Wagner Festival hauv Bayreuth (1876); Boston Orchestra (1881); Lamoureux orchestra hauv Paris (1881); Tsev Hais Plaub Orchestra ("Court Musical Choir") nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg (1882; tam sim no Academic Symphony ntawm O. Leningrad Philharmonic).

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th O., nyob rau hauv sib piv rau O. ntawm lub Baroque lub sij hawm, monochoirism prevails. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm Berlioz, ntau pawg hu nkauj rov pom daim ntawv thov. Nyob rau hauv Tuba mirum los ntawm Berlioz's "Requiem", sau rau ib pawg loj ntawm symphonies loj. O., cov neeg ua yeeb yam tau muab faib ua 5 pawg: symphony. O. thiab 4 pawg ntawm cov cuab yeej tooj liab nyob ntawm cov ces kaum ntawm lub tuam tsev. Hauv kev ua yeeb yam (pib nrog Mozart's Don Giovanni) cov kev xav no kuj tshwm sim: O. "ntawm theem", "tom qab theem", lub suab ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj thiab instr. solo "tom qab theem" ​​lossis "sab saum toj" (Wagner). Ntau qhov chaw. Kev tso kawm ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam pom kev txhim kho hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm G. Mahler.

Nyob rau hauv lub rooj zaum ntawm cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag O. nyob rau hauv pem teb 2. 18th caug xyoo thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th. Kev khaws cia ib nrab yog qhov kev tshem tawm thiab kev sib cais ntawm cov ntoo ntoo, uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque O.. Txawm li cas los xij, twb nyob rau xyoo 1775 IF Reichardt tau muab tso rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm qhov rooj, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib xyaw thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntoo. Lub violins thawj thiab thib ob tau nyob rau sab xis thiab sab laug ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib hauv ib kab, violas tau muab faib ua ob ntu thiab ua rau kab tom ntej, tus ntsuj plig. cov cuab yeej tau muab tso rau hauv qab lawv hauv qhov tob. Rau lub hauv paus no, qhov chaw ntawm lub orc tom qab tshwm sim. musicians, uas kis tau nyob rau hauv lub 19th thiab nyob rau hauv lub 1st pem teb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais lub npe ntawm "Tebchaws Europe" qhov rooj: thawj violins - rau sab laug ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, qhov thib ob - rau sab xis, violas thiab cellos - tom qab lawv, woodwinds - rau sab laug ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, tooj dag. - rau sab xis (hauv opera) lossis hauv ob kab: thawj ntoo, tom qab lawv - tooj liab (hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj), tom qab - nruas, ob chav basses (saib daim duab saum toj no).

O. nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. (tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb thib 1 xyoo 1914-18).

Lub xyoo pua 20th muab cov qauv tshiab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. xyaum O. Nrog rau cov tsoos. Xov tooj cua thiab TV operas thiab studio operas tshwm sim raws li opera thiab concerts. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov sib txawv ntawm xov tooj cua thiab opera opera thiab symphony concerts, ntxiv rau qhov kev ua haujlwm, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov rooj zaum ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag. Symphonic compositions. Lub nroog ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov nroog loj tshaj plaws yuav luag tag nrho. Thiab txawm hais tias cov qhab nia txuas ntxiv qhia qhov tsawg kawg ntawm cov hlua nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim rau Op. tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm me me O., lub suab paj nruag loj. O. 20th caug xyoo koom nrog pab pawg ntawm 80-100 (qee zaum ntau dua) cov kws ntaus nkauj.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, 2 txoj kev ntawm evolution ntawm O compositions tau ua ke. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog txuam nrog kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. lub cim loj. A. Cov kws sau nkauj txuas ntxiv tig mus rau khub niam txiv (P. Hindemith, “Artist Mathis”, 1938; DD Shostakovich, Symphony No. 15, 1972). Ib qho chaw loj tau nyob los ntawm ib qho triple muaj pes tsawg leeg, feem ntau nthuav dav vim kev ntxiv. instruments (M. Ravel, opera "Child and Magic", 1925; SV Rachmaninov, "Symphonic Dances", 1940; SS Prokofiev, symphony No. 6, 1947; DD Shostakovich, symphony No. 10, 1953, Luymphony, V. No. 2, 1967). Feem ntau, cov kws sau ntawv kuj tig mus rau plaub qhov sib xyaw ua ke (A. Berg, opera Wozzeck, 1925; D. Ligeti, Lontano, 1967; BA Tchaikovsky, symphony No 2, 1967).

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov tshiab ideological thiab stylistic tiam sis nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo lub chamber orchestra tshwm sim. Hauv ntau lub symp. thiab wok.-symp. compositions siv tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ib tug loj symphony. O. – npe. Tsis yog-normative, los yog tus kheej, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm O. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Stravinsky's "Symphony of Psalms" (1930) los ntawm cov tsoos. clarinets, violins thiab violas raug txeeb ntau heev.

Rau lub xyoo pua 20th, txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm pab pawg neeg percussion yog yam ntxwv, to-rye tshaj tawm lawv tus kheej li ib tug tag nrho-fledged orc. kev koom tes. Hauv 20-30s. ntaus. cov twj paj nruag pib tau txais kev tso siab tsis yog nrog cov suab paj nruag, xim, tab sis kuj yog thematic. muaj nuj nqi; lawv tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxhib los mos. Hauv qhov no, pawg nruas thawj zaug tau txais kev ywj pheej. lub ntsiab lus hauv lub cim. O., thaum xub thawj nyob rau hauv lub O. ntawm non-normative thiab chamber muaj pes tsawg leeg. Piv txwv li Stravinsky's The Story of a Soldier (1918), Bartók's Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta (1936). Muaj tshwm sim rau ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog ib tug predominance ntawm percussion los yog tshwj xeeb rau lawv: piv txwv li, Stravinsky's Les Noces (1923), uas muaj xws li, ntxiv rau soloists thiab ib tug hu nkauj, 4 pianos thiab 6 percussion pawg; "Ionization" los ntawm Varèse (1931) yog sau rau tsuas yog percussion instruments (13 ua yeeb yam). Pawg percussion yog dominated los ntawm undefined instruments. pitches, ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej sib txawv ntawm tib hom (ib pawg ntawm cov nruas loj lossis cymbals, gongs, ntoo thaiv, thiab lwm yam) tau dhau los ua dav. Tag nrho R. thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog 2nd pem teb. 20th caug xyoo hit. cov pab pawg nyob hauv ib qho chaw sib npaug nrog cov hlua thiab cua pawg ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv cov cai ("Turangalila" los ntawm Messiaen, 1946-48) thiab nyob rau hauv cov tsis-normative compositions ntawm O. ("Antigone" los ntawm Orff, 1949; "Colors of the Lub Nroog Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej” los ntawm Messiaen rau piano solo, 3 clarinets, 3 xylophones thiab hlau percussion instruments, 1963; Lukas Passion los ntawm Penderecki, 1965). Nyob rau hauv lub department Lub percussion pab pawg neeg nws tus kheej kuj nce. Xyoo 1961, ib qho tshwj xeeb tau teeb tsa hauv Strasbourg. percussion ensemble (140 cov twj paj nruag thiab ntau yam suab nrov).

Lub siab xav txhawb O.'s timbre scale coj mus rau episodic. suav nrog hauv lub cim. O. cov cuab yeej fais fab. Xws li cov "Martenot nthwv dej" tsim nyob rau hauv 1928 (A. Honegger, "Joan ntawm Arc ntawm ceg txheem ntseeg", 1938; O. Messiaen, "Turangalila"), electronium (K. Stockhausen, "Prozession", 1967), ionics ( B. Tishchenko, 1st symphony, 1961). Kev sim ua kom suav nrog jazz muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv O.. Hauv 60-70s. daim kab xev kaw tau pib nkag mus rau hauv lub cuab yeej ntawm O. ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom ntawm lub suab (EV Denisov, Lub Hnub ntawm Incas, 1964). K. Stockhausen (Mixtur, 1964) txhais tau hais tias qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm O.'s muaj pes tsawg leeg li "cov khoom siv hluav taws xob nyob." Nrog rau kev ntshaw rau timbre rov ua dua tshiab hauv symphony. O. muaj kev nyiam rau kev txhawb siab ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab otd. Cov ntsiab cai ntawm O. Baroque. Los ntawm lub quarter thib ob ntawm xyoo pua 1th oboe d'amore (C. Debussy, "Spring Dances"; M. Ravel, "Bolero"), basset horn (R. Strauss, "Electra"), viol d'amour (G. Puccini, "Chio -Chio-san"; SS Prokofiev, "Romeo thiab Juliet"). Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub restoration nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag ntawm Renaissance tsis mus tsis pom thiab cov cuab yeej ntawm 20th-15th centuries. (M. Kagel, “Music for Renaissance Instruments”, 16; koom nrog 1966 tus neeg ua yeeb yam, A. Pärt, “Tintinnabuli”, 23). Nyob rau hauv O. 1976th caug xyoo. pom kev xav thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm variance muaj pes tsawg leeg. Ch. Ives siv qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm ib feem ntawm O. hauv kev ua si Cov Lus Nug Left Unanswered (20). Qhov kev xaiv dawb ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv O. pawg kws sau los ntawm cov qhab nia yog muab rau hauv L. Kupkovich's Ozveny. Lub tswv yim stereophonic ntawm O tau tsim ntxiv. Thawj qhov kev sim hauv qhov kev faib tawm ntawm O. yog rau Ives ("Cov Lus Nug Left Unanswered", 1908th Symphony). Nyob rau hauv lub 4s. lub plurality ntawm lub suab yog tiav los ntawm qhov sib txawv. txoj kev. Kev faib ntawm tag nrho cov orc. pawg neeg ib ob peb "choirs" los yog "paub" (nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv dua li ua ntej - tsis timbre, tab sis spatial lub ntsiab lus) yog siv los ntawm K. Stockhausen ("Groups" rau 70 O., 3; "Kappe" rau 1957 O. thiab chorus Ib., 4). Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm O. "Pab" (1960 tus neeg) tau muab faib ua peb qhov sib npaug (txhua tus nrog nws tus neeg xyuas pib), teem caij ua U-puab; cov neeg mloog lub rooj zaum yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tsim ntawm lub orchestras. 109. Mattus nyob rau hauv lub opera The Last Shot (3, raws li BA Lavrenyov zaj dab neeg Lub Plaub caug-First) siv peb O. nyob rau hauv ib tug orc. pit, qab cov neeg tuaj saib thiab tom qab ntawm lub theem. J. Xenakis hauv "Terretektor" (1967) tau tso 1966 tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag ntawm lub suab paj nruag loj hauv lub suab paj nruag zoo li cuam tshuam nrog tus neeg xyuas pib hauv qhov chaw; cov neeg tuaj saib tsis tsuas yog nyob ib ncig ntawm O., tab sis kuj nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub consoles, sib xyaw nrog cov suab paj nruag. "Txav stereophony" (kev txav ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag nrog cov cuab yeej thaum ua yeeb yam) yog siv hauv "Klangwehr" los ntawm M. Kagel (88) thiab 1970nd symphony los ntawm AG Schnittke (2).

Cov lus 3.

Kev npaj rooj zaum ntawm tus kheej rau O. tshuab raj siv thaum siv. op. non-normative muaj pes tsawg leeg; nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tus composer ua kom tsim nyog indications nyob rau hauv cov qhab nia. Thaum lub sij hawm ib txwm siv O. raws li ib tug monochoric complex nyob rau hauv pem teb 1. Xyoo pua 20th lub rooj zaum "European" tau piav qhia saum toj no muaj. Txij li thaum xyoo 1945, qhov kev hu ua "hu ua" system qhia los ntawm L. Stokowski pib nthuav dav. Amer. zaum. Lub 1st thiab 2nd violins nyob rau sab laug ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, cellos thiab violas nyob rau sab xis, ob chav basses nyob tom qab, cov twj paj nruag cua yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, qab cov hlua, nruas, piano player nyob rau. sab laug.

Muab ntau dua solidity ntawm lub suab ntawm cov hlua nyob rau hauv lub siab register "Amer." lub rooj zaum tsis yog yam tsis muaj, nyob rau hauv kev xav ntawm ib co conductors, thiab yog tsis kam lees. sab (piv txwv li, ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm kev sib cuag ntawm cellos thiab ob lub basses nyob deb ntawm ib leeg). Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, muaj kev nyiam los kho "Tebchaws Europe" qhov chaw ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj O. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm symphony. O. nyob rau hauv studio tej yam kev mob (xov tooj cua, TV, kaw) tso rau pem hauv ntej ib tug xov tooj ntawm tshwj xeeb. rooj zaum. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub suab tshuav yog tswj tsis tau tsuas yog los ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, tab sis kuj los ntawm lub tonemaster.

Lub radicalness heev ntawm cov kev hloov pauv tau ntsib los ntawm O. nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th ua tim khawv rau qhov tseeb tias nws tseem yog ib qho cuab yeej ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. yuav ntawm cov composers thiab txuas ntxiv fruitfully tsim ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv nws cov normative thiab kho tshiab (non-normative) muaj pes tsawg leeg.

References: Albrecht E., yav dhau los thiab tam sim no ntawm lub orchestra. (Essay on the social status of musicians), St. Petersburg, 1886; Suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag lub neej ntawm qub Russia. CO., L., 1927; Pindeizen Nick., Essays txog keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv Russia txij thaum ub los txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 2th, (vol. 1928), M.-L., 29-2; Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag, vol. 1934 – XVIII XVIII, ed. MV Ivanov-Boretsky. Moscow, 1. Shtelin Jakob von, Izvestiya o musik v Rossii, trans. los ntawm German, nyob rau hauv Sat: Musical cuab yeej cuab tam, no. Xyoo 1935, M., 1935; Nws, Suab paj nruag thiab ballet nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 1961th, trans. los ntawm German., L., 1969; Rogal-Levitsky DR, Sib tham txog lub suab paj nruag, M., 1969; Barsova IA, Phau ntawv hais txog lub orchestra, M., 1971; Blagodatov GI, Keeb kwm ntawm symphony orchestra, L., 1973; Suab paj nruag Aesthetics ntawm Western Europe nyob rau hauv 1973th-3th Centuries, Sat, comp. VP Shestakov, (M., 1975); Levin S. Ya., Cua twj nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai, L., XNUMX; Fortunatov Yus. A., Keeb kwm ntawm orchestral styles. Kev pab cuam rau suab paj nruag thiab kws sau paj nruag ntawm cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag, M., XNUMX; Zeyfas HM, Concerto grosso in baroque music, in: Problems of Musical Science, vol. XNUMX, M., XNUMX.

IB Barsova