Suab nkauj kho siab |

seev suab paj nruas - Cov cuab yeej tsim los txhawm rau txhawm rau txhawm rau txhim kho thiab txhim kho hauv cov suab nrov lossis kev tswj kom meej meej, nrog rau lub suab nrov. Cov khoom uas ua rau lub suab tsis sib haum xeeb thiab suab nrov (mallet ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas hmo ntuj, rattle ntawm cov neeg yos hav zoov, arched tswb, xuav), los yog decoys uas ua raws li cov noog thiab lub suab quaj ntawm cov tsiaj uas siv hauv kev yos hav zoov, nrog rau cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. lub hom phiaj teeb liab, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob yuav siv tau ob qho tib si li M. thiab. Tseem muaj M. thiab. siv lub hom phiaj, siv rau lub hom phiaj ritual (shaman tambourine, Buddhist ghan-dan thiab bure, Nivkh partigre); qee zaum lawv tau siv los nrog bunks. seev cev (Est. kraatsspill, Latvian, tridexnis, chagana, eglite). Qhov no suav nrog cov cuab yeej siv, nrog rau kev pab cuam uas nyob rau hauv symphony. (opera) orchestra reproduce thunder, howling wind, cracking nplawm, thiab lwm yam. Qee cov cuab yeej siv thiab teeb liab tuaj yeem ua suab paj nruag. kos duab. functions, np. pawg ntseeg tswb nrog tus nplaig dawb. Rau M. thiab. litas kuj suav nrog. Toshalya los yog Latvian. berzstaase, ua los ntawm birch bark, Mari efi los ntawm lilac nplooj, Ukrainian. lusk los ntawm horn flake, thiab lwm yam.; siv cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws. musicians txawj xuav xuav nyuaj heev melodies, abundantly equipping lawv nrog ntau yam passages thiab melismas.

Txhua tus M. thiab. muaj lub hauv paus ntoo (tus cwj pwm, xim) ntawm lub suab, tshwj xeeb. dynamic muaj peev xwm thiab ib yam ntawm cov suab. Suab zoo M. thiab. nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej, cov duab muab rau lawv (piv txwv li, tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv seem ntawm qhov chaw, cov rooj sib txoos) thiab tuaj yeem hloov tau siv qhov ntxiv. pab kiag li lawm (xws li mute), decomp. suab extraction cov txheej txheem (piv txwv li, pizzicato, harmonic, thiab lwm yam).

M. i. Nws yog conventionally txais los faib rau pej xeem thiab kev. Thawj yog tsim los ntawm cov neeg thiab siv nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab suab paj nruag kos duab. kev ua tau zoo. Tib cov twj paj nruag tuaj yeem yog ob qho tib si rau ib leeg thiab cov neeg sib txawv, muaj feem xyuam nrog haiv neeg. kev sib raug zoo los yog ntev. keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Yog li, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Ukraine muaj ib tug bandura, thiab nyob rau hauv Georgia - panduri thiab chonguri. Ntawm qhov tod tes, sab hnub tuaj. Slavs - Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians - muaj yav dhau los thiab tam sim no ib feem siv cov twj paj nruag - gusli, sniffle (sniffle, yeeb nkab), zhaleika (horn), bagpipe (dudu), log lyre, hauv Azerbaijan thiab Armenia - saz, tar, ntsev, kua txob, ntsev; Nyob rau hauv Uzbekistan thiab Tajikistan, yuav luag tag nrho cov twj paj nruag yog tib yam. Prof. feem ntau ntawm cov twj paj nruag tau tsim los ntawm kev txhim kho thiab hloov kho ntawm nar. cuab yeej. Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, nyob deb yav dhau los, tsuas yog Nar. qhov cuab yeej yog lub violin, lub niaj hnub violin sawv los ntawm cov neeg yooj yim tshaj plaws. flute, los ntawm ib tug primitive chalumeau – clarinet, thiab lwm yam. Cov kws txawj feem ntau muaj xws li M. thiab., uas yog ib feem ntawm lub symphony. (opera), cua thiab estr. orchestras, nrog rau tooj dag thiab hlua. keyboards (organ, piano, yav dhau los - harpsichord, clavichord). Hauv ntau lub tebchaws (Is Nrias teb, Iran, Qaib Cov Txwv, Tuam Tshoj, thiab lwm yam) lawv ua si yuav luag tsuas yog cov twj paj nruag pej xeem, thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov twj paj nruag yog cov piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab hauv cov tebchaws no. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm European suab paj nruag orchestral thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov keyboard kab lis kev cai, uas yog cov noob caj noob ces tsis ncaj qha ntsig txog pej xeem kab lis kev cai, raug cais raws li prof. M. thiab.; lawv tsim, technical-performing thiab artistic-express. nta tau ua tiav.

M. qhov tshwm sim thiab. belongs rau ancient sij hawm. Ib txhia ntawm lawv, eg. horns thiab primitive flutes ua los ntawm cov pob txha, archaeologists pom thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm tib neeg nyob rau hauv lub Paleolithic era. nyob rau hauv Neolithic monuments. era muaj ib sab nruas, cua reeds (xws li ib tug shawl los yog chalumeau), primitive xylophones thiab flutes nrog ua si qhov. Cov hlua tau tshwm sim tom qab lwm tus. M. i. - qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws harps, lute-shaped thiab tanbur-shaped, tab sis lawv kuj tau paub rau qee cov neeg ntev ua ntej BC. e. Muaj ntau qhov kev xav ntawm M. lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab. Nws yog assumed tias Ameslikas cov no yog signaling instruments thiab hais tias lawv nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam kev cob cog rua nrog cov txheej txheem ua hauj lwm ntawm tus txiv neej primitive. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm archaeological, twb nyob rau theem pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg lub neej, muaj cov cuab yeej ua suab paj nruag thiab zoo nkauj. muaj nuj nqi: flutes nrog ua si qhov, tso cai rau koj mus rho tawm suab ntawm txawv heights ntawm ib tug precisely scale (uas qhia tau hais tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntsiab lus suab paj nruas system), cov hlua. cov cuab yeej tsim nyog tsuas yog ua suab paj nruag, dec. hom castanets nrog ib leeg thiab pab pawg seev cev, thiab lwm yam. Nrog kev pab ntawm tshuab raj rau suab paj nruag. kev ua yeeb yam tuaj yeem siv cov yeeb nkab thiab lub tshuab raj.

Lub evolution ntawm M. thiab., cov enrichment ntawm cov cuab yeej mus ncaj qha. kev sib txuas nrog kev loj hlob ntawm noob neej, nws kab lis kev cai, suab paj nruag, ua. kev thov thiab kev tsim khoom. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee tus M. thiab., vim qhov peculiarities ntawm lawv cov qauv, tau nqis los rau peb hauv lawv daim ntawv qub (piv txwv li, Uzbek pob zeb castanets - kayrak), lwm tus tau txhim kho, qee qhov M. thiab. thiab kev xav tau zoo nkauj, poob rau hauv kev siv tsis raug thiab raug hloov los ntawm cov tshiab. Tus naj npawb thiab ntau yam ntawm M. thiab. ntau thiab ntau ntxiv. Muses. kos duab, thaum txhim kho, xav kom tsim nyog txhais tau tias, thiab ntau dua cov suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv lem, pab txhawb rau kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag. creativity thiab kev ua tau zoo. foob. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog ib txwm muaj kev sib txawv thiab kev ua haujlwm. M. lub xeev thiab. tuaj yeem ua qhov ntsuas ntawm qib suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai. Qee cov neeg, nyiam wok. suab paj nruag, tsim M. thiab. nyob rau hauv txwv kom muaj nuj nqis thiab siv lawv Ch. arr. ua ib tug hu nkauj nrog. hu nkauj. Xws li, piv txwv li, cargo. chonguri thiab panduri, los yog tib leeg, nyob rau hauv essence, kurai ntawm Bashkirs thiab khomys ntawm Yakuts. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev txawj ua si kurai thiab khomys, thiab suab paj nruag ua rau lawv, tau mus txog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg no.

Feem ntau txawv M. txoj kev sib txuas thiab. Nrog kev muaj tswv yim thiab kev ua tau zoo, lawv cov kev xaiv thiab kev txhim kho tuaj yeem taug qab hauv thaj tsam ntawm prof. suab paj nruag (nyob rau hauv pej xeem suab paj nruag, cov txheej txheem no mus qeeb qeeb, thiab suab paj nruag tseem tsis hloov lossis hloov me ntsis rau ntau pua xyoo). Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub 15-16 centuries. fidels (viels) nrog lawv lub suab ntxhib tau hloov los ntawm cov suab nrov, matte timbre, "aristocratic" viols. Nyob rau hauv lub 17-18 centuries. nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm homophonic harmonic. style thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov suab paj nruag xav tau kev ua tau zoo sib txawv, lub viola tau hloov los ntawm lub violin thiab nws tsev neeg, uas muaj lub suab ci ntsa iab, nthuav tawm suab thiab lub sijhawm rau kev ua si virtuoso. Ib txhij nrog violas, qhov muag, tab sis "lifeless" nyob rau hauv lub suab, longitudinal flute poob rau hauv disuse, muab txoj kev mus rau ib tug ntau sonorous thiab technically mobile transverse flute. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov suab paj nruag European tsis tau siv rau hauv pawg thiab kev ua yeeb yam. lub lute thiab nws ntau yam - theorbo thiab chitarron (arch-lute), thiab hauv tsev suab paj nruag-ua lub lute tau hloov los ntawm vihuela, ces lub guitar. Rau con. Xyoo 18th lub harpsichord tau hloov los ntawm tus tshiab M. thiab. - piano.

Prof. Suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv saib ntawm qhov complexity ntawm lawv tsim, nyob ntawm ntau yam ntawm pej xeem suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm tiag tiag sciences thiab ntau lawm cov tswv yim - lub xub ntiag ntawm muses. factories thiab cov nroj tsuag nrog lawv cov kev sim sim thiab cov kws tsim cov cuab yeej. Tsuas yog qhov kev zam yog cov cuab yeej violin. tsev neeg xav tau kev tsim khoom ntawm tus kheej. Violins, cellos, ob chav basses tau txhim kho nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm pej xeem cov qauv los ntawm lub npe nrov Brescia thiab Cremonese masters ntawm lub 16th-18th centuries. (G. da Salo, G. Magini, N. Amati, A. Stradivari, Guarneri del Gesù, thiab lwm yam) nyob twj ywm unsurpassed nyob rau hauv lawv qhov zoo. Txoj kev loj hlob tshaj plaws ntawm prof. M. i. tau tshwm sim hauv 18th thiab 19th centuries. Kev tsim los ntawm T. Böhm ntawm kev tsim tshiab ntawm lub tshuab raj nrog lub valve (thawj qauv tshwm sim hauv 1832) nthuav tawm cov tswv yim muaj peev xwm ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv thiab pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho kev ua yeeb yam solo kev ua yeeb yam. Lub kiv puag ncig tiag tiag tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. valve mechanics hauv cov twj siv tooj dag. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, lawv tig los ntawm lub npe hu ua. natural M. thiab. (nrog rau tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab thiab yog li muaj peev xwm txwv) rau hauv chromatic, muaj peev xwm, zoo li woodwinds, ntawm kev tsim cov suab paj nruag. Hauv paus stylist. Ib qho kev hloov ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm txhua hom rau cov hlua khi keyboards tau tshwm sim nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm rauj-piano, uas hloov lub harpsichord thiab clavichord. Nrog rau kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab xov tooj cua, kev tsim hluav taws xob ua suab paj nruag ua tau.

Rau qhov tsawg dua (vim ib tus neeg hnav khaub ncaws) lawv nyob ntawm theem ntawm kev siv tshuab. M. i. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias nyob ntawm no, tsis muaj kev tsim khoom siv tes ua thiab lub Hoobkas tsim, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, txhim kho "Andreev" balalaikas thiab domras (Russia), tamburash seev (Czechoslovakia thiab Yugoslavia), tarogata (Hungary thiab Romania), thiab lwm yam. . Kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg. M. i. yog ncaj qha nyob ntawm tej yam kev mob ntawm haiv neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, ua tsaug rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nat. art-va, nrog rau qhov dav dav ntawm kev lag luam thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm bunks dav. pawg nyob rau hauv cov koom pheej thiab cov cheeb tsam autonomous pib tsim ntau heev. instr. collectives, ua hauj lwm pib ntawm lub rooj txhawb siab, reconstruction thiab txhim kho bunks. M. thiab., tsim lawv tsev neeg rau pawg thiab orchestral kev ua yeeb yam, rau-rogo tsis paub ua ntej. haiv neeg. Ncauj entrenched tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv prof. thiab ua-nws-koj tus kheej. solo thiab collective ua yeeb yam, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv pej xeem. music lub neej xws li M. thiab. txhim kho system, zoo li lub bandura hauv Ukraine, cymbals hauv Belarus, kankles thiab birbin hauv Lithuania, ntau hom kannels hauv Estonia, dutar, Kashgar rubab thiab hloov hauv Uzbekistan, dombra hauv Kazakhstan, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub expansion ntawm lub repertoire ntawm amateurs. thiab prof. ensembles thiab orchestras instruments, suav nrog suab paj nruag hauv nws. classics thiab productions niaj hnub composers (nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv loj), raws li zoo raws li lub dav sawv nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub USSR, ua yeeb yam, ensembles thiab orchestras ntawm cov neeg. cov cuab yeej pib siv pawg thiab prof. M. i. - guitar, khawm accordion, accordion, violin, clarinet, thiab lwm yam. rooj plaub - flute, trumpet thiab trombone.

Typological ntau yam ntawm M. tus uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab. loj. Systematizing M. thiab., lawv muab ua ke rau hauv pawg raws li c.-l. yam ntxwv nta. Cov txheej txheem qub tshaj plaws ntawm kev faib tawm yog Khab thiab Suav; thawj faib M. thiab. raws li txoj kev excitation ntawm lub suab, qhov thib ob - raws li hom khoom los ntawm qhov ntsuas tau ua. Nws feem ntau lees txais los faib M. thiab. nyob rau hauv 3 pawg: cua, hlua thiab percussion. Cov pab pawg, nyob rau hauv lem, muab faib ua subgroups: cua - rau hauv ntoo thiab tooj liab, thiab hlua - rau hauv plucked thiab bowed. Lub suab nrov ntawm cov twj paj nruag cua yog ib kem ntawm huab cua nyob rau hauv lub chim channel, cov twj paj nruag - ib txoj hlua stretched; Cov pab pawg percussion yog tsim los ntawm cov cuab yeej uas lub suab tsim los ntawm lub tshuab. Rau prof. ntsuj plig. Cov cuab yeej ntoo suav nrog flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon thiab lawv ntau yam (piccolo flute, English horn, bassclarinet, contrabassoon), nrog rau tsev neeg ntawm saxophones thiab sarisophones. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias qee cov twj paj nruag (hnub nyoog flute thiab piccolo flute, saxophones, sarusophones) yog ua los ntawm hlau, thaum lwm tus (clarinet, oboe) yog qee zaum ua los ntawm cov yas, lawv tag nrho sib haum mus rau woodwinds nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub suab extraction thiab cov suab paj nruas yam ntxwv. Ntawm cov twj paj nruag pej xeem ntawm pawg pab pawg no yog Uzbek-Taj. Nai, Karelian Lira thiab Luddu, Latvian. kev, Buryat. ib bishkur. Cov pab pawg ntawm cov twj paj nruag cua daj cua dub (lawv tseem hu ua embouchure lossis lub qhov ncauj) suav nrog trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba, thiab cov twj paj nruag. orchestra (byugelhorns thiab flugelhorns), los ntawm nar. - Uzbek-Taj. Karnay, Ukrainian (Hutsul) trembita, Pwm. buchum, est. sarv, rus. Vladimir horns. Txawm hais tias yuav luag txhua yam ntawm lawv yog ntoo, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm txoj kev lub suab yog muab rho tawm thiab nws cov cwj pwm, lawv tsis txawv ntau ntawm tooj dag sawv daws yuav. Ib pawg ntawm cov hlua plucked muaj harp, guitar, mandolin, Kazakh. dombra, Turkm. ua, rus. gusli thiab tib hom est. Kannel, Latvian. kob, lit. kankles, Karelian kantele. Cov nyo hau muaj xws li nkauj laus ncas thiab nws tsev neeg (viola, cello, ob bass), Azeri. kemancha, kev. kyyak, Tuvan byzanchi, Mari kovyzh. Pawg percussion yog tsim los ntawm ntau thiab ntau yam M. thiab. nrog ib daim tawv nqaij (timpani, nruas, tambourines) los yog ua los ntawm cov khoom uas muaj peev xwm ua suab nws tus kheej (cymbals, gong, daim duab peb sab, xylophone, castanets, thiab lwm yam). Keyboard npe harpsichord, pianoforte (grand piano, upright piano), organ, harmonium, thiab lwm yam.

Hauv kev tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv siv ntau txoj hauv kev, tab sis kuj muaj ntau qhov kev faib tawm kom raug (saib. Xav paub ntau ntxiv hauv Art. Instrumentation), tso cai rau kom paub ntau ntxiv thiab nthuav qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua hom M. thiab. Qhov nto moo tshaj plaws yog qhov system, lub hauv paus ntawm uas tau tso los ntawm F. Gevaart (“Nouveau traité d'instrumentation”, P. - Brux., 1885) thiab tom qab ntawd tsim los ntawm V. Маийоном ("Kev piav qhia thiab tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm Instrumental Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Royal Conservatory of Music hauv Brussels", v. 1-5, Ghent 1893-1922). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib tawm hauv qhov system yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub suab thiab txoj kev uas nws muab rho tawm; ntxiv gradation M. thiab. ua raws li lawv cov qauv tsim. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm Gevaart thiab Mayon, hauv qhov txhais tau tias. degrees txais thiab scrupulously tsim tom qab los ntawm E. Hornbostel thiab K. Sachs (“Systematik der Musikinstrumente”, “Zeitschrift für Ethnologie”, 1914, (Jahrg.) 46), feem ntau yog siv hauv Sov. instrumentation (tsis muaj ntau crushing ntawm cov cuab yeej rau hauv hom thiab ntau yam). Raws li qhov system saws nyob rau hauv lub USSR, M. thiab. tau muab faib ua 4 pawg: cua (aerophones), hlua (chordophones), membrane (membranophones) thiab tus kheej-sounding (idiophones lossis autophones). Membrane suab qhov chaw yog qhov ncab ntawm daim tawv nqaij los yog zais zis ntawm tus tsiaj, nws tus kheej-sounding - cov khoom siv kev ntxhov siab sab hauv los ntawm qhov ntsuas los yog nws lub suab nrov. Raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rho tawm suab, cov twj paj nruag cua tau muab faib ua cov raj nplaim, lub suab nrov, lub qhov ncauj thiab cov raj nplaim-reed keyboards. Flutes suav nrog txhua hom flutes: ocarina-puab, longitudinal (lub ntsuas yog tuav nyob rau hauv ib tug longitudinal txoj hauj lwm) thiab transverse (lub ntsuas yog tuav nyob rau hauv ib tug transverse txoj hauj lwm). Ocarinoid - cov no yog txhua hom vascular xuav thiab ocarinas; longitudinal yog subdivided rau hauv qhib sawv daws yuav, nyob rau hauv uas ob kawg ntawm lub cev yog qhib (bashk. Kuray, Turkmen. tuyduk, Adyghe kamyl, abkh. apkhertsa), xuav (block-flyer, Belarusian. raj, Russian sopel, dag. kshul, Altai shogur), multi-barreled lauj kaub flute hom (gr. larchemi los yog soinari, pwm. feem ntau, Ukrainian svyril, kuim-chipsan ntawm cov neeg Komi); ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws transverse niaj hnub. prof. Uzbek-Taj. nai, tuvinskaya lembi, buryat. limbo. Cov twj paj nruag tau muab faib ua cov cuab yeej nrog tus nplaig dawb (Mari lyshtash los ntawm cov noog cherry nplooj, Adjarian sapratsuna los ntawm nplooj walnut, Ukrainian. luska los ntawm horn otschen, Latvian. birzstaase nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm birch bark phaj), nrog ib tug ntaus tus nplaig (clarinet, saxophone, Rus. bagpipe, bagpipe los yog bagpipe, est. rov, lit. birbin), nrog ob tus nplaig ntaus (oboe, bassoon, saryusophone, azerb. thiab caj npab. Duduk i zurna, Uzb.-taj. trumpet, kub. bishkur), nrog rau ib tug swb reed (txhua yam ntawm harmonicas thiab harmonium; cov twj paj nruag no tseem ceeb rau nws tus kheej-sounding, piv txwv li. vim hais tias lawv muaj tus nplaig nws tus kheej, tab sis raws li kev lig kev cai lawv raug cais raws li cov twj paj nruag cua). Lub qhov ncauj muaj cov twj paj nruag, nyob rau hauv uas lub exciter ntawm lub oscillations ntawm huab cua kem yog daim di ncauj ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam, txuas rau lub qhov ncauj (lub qhov ncauj) ntawm lub thoob thiab, raws li, nruj (prof. cov khoom siv tooj liab, pej xeem - horns, horns thiab kav).

Cov hlua pab pawg muaj plucked, bowed thiab percussion instruments. Thaum xub thawj, lub suab raug rho tawm los ntawm plucking txoj hlua nrog tus cwj mem, ntiv tes, plectrum (spinet, harpsichord, harp, guitar, balalaika, Kazakh dombra, mandolin); ntawm cov hneev nti - nrog rau hneev (cov cuab yeej ntawm tsev neeg violin, Armenian kamani, Georgian chuniri, Ossetian kissyn-fandyr, Kirg. kyyak, Kazakh. kobyz), lossis kev sib txhuam log (log lyre), thiab ntawm percussion - los ntawm kev ntaus txoj hlua nrog rauj los yog sticks (clavichord, fp., cymbals, Armenian thiab Georgian santur los yog santuri).

Cov pab pawg membrane muaj cov twj paj nruag nrog cov ntaub qhwv nruj nreem, uas lawv ntaus nrog ib txhais tes, ib lub mallet, los yog ua suab nrov hauv kev sib txhuam (tambourine, timpani, nruas, Ukrainian bugay thiab Pwm. thump). Lub daim nyias nyias kuj muaj xws li mirlitons - cov twj paj nruag nrog ib daim nyias nyias, uas ua kom nrov thiab xim lub suab ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj hauv cov ntoo tshwj xeeb (Ukrainian Ocheretyna, Chuvash. Turana hiav txwv otters, ib qho yooj yim zuag qhwv hauv daim ntaub so ntswg rau combing plaub hau). Ntau pawg ntawm tus kheej lub suab seev yog subdivided rau hauv plucked (vargan nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov kev hloov kho), percussion (xylophone, metallophone, celesta, gong, cymbals, daim duab peb sab, orc. tswb, Lithuanian jingulis, Kabardino-Balkarian thiab Adyghe pkhachich), friction. (Est. kraatspill and pingipill, Abkh akunjjapkhyartsa, Dag chang-chugur).

Cov pab pawg tshwj xeeb yog cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab electrophonic. Ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab, qhov kev ua si yog ua si siv lub tshuab winding lossis hluav taws xob, kev sib hloov ntawm cov ncej ntawm tes, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau muab faib ua kev yoog raws (cov cuab yeej zoo ib yam uas muaj cov cuab yeej ua kom lub suab nrov) thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lub suab nrov uas yog hluav taws xob vibrations (saib Cov suab paj nruag hluav taws xob).

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K. A. Vertkov, S. Ya. Levin