Leoš Janáček |

Leoš Janacek

L. Janacek nyob hauv keeb kwm ntawm Czech suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. tib qhov chaw ntawm kev hwm raws li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX. - nws compatriots B. Smetana thiab A. Dvorak. Nws yog cov neeg sau nkauj loj hauv tebchaws no, tus tsim ntawm Czech classics, uas tau coj cov duab ntawm cov neeg suab paj nruag tshaj plaws rau lub ntiaj teb. Czech musicologist J. Sheda sketched cov duab nram qab no ntawm Janáček, raws li nws tseem nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm nws compatriots: “… Kub, ceev-tempered, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, ntse, tsis-minded, nrog rau kev xav tsis thoob. Nws yog me me nyob rau hauv stature, stocky, nrog ib tug qhia lub taub hau, nrog tuab plaub hau pw ntawm nws lub taub hau nyob rau hauv ib tug disorderly strands, nrog frowning pob muag thiab sparkling ob lub qhov muag. Tsis muaj kev sim ntawm elegance, tsis muaj dab tsi sab nraud. Nws puv lub neej thiab impulse tawv ncauj. Xws li yog nws cov suab paj nruag: cov ntshav puv, cov ntsiab lus, hloov tau, zoo li lub neej nws tus kheej, noj qab nyob zoo, sensual, kub, captivating. "

Janáček tau koom nrog ib tiam neeg uas nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas raug tsim txom (uas tau ntev los ntawm Austrian faj tim teb chaws) nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam, tsis ntev tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm lub teb chaws liberation kiv puag ncig ntawm 1848. kev tsim txom thiab kev txom nyem, nws mob siab rau, irrepressible ntxeev siab? Tus kws sau ntawv tau yug los hauv thaj av ntawm cov hav zoov tuab thiab cov tsev qub qub, hauv lub roob me me ntawm Hukvaldy. Nws yog tus thib cuaj ntawm 14 tus menyuam ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv theem siab. Nws txiv, ntawm lwm yam kev kawm, qhia suab paj nruag, yog ib tug violinist, lub tsev teev ntuj organist, tus thawj coj thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub choral zej zog. Niam kuj muaj peev xwm ua suab paj nruag thiab kev paub. Nws ntaus guitar, hu nkauj zoo, thiab tom qab nws tus txiv tuag, nws tau ua ib feem ntawm Organ hauv pawg ntseeg hauv zos. Cov me nyuam ntawm yav tom ntej composer yog neeg pluag, tab sis noj qab nyob zoo thiab dawb. Nws mus ib txhis tuav nws sab ntsuj plig nyob ze rau qhov xwm txheej, kev hwm thiab kev hlub rau Moravian peasants, uas tau coj nws los ntawm nws thaum yau.

Tsuas yog txog thaum muaj hnub nyoog 11 xyoos xwb Leosh nyob hauv nws niam nws txiv lub ru tsev. Nws lub peev xwm suab paj nruag thiab sonorous treble txiav txim siab lo lus nug ntawm qhov twg los txhais tus menyuam. Nws txiv coj nws mus rau Brno mus rau Pavel Krzhizhkovek, Moravian composer thiab sau cov dab neeg. Leos tau txais mus rau hauv pawg ntseeg hu nkauj ntawm Starobrnensky Augustinian monastery. Cov tub hluas chorister nyob hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub xeev tus nqi, mus kawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv dav dav thiab coj kev qhuab qhia suab paj nruag raws li kev coj ua ntawm cov xibhwb qhuab qhia nruj. Krzhizhkovsky nws tus kheej tau saib xyuas qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog Leos. Nco txog lub neej nyob rau hauv Starobrnensky Monastery yog xav txog nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm Janáček tej hauj lwm (lub cantatas Amarus thiab nyob mus ib txhis Txoj Moo Zoo; cov hluas sextet; lub piano voj voog Nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti, Raws li txoj kev Overgrown, thiab lwm yam). Cov huab cua ntawm Moravian kab lis kev cai siab thiab ancient, paub nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, yog embodied nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov ncov ntawm lub composer txoj hauj lwm - lub Glagolitic Mass (1926). Tom qab ntawd, Janacek ua tiav chav kawm ntawm Prague Organ Tsev Kawm Ntawv, txhim kho ntawm Leipzig thiab Vienna Conservatories, tab sis nrog tag nrho cov kev tshaj lij hauv paus, hauv kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm, nws tsis muaj tus thawj coj zoo tiag tiag. Txhua yam uas nws ua tiav tsis tau yeej ua tsaug rau tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov kws pab tswv yim zoo, tab sis ua tiav ntawm nws tus kheej, los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav nyuaj, qee zaum los ntawm kev sim thiab ua yuam kev. Los ntawm thawj cov kauj ruam hauv kev ywj pheej, Janáček tsis yog ib tus kws ntaus nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus kws qhia ntawv, cov neeg mloog lus, tus neeg saib xyuas, tus neeg thuam suab paj nruag, theorist, tus kws tshaj lij kev hais kwv txhiaj thiab Organ Tsev Kawm Ntawv hauv Brno, cov ntawv xov xwm suab paj nruag thiab lub voj voog rau txoj kev kawm. ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Tau ntau xyoo tus kws sau ntawv ua haujlwm thiab tawm tsam hauv lub xeev tsis meej pem. Ib puag ncig kev tshaj lij Prague tsis paub nws ntev, tsuas yog Dvorak txaus siab thiab hlub nws cov npoj yaig hluas. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev kos duab Romantic lig, uas tau tshwm sim hauv lub nroog, yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau Moravian tus tswv, uas tso siab rau pej xeem kev kos duab thiab cov intonations ntawm kev hais lus zoo. Txij li thaum xyoo 1886, tus kws sau ntawv, nrog rau tus kws sau ntawv keeb kwm F. Bartosz, tau siv txhua lub caij ntuj sov rau kev mus ncig ua si. Nws luam tawm ntau zaj nkauj Moravian pej xeem, tsim lawv cov kev hais kwv txhiaj, hu nkauj thiab solo. Qhov kev ua tiav siab tshaj plaws ntawm no yog symphonic Lash Dances (1889). Ib txhij nrog lawv, cov sau nkauj nrov ntawm pej xeem (tshaj 2000) tau luam tawm nrog cov lus qhia los ntawm Janáček "Ntawm Suab Nkauj ntawm Moravian Folk Songs", uas tam sim no suav hais tias yog ib qho haujlwm classic hauv lus dab neeg.

Hauv kev ua yeeb yam, Janáček txoj kev loj hlob tau ntev dua thiab nyuaj dua. Tom qab ib qho kev sim ntawm kev sau ib zaj dab neeg los ntawm Czech epic (Sharka, 1887), nws tau txiav txim siab los sau cov neeg ntaus pob ncaws pob Rakos Rakoci (1890) thiab opera (The Pib ntawm Novel, 1891), nyob rau hauv uas pej xeem nkauj thiab seev cev. Lub ballet twb txawm staged nyob rau hauv Prague thaum lub sij hawm Ethnographic Exhibition ntawm 1895. Lub ethnographic xwm ntawm tej hauj lwm yog ib ntus theem nyob rau hauv ua hauj lwm ntawm Janáček. Tus kws sau ntawv tau ua raws li kev tsim cov duab kos duab zoo. Nws tau tsav los ntawm lub siab xav tawm tsam kev xav - qhov tseem ceeb, qub txeeg qub teg - niaj hnub no, qhov chaw tsis tseeb - qhov tseeb ntawm pej xeem lub neej, cov cim qhia dav dav - cov neeg zoo tib yam nrog tib neeg cov ntshav. Qhov no tsuas yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv qhov thib peb opera "Nws tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv" ("Enufa" raws li kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm G. Preissova, 1894-1903). Tsis muaj cov lus hais ncaj qha hauv qhov kev ua yeeb yam no, txawm hais tias tag nrho nws yog pawg ntawm stylistic nta thiab cov cim, suab thiab intonations ntawm Moravian nkauj, pej xeem hais lus. Lub opera tau raug tsis lees paub los ntawm Prague National Theatre, thiab nws siv sijhawm 13 xyoo ntawm kev tawm tsam rau txoj haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus, uas tam sim no ua si hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab thoob ntiaj teb, kom txog thaum kawg nkag mus rau lub peev theem. Nyob rau hauv 1916, lub opera yog ib qho kev vam meej nyob rau hauv Prague, thiab nyob rau hauv 1918 nyob rau hauv Vienna, uas qhib txoj kev mus rau lub ntiaj teb no koob meej rau tus tsis paub hais tias 64-xyoo-laus Moravian tswv. Thaum lub sij hawm nws tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv tiav, Janacek nkag mus rau lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim zoo tag nrho. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Janacek qhia meej meej txog kev cuam tshuam txog kev sib raug zoo. Nws muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv - Gogol, Tolstoy, Ostrovsky. Nws sau lub piano sonata "Los ntawm Txoj Kev" thiab cim nws nrog rau hnub tim 1 Lub Kaum Hli, 1905, thaum cov tub rog Austrian dispersed ib tug hluas ua qauv qhia nyob rau hauv Brno, thiab ces tragic choirs ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb. ua hauj lwm kws sau paj huam Pyotr Bezruch "Kantor Galfar", "Marichka Magdonova", "70000" (1906). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua yeeb yam yog hu nkauj "Marichka Magdonova" hais txog ib tug perishing tab sis unsubdued ntxhais, uas ib txwm evoked ib tug cua daj cua dub los ntawm cov neeg tuaj saib. Thaum tus kws sau ntawv, tom qab ib qho kev ua yeeb yam ntawm txoj haujlwm no, tau hais tias: "Yog lawm, qhov no yog lub rooj sib tham tiag tiag ntawm socialists!" Nws teb tias, "Qhov ntawd yog qhov kuv xav tau."

Los ntawm tib lub sijhawm, thawj cov ntawv sau ntawm symphonic rhapsody "Taras Bulba", ua tiav los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv ntawm qhov siab ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, thaum tsoomfwv Austria-Hungary tau tsav Czech cov tub rog tawm tsam cov neeg Lavxias, koom nrog. tib lub sijhawm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nyob rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv domestic Janáček pom cov ntaub ntawv rau kev thuam (los ntawm cov choirs ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb ntawm P. Bezruch mus rau lub satirical opera Lub Adventures ntawm Pan Broucek raws li cov dab neeg ntawm S. Cech), thiab nyob rau hauv lub siab ntev rau ib tug heroic. duab nws tig mus rau Gogol.

Lub xyoo caum kawg ntawm tus sau lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm (1918-28) yog kom meej meej txwv los ntawm lub keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm 1918 (qhov kawg ntawm tsov rog, qhov kawg ntawm peb-1919-xyoo Austrian quab) thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm los ntawm ib tug tig. nyob rau hauv Janáček tus kheej txoj hmoo, pib ntawm nws lub ntiaj teb koob meej. Thaum lub sijhawm no ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, uas tuaj yeem hu ua lyric-philosophical, feem ntau lyrical ntawm nws operas, Katya Kabanova (raws li Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm, 21-1921), tau tsim. ib tug poetic philosophical fairy taleas rau cov neeg laus - "Lub Adventures ntawm lub Cunning Fox" (raws li zaj dab neeg luv luv los ntawm R. Tesnoglidek, 23-1925), nrog rau cov opera "Makropulos' Remedy" (raws li kev ua si ntawm tib yam. lub npe los ntawm K. Capek, 1927) thiab “Los ntawm Lub Tsev Tuag” (raws li “Notes from the Dead House” los ntawm F. Dostoevsky, 28–2). Nyob rau tib lub xyoo caum, qhov zoo kawg nkaus "Glagolic Mass", 2 thawj lub suab voj voog ("Diary of a Disappeared" thiab "Jests"), cov nkauj hu nkauj zoo "Mad Tramp" (los ntawm R. Tagore) thiab nrov nrov Sinfonietta rau tooj dag band tshwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau ntau choral thiab chamber-instrumental compositions, nrog rau XNUMX quartets. Raws li B. Asafiev ib zaug hais txog cov haujlwm no, Janachek zoo li loj hlob nrog lawv txhua tus.

Kev tuag hla Janacek poob nthav: thaum lub caij so rau lub caij ntuj sov hauv Hukvaldy, nws tau mob khaub thuas thiab tuag vim mob ntsws. Lawv muab nws faus rau hauv Brno. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Starobrnensky monastery, qhov chaw uas nws kawm thiab hu nkauj nyob rau hauv lub pab pawg neeg raws li ib tug me nyuam tub, yog overflowing nrog cov neeg coob coob ntawm cov neeg zoo siab. Nws zoo nkaus li zoo kawg uas ib tug dhau xyoo thiab cov kab mob senile zoo li tsis muaj hwj chim ploj mus.

Cov neeg koom nrog tsis to taub tag nrho tias Janáček yog ib tus tsim ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag thiab kev xav suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Nws hais lus nrog lub suab nrov hauv zos zoo li ua siab tawv heev rau kev zoo nkauj, kev tsim qauv qub, kev xav txog kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm tus neeg tsim kho tshiab tau pom tias yog kev xav paub. Thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej, nws tau txais lub koob npe nrov li ib nrab ntawm kev kawm ntawv, keeb kwm, me me-hauv zos folklorist. Tsuas yog qhov kev paub tshiab ntawm tus txiv neej niaj hnub no los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua tau qhib peb lub qhov muag rau tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kws ua yeeb yam ci ntsa iab, thiab kev tawg tshiab ntawm kev txaus siab hauv nws txoj haujlwm tau pib. Tam sim no qhov ncaj ncees ntawm nws txoj kev xav ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis xav tau softening, lub sharpness ntawm lub suab ntawm nws chords tsis xav tau polishing. Niaj hnub no tus txiv neej pom nyob rau hauv Janacek nws comrade-in-arms, herald ntawm lub universal lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev vam meej, humanism, ceev faj hwm cov cai ntawm xwm.

L. Polyakova