Evstigny Ipatovich Fomin |
Evstigney Fomin
E. Fomin yog ib tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, uas nws cov kev siv zog tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia. Ua ke nrog nws cov contemporaries - M. Berezovsky, D. Bortnyansky, V. Pashkevich - nws nteg lub hauv paus ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas kos duab. Nyob rau hauv nws operas thiab nyob rau hauv lub melodrama Orpheus, qhov dav ntawm tus sau qhov kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv kev xaiv ntawm cov phiaj xwm thiab ib hom ntawv nyeem, mastery ntawm ntau yam ntawm lub Opera theatre ntawm lub sij hawm tau tshwm sim. Keeb kwm tsis ncaj ncees rau Fomin, raws li qhov tseeb, rau feem ntau lwm cov neeg sau ntawv Lavxias ntawm xyoo pua XNUMX. Txoj hmoo ntawm ib tug txawj ntse tshuab raj yog nyuaj. Nws lub neej xaus tsis raws sijhawm, thiab tsis ntev tom qab nws tuag nws lub npe tsis nco qab lawm ntev. Ntau ntawm Fomin cov ntawv sau tsis muaj sia nyob. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm tau txaus siab rau kev ua hauj lwm ntawm no zoo kawg li tshuab raj, ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm Lavxias teb sab opera, nce. Los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Soviet, nws cov haujlwm tau coj rov qab los rau lub neej, qee cov ntaub ntawv meager los ntawm nws phau ntawv keeb kwm tau pom.
Fomin tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm tus neeg tua phom (tub rog tub rog) ntawm Tobolsk Infantry Regiment. Nws poob nws txiv thaum ntxov, thiab thaum nws muaj 6 xyoo, nws txiv yawg I. Fedotov, ib tug tub rog ntawm lub neej Guards ntawm lub Izmailovsky regiment, coj tus me nyuam tub mus rau lub Academy of Arts. Lub Plaub Hlis 21, 1767 Fomin tau los ua ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm chav kawm vaj tsev ntawm lub npe nrov Academy, tsim los ntawm Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. Txhua tus kws ua yeeb yam nto moo ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX tau kawm hauv Academy. – V. Borovikovsky, D. Levitsky, A. Losenko, F. Rokotov, F. Shchedrin thiab lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv no, tau them nyiaj mloog mus rau lub suab paj nruag kev loj hlob ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm: cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm ua si ntau yam twj paj nruag, hu nkauj. Ib lub orchestra tau teeb tsa ntawm Academy, operas, ballets, thiab ua yeeb yam tau ua.
Fomin lub suab paj nruag ci ntsa iab tau tshwm sim rau lawv tus kheej txawm tias nyob rau qib qis, thiab xyoo 1776 Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm Academy tau xa ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm "architectural art" Ipatiev (raws li Fomin feem ntau hu ua tom qab ntawd) rau Italian M. Buini kom kawm suab paj nruag - ua si. clavichord. Txij li thaum xyoo 1777, Fomin txoj kev kawm txuas ntxiv hauv cov chav kawm suab paj nruag uas tau qhib hauv Academy of Arts, coj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv nto moo G. Paypakh, tus kws sau nkauj nrov opera Cov Tub Rog Zoo. Fomin tau kawm suab paj nruag txoj kev xav thiab cov hauv paus ntawm kev sau nrog nws. Txij li thaum xyoo 1779, tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag thiab bandmaster A. Sartori tau los ua nws tus kws qhia suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv 1782 Fomin brilliantly kawm tiav los ntawm Academy. Tab sis raws li ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm chav kawm suab paj nruag, nws tsis tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig kub lossis nyiaj npib. Lub Council tau sau tseg nws tsuas yog ib qho khoom plig nyiaj ntsuab ntawm 50 rubles.
Tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm Academy, raws li ib tug neeg laus pensioner, Fomin raug xa mus rau kev txhim kho rau 3 xyoos rau ltalis, mus rau lub Bologna Philharmonic Academy, uas yog ces suav hais tias yog lub loj tshaj plaws suab paj nruas chaw nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Nyob ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm Padre Martini (xib fwb ntawm tus yawm Mozart), thiab tom qab ntawd S. Mattei (nrog G. Rossini thiab G. Donizetti tom qab kawm), tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag nyob deb ntawm Russia txuas ntxiv nws cov suab paj nruag. Xyoo 1785, Fomin tau txais mus rau qhov kev xeem rau lub npe ntawm tus kws tshaj lij thiab tau xeem qhov kev xeem no zoo kawg nkaus. Tag nrho ntawm lub zog muaj tswv yim, nrog lub npe siab ntawm "tus tswv ntawm kev sib sau," Fomin rov qab mus rau Russia thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1786. Thaum tuaj txog, tus kws sau ntawv tau txais kev txiav txim los sau cov nkauj "Novgorod Bogatyr Boeslaevich" rau lub libretto ntawm Catherine II nws tus kheej. . Lub premiere ntawm lub opera thiab Fomin qhov debut raws li ib tug composer coj qhov chaw rau 27 Kaum ib hlis 1786 ntawm lub Hermitage Theatre. Txawm li cas los xij, tus huab tais tsis nyiam ua yeeb yam, thiab qhov no txaus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tshuab raj hauv tsev hais plaub tsis ua tiav. Thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Catherine II, Fomin tsis tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1797, 3 xyoo ua ntej nws tuag, nws thaum kawg tau txais mus rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam ntawm lub theatre directorate ua ib tug pab qhia ntawm opera qhov chaw.
Nws tsis paub tias Fomin lub neej tau ua li cas hauv kaum xyoo dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv 1787, nws tsim lub opera "Coachmen on a Ncej" (rau cov ntawv nyeem los ntawm N. Lvov), thiab xyoo tom ntej 2 operas tshwm sim - "Party, los yog Guess, Guess tus ntxhais" (suab paj nruag thiab libre tsis tau khaws cia) thiab "Cov Neeg Asmeskas". Lawv tau ua raws li kev ua yeeb yam The Sorcerer, Soothsayer thiab Matchmaker (1791). Los ntawm 1791-92. Fomin txoj haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws yog lub suab paj nruag Orpheus (ntawv nyeem los ntawm Y. Knyaznin). Nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, nws tau sau ib zaj nkauj rau V. Ozerov qhov xwm txheej "Yaropolk thiab Oleg" (1798), lub operas "Clorida thiab Milan" thiab "Lub Golden Kua" (c. 1800).
Fomin's opera compositions muaj ntau haiv neeg. Ntawm no yog Lavxias teb sab comic operas, ib tug opera nyob rau hauv lub Italian buffa style, thiab ib tug ua yeeb yam melodrama, qhov twg Lavxias teb sab composer thawj zaug tig mus rau lub ntsiab lus tragic. Rau txhua hom kev xaiv, Fomin pom ib txoj hauv kev tshiab. Yog li, nyob rau hauv nws Lavxias teb sab comic operas, kev txhais lus ntawm folklore cov ntaub ntawv, tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim pej xeem cov ntsiab lus, feem ntau nyiam. Hom Lavxias teb sab "choral" opera yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub opera "Coachmen on a Setup". Ntawm no tus kws sau nkauj ua rau nws siv ntau hom nkauj Lavxias teb sab pej xeem - kos duab, seev cev, seev cev, siv cov tswv yim ntawm kev tsim lub suab, kev sib txuas ntawm cov suab paj nruag solo thiab choral refrain. Lub overture, ib qho piv txwv nthuav ntawm cov kev pab cuam Lavxias teb sab thaum ntxov symphonism, kuj tau tsim los ntawm kev tsim cov nkauj seev cev ua yeeb yam. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm symphonic txoj kev loj hlob, raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm kev xav, yuav pom kev txuas ntxiv hauv Lavxias classical suab paj nruag, pib nrog M. Glinka's Kamarinskaya.
Nyob rau hauv lub opera raws li cov ntawv nyeem ntawm tus naas ej fabulist I. Krylov "Cov Neeg Amelikas" Fomin brilliantly pom mastery ntawm opera-buffa style. Qhov kawg ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm yog lub melodrama "Orpheus", staged nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg nrog kev koom tes ntawm lub nto moo tragic actor ntawm lub sij hawm - I. Dmitrevsky. Qhov kev ua yeeb yam no yog ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev nyeem ntawv zoo nkauj nrog lub suab paj nruag nrog. Fomin tsim cov suab paj nruag zoo, tag nrho ntawm cov cua daj cua dub thiab ua rau lub tswv yim zoo heev ntawm kev ua si. Nws yog perceived raws li ib tug symphonic nkaus, nrog tas mus li kev loj hlob ntawm lub sab hauv, coj mus rau ib tug ntau climax nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub melodrama - "Dance ntawm lub Furies". Independent symphonic tooj (overture thiab Dance ntawm Furies) thav duab melodrama zoo li prologue thiab epilogue. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib piv cov suab paj nruag khaus ntawm lub overture, lub lyrical ntu nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab lub dynamic finale ua tim khawv rau Fomin lub amazing kev pom, uas paved txoj kev rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab ua yeeb yam symphony.
Lub melodrama "tau nthuav tawm ob peb zaug ntawm kev ua yeeb yam thiab tsim nyog qhuas. Mr. Dmitrevsky, nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Orpheus, crowned nws nrog nws extraordinary ua yeeb yam, "peb nyeem nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv hais txog Knyaznin, prefaced los ntawm nws sau ua hauj lwm. Lub Ob Hlis 5, 1795, lub premiere ntawm Orpheus tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Moscow.
Qhov thib ob yug ntawm melodrama "Orpheus" twb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub Soviet theem. Nyob rau hauv 1947, nws tau ua nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm keeb kwm concerts npaj los ntawm lub Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Musical Culture. Kuv Glinka. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, tus naas ej Soviet musicologist B. Dobrokhotov rov qab tau cov qhab nia ntawm Orpheus. Lub suab paj nruag kuj tau ua nyob rau hauv concerts mob siab rau 250th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Leningrad (1953) thiab 200th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Fomin yug (1961). Thiab nyob rau hauv 1966 nws tau ua thawj zaug txawv teb chaws, hauv tebchaws Poland, ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov suab paj nruag thaum ntxov.
Qhov dav thiab ntau yam ntawm Fomin txoj kev tshawb fawb muaj tswv yim, qhov ci ntsa iab ntawm nws lub peev xwm tso cai rau peb los txiav txim siab nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws opera composer ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Nrog nws txoj kev tshiab rau Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg hauv kev ua yeeb yam "Coachmen on a Set-up" thiab thawj zaug rov hais dua rau lub ntsiab lus tsis txaus ntseeg hauv "Orpheus", Fomin tau taug kev rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm xyoo pua XNUMX.
A. Sokolova
