Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov |

Ivan Ershov

"Yog Sobinov yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab lyric tenors, ces ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm heroic-dramatic tenor tog, tib qhov chaw yog Ershov," sau DN Lebedev. - Tus neeg sawv cev loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub tsev kawm suab nrov, Ershov tau txiav txim siab thiab lees paub nws cov ntsiab lus.

Ershov txoj hauj lwm yog kub, exuberant, passionately captivating. Raws li nws nyob hauv lub neej, yog li nws tau ua haujlwm. Lub hwj chim ntawm persuasiveness, simplicity yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws artistic xwm.

Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob ib qho ntawm nws cov neeg kawm hu ua nws Chaliapin ntawm tenors.

Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov yug rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 20, 1867. "Kuv thaum yau nyuaj," Ershov nco qab. - Kuv nyob hauv tsev neeg "qhov ncauj ntxiv". Kuv niam ua hauj lwm ua ib tug tub qhe nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov neeg pluag av. Kuv tau mus ua ib tug engineer railroad. Nws twb dhau qhov kev xeem rau lub npe ntawm tus pab tsav tsheb thiab tau rov qab mus rau txoj kab, tsav tsheb lub tshuab ua haujlwm. Tab sis tus poj Anton Rubinstein tau mob siab rau kuv, ib tug tub hluas. Txij thaum ntawd los, kuv lub neej tau mob siab rau kev kos duab, suab paj nruag. "

Yog, raws li nws tshwm sim, ib rooj plaub tau pab nws. Ershov kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv railway nyob rau hauv Yelets, feem ntau ua nyob rau hauv amateur concerts. Nws lub peev xwm txawv tshaj plaw yog undeniable. Ntawm no nws tau hnov ​​los ntawm tus xibfwb ntawm St. Petersburg Conservatory NB Pansh. Nws hais rau AG Rubinstein txog ib tug tub hluas uas txawj ntse. Raws li kev pom zoo ntawm tus kws pianist zoo, nag hmo tus kws kho tshuab tau los ua ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub suab lus, coj los ntawm Stanislav Ivanovich Gabel. Lub xyoo ntawm kev kawm tsis yooj yim: tag nrho cov nyiaj tau los yog 15 rubles ib hlis, nyiaj pab kawm ntawv thiab noj su dawb.

Nyob rau hauv 1893 Ershov kawm tiav los ntawm St. Petersburg Conservatory. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo nws ua nws debut ua Faust.

AA Gozenpud sau tias "Tus tub hluas hu nkauj tsis tau ua rau muaj kev zoo siab," Nws raug qhia kom mus rau Ltalis kom txhim kho. Tom qab plaub lub hlis ntawm chav kawm nrog tus kws qhia Rossi, nws ua nws debut nrog kev vam meej ntawm Regio Opera House. Ib qho kev vam meej tshiab tau coj nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm José hauv Carmen. Cov lus xaiv hais txog Yershov kev ua yeeb yam txawv teb chaws tau mus txog Napravnik thiab Vsevolozhsky, thiab tus kws kos duab tau nthuav tawm tshiab. Tus cwj pwm, qhov no tshwm sim tom qab nws tau koob meej nyob txawv teb chaws. Nws tsis zoo li tias 4 lub hlis ntawm cov chav kawm nrog Rossi tuaj yeem txhawb nqa nws lub suab kab lis kev cai. Rov qab mus rau Russia, Ershov ua nyob rau hauv Kharkov nyob rau hauv 1894/95 lub caij. Qhov debut ntawm Mariinsky Theatre coj qhov chaw nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 1895 raws li Faust.

Qhov kev ua yeeb yam no kuj tseem ceeb rau qhov tseeb tias lwm tus neeg ua yeeb yam, tus hluas ntses bass thaj tsam Fyodor Chaliapin, ua yeeb yam li Mephistopheles. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, raws li koj paub, Chaliapin hu nkauj nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov loj theem nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, thiab Ershov tag nrho cov muaj tswv yim lub neej yog xyaum txwv rau Mariinsky (tom qab Kirov) Theatre.

Thaum xub thawj, Ershov tau hu nkauj ntau qhov chaw ntawm no, tab sis dhau sijhawm nws tau pom tseeb tias nws txoj haujlwm tiag tiag yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nws yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev no uas nws lub peev xwm zoo tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim tsis yog raws li ib tug neeg hu nkauj, tab sis raws li ib tug singer-actor. Qhia txog nws txoj kev ua yeeb yam, Ershov tau sau tias:

“Lub suab ntawm tus hu nkauj yog lub suab ntawm lub siab. Lo lus, lub ntsej muag, kev hloov pauv ntawm tib neeg lub cev hauv cov khaub ncaws ntawm lub sijhawm, hauv kev hnav khaub ncaws ntawm haiv neeg thiab nws cov chav kawm; nws lub xyoo, nws tus cwj pwm, nws tus cwj pwm rau ib puag ncig, thiab lwm yam - tag nrho cov no yuav tsum tau los ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj-ua yeeb yam tsim nyog rau cov xim sib xws ntawm lub suab ntawm nws lub suab, txwv tsis pub txhua yam yog bel canto thiab bel canto, thiab lwm yam. etc. Realism, qhov tseeb hauv kos duab!..

Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam kev hloov nyob rau hauv timbres, xim, txhua yam ntawm lub suab twists thiab lem nyob rau hauv lub suab, tab sis tsis muaj qhov tseeb, kev xav ntawm lub siab thiab tus ntsuj plig!

Faust thiab Romeo tsis sib haum rau txhua txoj hauv kev rau tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kws kos duab. Tannhäuser thiab Orestes tau ua tiav tiag tiag rau Ershov. Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov txuj ci theem ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hu nkauj tau tshwm sim thiab lub zog thiab kev xav ntawm lub suab tau tshwm sim.

Tus neeg thuam Kondratiev sau nrog kev txaus siab Ershov qhov kev ua tau zoo hauv Oresteia: "Ershov ua qhov kev xav zoo ... ib feem tau sau tsis muaj Vajtswv tsis muaj zog thiab siab, thiab nws tawm ntawm qhov kev sim no nrog kev hwm." Tom qab qhov kev ua yeeb yam thib ob: "Ershov ua qhov kev xav hauv qhov kev npau taws."

Lwm qhov muaj tswv yim yeej rau Ershov yog nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam hauv Opera Samson thiab Delilah. Txog nws, Kondratiev sau tias: "Ershov ua tau zoo kawg nkaus Samson." Nws yeej qhov kev vam meej tshiab ntawm Sobinin, hu nkauj feem ntau tsis nco qab aria nrog cov nkauj hu nkauj "Cov kwv tij, nyob rau hauv ib lub caij ntuj nag." Nws muaj ob peb zaug sab sauv "C" thiab "D-flat", nkag mus rau ob peb tenors. Yuav luag txhua tus neeg sawv cev ntawm suab paj nruag St. Petersburg tuaj rau qhov kev ua yeeb yam, thiab Figner ua raws li clavier kom pom tias tus neeg hu nkauj puas yuav tso cai rau kev sib txawv ntawm qhov qub.

Kondratiev tau sau tseg hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe: "Aria tau sau rau hauv cov ntawv sau npe txawv txawv uas nws txaus ntshai txawm tias nyeem nws. Kuv ntshai Yershov, tab sis nws tawm ntawm qhov kev xeem no nrog kev hwm. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog subtly nws ua qhov nruab nrab ntawm cantabile, cov neeg mloog deafeningly hu nws thiab thov kom rov ua dua, nws ua tiav qhov kev thov ntawm cov pej xeem thiab hu nkauj calmer thiab zoo dua rau zaum ob.

Ershov kuj rov tsim cov duab ntawm Finn hauv Ruslan thiab Lyudmila hauv txoj kev tshiab. BV sau txog qhov no. Asafiev: "Kev ua tau zoo yog kev muaj tswv yim ua neej nyob, pom tau meej, vim hais tias "cov lus hais", nyob rau hauv lub refraction uas Yershov tau txais, ua raws li ib tug txuas nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd (nyob rau hauv no suab sphere) ntws ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm shaping txhua lub sij hawm, txhua sab ntsuj plig. kev txav mus los. Ob leeg ntshai thiab zoo siab. Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai vim hais tias ntawm ntau tus neeg koom nrog hauv opera raws li kev kos duab, tsawg heev, tsawg kawg yog destined kom nkag siab tag nrho qhov tob thiab lub zog ntawm kev qhia hauv nws. Nws yog kev xyiv fab vim hais tias, mloog Yershov qhov kev ua tau zoo, nyob rau hauv ib qho instant koj tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​ib yam dab tsi uas tsis tau tshwm sim hauv ib qho kev piav qhia thiab tsis tuaj yeem qhia los ntawm ib qho lus piav qhia: kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev ntaus lub neej nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ntxhov siab los ntawm suab paj nruag, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus.

Yog hais tias koj saib ntawm daim ntawv teev cov opera qhov chaw ua los ntawm Ershov, ces nws, zoo li ib tug zoo artist, yog cim los ntawm kev nplua nuj thiab ntau haiv neeg. Qhov dav tshaj plaws panorama - los ntawm Mozart, Weber, Beethoven thiab Bellini mus rau Rachmaninoff, Richard Strauss thiab Prokofiev. Nws muaj kev ua tiav zoo hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Glinka thiab Tchaikovsky, Dargomyzhsky thiab Rubinstein, Verdi thiab Bizet.

Txawm li cas los xij, lub monument nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm opera kos duab tau tsa los ntawm Lavxias teb sab singer rau nws tus kheej nrog ob lub ncov. Ib qho ntawm lawv yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov chaw hauv Wagner cov haujlwm. Ershov tau txais kev ntseeg sib npaug hauv Lohengrin thiab Tannhäuser, Valkyrie thiab Rhine Kub, Tristan thiab Isolde thiab Kev Tuag ntawm Vajtswv. Ntawm no tus neeg hu nkauj pom ib qho tshwj xeeb thiab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev nthuav tawm nws cov qauv kev kos duab. "Txhua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Wagner cov haujlwm yog muaj qhov loj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim," tus neeg hu nkauj hais ntxiv. - Lub suab paj nruag ntawm tus kws sau nkauj no yog qhov zoo nkauj heev, tab sis nws yuav tsum muaj kev txwv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sijhawm. Txhua yam yuav tsum tau nce siab - saib, lub suab, piav tes piav taw. Tus neeg ua yeeb yam yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua si yam tsis muaj lus hauv cov scenes uas tsis muaj kev hu nkauj, tab sis tsuas yog lub suab txuas ntxiv. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog kom phim lub pace ntawm theem txav nrog lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub orchestra. Nrog Wagner, suab paj nruag, figuratively hais lus, yog riveted rau actor-singer. Txhawm rau rhuav tshem qhov kev txuas no txhais tau tias rhuav tshem kev sib sau ntawm theem thiab suab paj nruag rhythms. Tab sis qhov no tib yam inseparability tsis khi tus neeg ua yeeb yam thiab hais rau nws tias tsim nyog majesty, monumentality, dav, qeeb-tsiv taw, uas nyob rau theem sib haum mus rau lub siab ntawm Wagner lub suab paj nruag.

Cosima Wagner, tus kws sau nkauj poj ntsuam, tau sau ntawv rau tus neeg hu nkauj thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 15, 1901: “Ntau tus phooj ywg ntawm peb cov kos duab thiab ntau tus kws kos duab, suav nrog Ms. Litvin, tau qhia kuv txog koj qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm peb daim duab. Kuv nug koj yog tias koj txoj kev yuav muaj ib hnub coj koj hla Bayreuth thiab yog tias koj xav nres qhov ntawd los tham nrog kuv txog German kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov haujlwm no. Kuv tsis ntseeg tias kuv yuav muaj sijhawm mus ncig tebchaws Russia, yog vim li cas kuv thiaj li thov qhov no rau koj. Kuv vam tias koj cov kev tshawb fawb yuav tso cai rau koj mus so thiab tias lub caij so no tsis nyob deb dhau. Thov lees txais kuv qhov kev hwm tob. "

Yog lawm, lub koob meej ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj Wagnerian tau daig rau Yershov. Tab sis nws tsis yog yooj yim heev los rhuav tshem qhov repertoire mus rau theem.

"Txhua txoj hauv kev ntawm Mariinsky Theatre qub tau ua phem rau Wagner," Ershov nco qab xyoo 1933. Wagner lub suab paj nruag tau ntsib nrog kev ceev faj. Lohengrin thiab Tannhäuser tseem tau tso cai rau ntawm theem, tig cov kev ua yeeb yam romantic-heroic rau hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Italian style. Cov lus xaiv ntawm Philistine tau rov hais dua tias Wagner ua rau lub suab ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj, ua rau cov neeg mloog tsis hnov ​​​​lus nrog xob quaj ntawm lub suab paj nruag. Nws yog zoo li lawv tau pom zoo nrog tus nqaim-minded Yankee, tus hero ntawm Mark Twain zaj dab neeg, uas yws tias cov suab paj nruag ntawm Lohengrin lag ntseg. Nws yog Lohengrin!

Kuj tseem muaj kev tawm tsam, txawm tias thuam tus cwj pwm rau tus neeg hu nkauj Lavxias: "Qhov twg mus nrog koj qhov kev npaj tsis tau thiab koj tsis muaj kab lis kev cai coj Wagner! Koj yuav tsis tau dab tsi. " Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub neej refuted no offensive kwv yees. Lub Mariinsky theem pom ntawm nws cov neeg ua yeeb yam muaj ntau tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo heev ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Wagner repertoire ..."

Lwm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ncov kov yeej los ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj yog ib feem ntawm Grishka Kuterma hauv Rimsky-Korsakov's Opera The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh thiab Maiden Fevronia. Lub Rimsky-Korsakov Theatre kuj yog Yershov Theatre. Sadko yog ib tug ntawm cov singer tus masterpieces, uas tau sau tseg los ntawm tus composer nws tus kheej. Nws ua tau zoo heev Berendey hauv Snow Maiden, Mikhail Tucha hauv Tus Maid ntawm Pskov. Tab sis qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj yog tsim cov duab ntawm Grishka Kuterma, nws thawj zaug ua lub luag haujlwm no hauv xyoo 1907.

Tus thawj coj ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam nco qab VP Shkaber tau hais tias: "Tus kws kos duab tau hnov ​​​​txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev txom nyem loj tshaj plaws thiab kev tu siab ntawm tib neeg, poob rau hauv kev qaug dej qaug cawv, qhov twg tib neeg txoj sia ploj mus tsis muaj dab tsi. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws txoj kev npau taws, ib tus neeg lub sijhawm nrog cov Tatars hauv hav zoov, nrog Fevronia - tag nrho cov kev paub ntawm tus kws kos duab tau zoo heev uas cov duab ntawm Grishka ua los ntawm Yershov tsim nyog tsis yog tsuas yog kev qhuas xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov tob tshaj plaws. Txaus siab rau cov txuj ci ntawm tus kws kos duab: tag nrho, muaj yeeb yuj, nrog kev txawj ntse, nws tau nthuav tawm cov kev xav tsis zoo ntawm nws tus phab ej ... Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Grishka tau ua tiav los ntawm nws mus rau qhov nthuav dav me tshaj plaws, nrog cov duab puab tiav - thiab qhov no yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm nce siab heev.

Andrei Nikolaevich Rimsky-Korsakov, hais txog tus kws kos duab sawv cev ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tsev neeg, tau sau tias: "Kuv tus kheej, nrog rau lwm cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg ntawm Nikolai Andreevich, uas yog tus sawv cev kuv hais ntawm no, nco ntsoov tias tus sau Kitezh txaus siab npaum li cas. koj lub peev xwm ua yeeb yam thiab, tshwj xeeb, nrog qhov txaus siab nws saib nws lub hlwb Grishka Kuterma hauv daim ntawv ntawm Ershov.

…Koj qhov kev txhais ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Kuterma yog qhov sib sib zog nqus thiab tus neeg uas koj yuav tsum paub txog kev txiav txim siab kev ywj pheej hauv kev kos duab no. Koj tau nqis peev hauv Grishka ib qho loj ntawm koj lub neej, tib neeg tus ntsuj plig, yog li kuv muaj txoj cai hais tias tsuas yog tsis muaj thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua tus thib ob Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, yog li tsis muaj thiab tsis tuaj yeem yog Grishka thib ob.

Thiab ua ntej 1917, thiab nyob rau hauv lub post-revolutionary xyoo, lub Lavxias teb sab tenor twb muab lucrative daim ntawv cog lus txawv teb chaws. Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho nws lub neej nws tau ncaj ncees rau theem uas nws txoj kev muaj tswv yim pib - Mariinsky Theatre.

Ua kev zoo siab rau tus neeg hu nkauj rau 25 xyoos ntawm nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim, cov neeg sau xov xwm thiab tus kws sau ntawv tshiab AV Amfiteatrov tau sau, tshwj xeeb, rau Ivan Vasilyevich: "Yog tias koj xav tham txog kev ncig xyuas, koj yuav yog ib tus neeg nplua nuj ntev dhau los. Yog tias koj nqis los rau qhov kev tshaj tawm dag ntxias, yog li muaj nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev ua yeeb yam tam sim no, ob qho tib si hemispheres yuav tau sau nrog kev quaj txog koj ntev dhau los. Tab sis koj, ib tug pov thawj nruj thiab txawj ntse ntawm kev kos duab, dhau los ntawm tag nrho cov tinsel no thiab hype yam tsis tau cuam tshuam rau ntawm nws cov kev taw qhia. Sawv siab ncaj ncees thiab coj ncaj ncees hauv "kev tshaj tawm zoo nkauj" uas koj tau xaiv, koj yog ib qho uas yuav luag tsis muaj qhov sib piv, piv tsis tau zoo ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, tsis lees paub txhua yam txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev vam meej thiab kev muaj yeej ntawm koj cov phooj ywg ... kom "yeej lub luag hauj lwm" egoistically coj mus rau hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm nws cov kos duab tsis tsim nyog, qis-qib hauj lwm.

Ib tug tiag tiag patriot, Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, tawm hauv lub theem, lossi xav txog lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm peb suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam, zoo siab txais tos cov hluas artistic nyob rau hauv lub Opera Studio ntawm lub Leningrad Conservatory, staged tej hauj lwm los ntawm Mozart, Rossini, Gounod, Dargomyzhsky, Rimsky-Korsakov. , Tchaikovsky, Rubinstein muaj. Nrog kev txaus siab thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, nws tau sau nws txoj hauv kev muaj tswv yim hauv cov lus hauv qab no: "Ua hauj lwm ua ib tus neeg ua yeeb yam lossis tus kws qhia suab paj nruag, kuv xav tias ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov pej xeem dawb uas, rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub peev xwm, ua haujlwm rau lub neej zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo. ”

Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov tuag rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 21, 1943.