Madrigal |

Fabkis madrigal, ital. Madrigale, Laus Italian. madriale, mandriale, los ntawm lig Lat. matricale (los ntawm lat. mater – niam)

Nkauj nyob rau hauv haiv neeg (niam) lus) – secular suab paj nruag thiab poetic. Ib hom ntawv Renaissance. Keeb kwm ntawm M. rov qab mus rau Nar. paj huam, rau cov laus Italian. monophonic shepherd zaj nkauj. Hauv prof. M.'s paj huam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th, uas yog, nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub Early Renaissance. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv poetic nruj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd (sonnets, sextines, thiab lwm yam) tau txawv los ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm cov qauv (ib tug sib txawv ntawm cov kab, rhyming, thiab lwm yam). Nws feem ntau muaj ob lossis ntau dua 3-kab stanzas, ua raws li 2-kab xaus (coppia). M. tau sau cov paj huam loj tshaj plaws ntawm Early Renaissance F. Petrarch thiab J. Boccaccio. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th poetic suab paj nruag feem ntau txhais tau tias ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb tsim rau cov muses. incarnation. Ib tug thawj kws sau paj lug uas sau suab paj nruag ua cov ntawv rau suab paj nruag yog F. Sacchetti. Ntawm cov thawj kws sau nkauj. M. 14th caug xyoo G. da Firenze, G. da Bologna, F. Landino. Lawv M. yog lub suab (qee zaum nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov cuab yeej) 2-3-lub suab tsim. on hlub-lyric, comic-tsev neeg, mythological. thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv lawv cov suab paj nruag ib nqe lus thiab ib tug refrain sawv tawm (ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm qhov xaus); characterized los ntawm melismatic wealth. embellishments nyob rau hauv lub Upper suab. M. canonical kuj tau tsim. warehouses related to kachcha. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th M. raug yuam tawm ntawm lub composer txoj kev xyaum los ntawm ntau. ntau yam ntawm frottola - nws. secular polygon. nkauj. Hauv 30s. 16th caug xyoo, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm High Renaissance, M. rov tshwm sim, sai heev nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. lub teb chaws thiab kom txog rau thaum lub advent ntawm opera tseem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. yam prof. suab paj nruag secular.

M. tau dhau los ua tus kws ntaus nkauj. ib daim ntawv uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov duab paj huam. ntawv; yog li ntawd, nws tau ntau dua nyob rau hauv tune nrog tshiab art. kev xav tau tshaj frottola nrog nws cov qauv nruj. Kev tshwm sim ntawm suab paj nruag M. tom qab ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam tau txhawb los ntawm kev txhawb siab ntawm cov paj huam lyric. 14th caug xyoo cov ntaub ntawv ("petrarchism"). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm "Petrarchists," P. Bembo, hais txog thiab muaj nuj nqis M. raws li daim ntawv dawb. Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no - qhov tsis muaj cov txheej txheem nruj nruj - dhau los ua cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov muses tshiab. hom ntawv. Lub npe "M." nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus, nws tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas nrog ib tug tej yam daim ntawv, tab sis nrog cov kos duab. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev pub dawb ntawm kev xav thiab kev xav. Yog li ntawd, M. muaj peev xwm pom tau qhov kev ntshaw tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm, dhau los ua "lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv ntau lub zog" (BV Asafiev). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim cov Italian. M. 16th caug xyoo belongs rau A. Willart thiab F. Verdelot, Flemings los ntawm keeb kwm. Ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm M. - Italian. composers C. de Pope, H. Vicentino, V. Galilei, L. Marenzio, C. Gesualdo di Venosa, thiab lwm yam. Palestrina kuj rov hais dua M.. Cov qauv zoo kawg nkaus ntawm hom ntawv no, tseem txuas ncaj qha nrog cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, yog C. Monteverdi. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, cov madrigalists loj yog W. noog, T. Morley, T. Wilks, J. Wilby, nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees - HL Hasler, G. Schutz, IG Shein.

M. nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. – 4-, 5- suab wok. tsab ntawv premier. lyric cim; stylistically, nws txawv ntawm M. 14th caug xyoo. Cov ntawv M. 16th caug xyoo. ua hauj lwm nrov lyric. ua hauj lwm los ntawm F. Petrarch, G. Boccaccio, J. Sannazaro, B. Guarini, tom qab ntawd – T. Tasso, G. Marino, as well as stanzas from dramas. paj huam los ntawm T. Tasso thiab L. Ariosto.

Hauv 30-50s. 16th caug xyoo yog muab sib cais. Moscow tsev kawm ntawv: Venetian (A. Willart), Roman (K. Festa), Florentine (J. Arkadelt). M. ntawm lub sij hawm no qhia ib tug txawv compositional thiab stylistic. kev txuas nrog ua ntej me me lyric. hom - frottola thiab motet. M. ntawm motet keeb kwm (Villart) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm daim ntawv, 5-lub suab polyphonic. warehouse, tso siab rau lub tsev teev ntuj system. fret. Hauv M., los ntawm keeb kwm txuam nrog frottola, muaj 4-lub suab homophonic-harmonic. warehouse, kaw niaj hnub. hom loj lossis me, nrog rau cov ntawv sib txuas thiab rov ua dua (J. Gero, FB Kortechcha, K. Festa). M. ntawm lub sijhawm thaum ntxov yog pauv mus rau Ch. arr. calmly contemplative mus ob peb vas, tsis muaj ci contrasts nyob rau hauv lawv cov suab paj nruag. Lub sijhawm tom ntej hauv kev tsim suab paj nruag, sawv cev los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm O. Lasso, A. Gabrieli, thiab lwm tus kws sau nkauj (50s-80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th), yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov kab lus tshiab. nyiaj txiag. Cov hom tshiab ntawm thematics raug tsim, ib qho kev sib dhos tshiab tau tsim. txheej txheem ("ib daim ntawv negre"), lub impetus uas yog kev txhim kho cov suab paj nruag notation. Kev zoo nkauj qhov kev ncaj ncees yog tau txais los ntawm dissonance, uas nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv ntawm ib tug nruj style tsis muaj ib tug ywj siab ua cim. tus nqi. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws "kev tshawb pom" ntawm lub sijhawm no yog chromatism, kho dua tshiab los ntawm kev kawm ntawm lwm cov Greek. kev xav ntawm kev ntxhov siab. Nws qhov kev txiav txim siab tau muab rau hauv N. Vicentino cov lus qhuab qhia “Ancient Music Adapted to Modern Practice” (“L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica”, 1555), uas kuj muab “ib qho piv txwv hauv chromatic. ntxhov siab." Cov kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tau siv ntau ntawm chromatisms hauv lawv cov suab paj nruag yog C. de Pope thiab, tom qab ntawd, C. Gesualdo di Venosa. Cov kab lig kev cai ntawm madrigal chromaticism tau ruaj khov nyob rau thaum ntxov xyoo pua 17th, thiab lawv cov cawv muaj nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yam ntawm C. Monteverdi, G. Caccini, thiab M. da Galliano. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm chromatism coj mus rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm hom thiab nws cov kev hloov pauv txhais tau tias thiab tsim cov lus qhia tshiab. intonation spheres. Nyob rau hauv parallel nrog chromatism, lwm yam Greek tau kawm. txoj kev xav ntawm anharmonism, ua rau cov tswv yim. nrhiav kev sib npaug. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev paub txog kev coj cwj pwm zoo li thaum ntxov li xyoo pua 16th. – madrigal L. Marenzio “Au, koj uas sigh…” (“On voi che sospirate”, 1580).

Lub sij hawm thib peb (lig 16th – thaum ntxov 17th centuries) yog lub “golden age” ntawm hom lej, txuam nrog cov npe ntawm L. Marenzio, C. Gesualdo di Venosa, thiab C. Monteverdi. M. ntawm no pore yog saturated nrog kaj expresses. contrasts, xav txog nyob rau hauv kom meej txoj kev loj hlob ntawm poetic. kev xav. Muaj ib tug meej nyiam rau ib hom suab paj nruag. symbolism: ib tug ncua nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib lo lus yog txhais raws li ib tug "sigh", chromatism thiab dissonance yog txuam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm u1611bu1611bmourning, accelerated rhythmic. txav thiab smooth melodic. kev kos duab – nrog cov kua muag, cua, thiab lwm yam. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov cim zoo li no yog Gesualdo's madrigal "Fly, oh, kuv sighs" ("Itene oh, miei sospiri", XNUMX). Hauv Gesualdo lub npe nrov madrigal "Kuv tabtom tuag, hmoov tsis" ("Moro lasso", XNUMX), diatonic thiab chromatic cim lub neej thiab kev tuag.

Hauv con. Xyoo 16th M. tab tom ua yeeb yam. thiab conc. hom ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Madrigal comedies tshwm sim, thaj npaj rau theem. incarnation. Muaj kev lig kev cai ntawm kev ua yeeb yam M. nyob rau hauv ib qho kev npaj rau ib lub suab solo thiab nrog cov twj paj nruag. Montoverdi, pib los ntawm 5 phau ntawv ntawm madrigals (1605), siv dec. nrog cov twj paj nruag, qhia instr. ntu ("symphonies"), txo cov suab rau 2, 3 thiab txawm tias ib lub suab nrog basso continuo. Ib tug generalization ntawm stylistic Italian tiam sis. M. 16th caug xyoo yog phau ntawv 7th thiab 8th ntawm Monteverdi's madrigals ("Concert", 1619, thiab "Militant and Love Madrigals", 1638), nrog rau ntau yam ntawm woks. cov ntaub ntawv - los ntawm couplet canzonets mus rau cov yeeb yam loj. scenes nrog orchestral accompaniment. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm madrigal yog qhov kev pom zoo ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom homophonic, qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib haum xeeb. modal system, zoo nkauj. lub substantiation ntawm monody, kev taw qhia ntawm chromatism, lub bold emancipation ntawm dissonance yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau cov suab paj nruag tom qab centuries, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, lawv npaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm opera. Nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 17-18 centuries. M. nyob rau hauv nws ntau yam kev hloov kho tsim nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm A. Lotti, JKM Clari, B. Marcello. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th M. rov nkag mus rau lub composer lub (P. Hindemith, IF Stravinsky, B. Martin, thiab lwm yam) thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub concerts. kev xyaum (ntau cov suab paj nruag thaum ntxov hauv Czechoslovakia, Romania, Austria, Poland, thiab lwm yam, hauv USSR - Madrigal Ensemble; hauv Great Britain muaj Madrigal Society - Madrigal Society).

References: Livanova T., Keeb kwm ntawm Western European suab paj nruag txog 1789, M.-L., 1940, p. 111, 155–60; Gruber R., Keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, vol. 2, part 1, M., 1953, nr. 124–145; Konen V., Claudio Monteverdi, M., 1971; Dubravskaya T., Italian madrigal ntawm lub xyoo pua 2th, nyob rau hauv: Cov lus nug ntawm suab paj nruas daim ntawv, tsis. Xyoo 1972, M., XNUMX.

TH Dubravska