Clément Janequin |

Clement Janequin

Saib los ntawm tus tswv ntawm kev txawj ntse. V. Shakespeare

Txawm hais tias nws sau motets hauv cov chords loj, txawm tias nws txaus siab los tsim cov suab nrov tsis meej pem, txawm tias nws hais txog poj niam tham hauv nws cov nkauj, txawm hais tias nws rov tsim cov suab noog - hauv txhua yam uas zoo nkauj Janequin hu nkauj, nws yog Vajtswv thiab tsis txawj tuag. A. Banff

C. Janequin - tus kws sau ntawv Fab Kis ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. - ib qho ntawm qhov ci ntsa iab thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Renaissance. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis tshua muaj kev ntseeg siab txog nws txoj kev ua neej. Tab sis cov duab ntawm tib neeg tus kws kos duab, tus hlub ntawm lub neej thiab kev zoo siab, ib tus kws sau nkauj zoo nkauj thiab tus neeg pleev kob satirist-hom neeg pleev kob tau nthuav tawm hauv nws txoj haujlwm, muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab ntau yam. Zoo li ntau tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Renaissance, Janequin tau tig mus rau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov suab paj nruag dawb ceev - nws tau sau motets, psalms, masses. Tab sis feem ntau cov thawj tej hauj lwm, uas muaj kev vam meej nrog contemporaries thiab khaws lawv cov artistic tseem ceeb rau niaj hnub no, yog tsim los ntawm tus composer nyob rau hauv lub secular ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm Fabkis polyphonic song - chanson. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm Fabkis, hom no ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Rooted nyob rau hauv pej xeem zaj nkauj thiab poetic kab lis kev cai ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm troubadours thiab trouveurs, chanson qhia cov kev xav thiab kev ntshaw ntawm tag nrho cov kev sib raug zoo strata ntawm lub zej zog. Yog li ntawd, cov yam ntxwv ntawm Renaissance kos duab tau embodied nyob rau hauv nws ntau organically thiab ci dua nyob rau hauv lwm yam hom.

Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws (ntawm cov paub) ib tsab ntawm Janequin cov nkauj hnub rov qab mus rau 1529, thaum Pierre Attenyan, lub tshuab luam ntawv suab paj nruag qub tshaj plaws hauv Paris, luam tawm ntau tus neeg sau cov nkauj loj. Hnub no tau dhau los ua ib qho chaw pib hauv kev txiav txim siab lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej thiab txoj kev muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws kos duab. Thawj theem ntawm Janequin lub suab paj nruas kev ua si yog txuam nrog lub nroog ntawm Bordeaux thiab Angers. Los ntawm 1533, nws tau tuav lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ua tus thawj coj suab paj nruag hauv Angers Cathedral, uas yog nto moo rau qib siab ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm nws lub tsev teev ntuj thiab lub cev zoo heev. Hauv Angers, qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10th, qhov twg lub tsev kawm ntawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv pej xeem lub neej, tus kws sau nkauj tau siv sijhawm txog XNUMX xyoo. (Nws yog qhov nthuav tias cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Fab Kis Renaissance kab lis kev cai, Francois Rabelais, kuj tseem cuam tshuam nrog Angers. Nyob rau hauv prologue rau plaub phau ntawv Gargantua thiab Pantagruel, nws warmly nco qab cov xyoo no.)

Janequin tawm Angers approx. 1540 Yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi paub txog xyoo tom ntej ntawm nws lub neej. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm Janequin qhov kev lees paub hauv 1540s lig. los ua tus thawj coj rau Duke Francois de Guise. Ob peb chansons tau muaj txoj sia nyob rau Janequin cov tub rog yeej ntawm duke. Txij xyoo 1555, tus kws sau nkauj tau los ua tus hu nkauj ntawm huab tais hu nkauj, tom qab ntawd tau txais lub npe ntawm "tus kws sau ntawv tas mus li" ntawm huab tais. Txawm tias muaj koob meej nyob sab Europe, txoj kev vam meej ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, ntau reprints ntawm chanson collections, Zhanequin tab tom ntsib teeb meem loj nyiaj txiag. Nyob rau hauv 1559, nws txawm hais lus poetic rau Fabkis huab tais, uas nws ncaj qha yws txog kev txom nyem.

Cov teeb meem ntawm kev muaj sia nyob niaj hnub tsis ua rau tus neeg sau ntawv tawg. Zhanequin yog hom ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws ntawm Renaissance tus cwj pwm nrog nws lub siab tsis muaj zog ntawm kev zoo siab thiab kev cia siab, kev hlub rau txhua qhov kev xyiv fab hauv ntiaj teb, thiab muaj peev xwm pom kev zoo nkauj hauv ntiaj teb ib puag ncig nws. Kev sib piv ntawm Janequin lub suab paj nruag nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Rabelais yog dav. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov kua dej thiab xim ntawm cov lus (rau Zhaneken, qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog xaiv cov ntawv sau paj huam, ua kom muaj cov lus qhia zoo rau pej xeem, ci ntsa iab nrog kev lom zem, kev lom zem, tab sis kuj yog kev hlub rau cov yeeb yaj kiab piav qhia, dav siv cov duab thiab cov tswv yim onomatopoeic uas muab nws tej hauj lwm tshwj xeeb tseeb tseeb thiab tseem ceeb heev). Ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag yog lub suab nrov nrov "The Cries of Paris" - cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, zoo li qhov chaw ua yeeb yam ntawm Parisian txoj kev lub neej. Tom qab ntsuas kev taw qhia, qhov twg tus sau nug cov neeg mloog yog tias lawv xav mloog txoj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Paris, thawj ntu ntawm kev ua yeeb yam pib - cov lus caw cov neeg muag khoom tsis tu ncua suab, hloov pauv thiab cuam tshuam ib leeg: "pies, liab. wine, herring, laus khau, artichokes, mis nyuj, beets, cherries, Lavxias teb sab taum, chestnuts, pigeons ... "Lub pace ntawm kev ua tau zoo tau sai, tsim nyob rau hauv no flowery dissonance ib daim duab txuam nrog lub hyperbole ntawm "Gargantua". Txoj kev npau suav xaus nrog kev hu: “Mloog! Hnov lub suab quaj ntawm Paris!”

Ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj los ntawm Janequin tau yug los ua cov lus teb rau cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Ib qho ntawm cov kws sau ntawv nrov tshaj plaws, Kev Sib Tw, piav qhia txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Marignano thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1515, qhov twg Fabkis cov tub rog tau kov yeej Swiss. Ci ntsa iab thiab nyem, zoo li yog nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua canvases ntawm Titian thiab Tintoretto, lub suab duab ntawm lub suab paj nruas fresco grandiose yog sau tawm. Nws lub ntsiab lus - kev hu xov tooj ntawm tus bugle - khiav los ntawm txhua ntu ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Raws li kev nthuav dav poetic zajlus, lub chanson no muaj ob ntu: 1h. - kev npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, 2 teev - nws cov lus piav qhia. Kev sib txawv ntawm qhov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm kev sau choral, tus kws sau ntawv ua raws cov ntawv nyeem, sim qhia cov kev xav ntawm lub sijhawm kawg ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov tub rog. Nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, Zhanequin siv ntau lub tswv yim, tsis tshua muaj siab tawv rau nws lub sij hawm, onomatopoeia cov tswv yim: qhov chaw ntawm choral suab xyaum ntaus nruas, trumpet signals, rattling ntawm ntaj.

Lub chanson "Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Marignano", uas tau los ua ib qho kev tshawb pom rau nws lub sijhawm, ua rau muaj ntau yam kev coj ua ntawm Janequin cov phooj ywg thiab sab nraud Fabkis. Tus kws sau ntawv nws tus kheej rov tig mus rau cov ntawv sau ntawm hom no, tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ywj pheej los ntawm kev yeej ntawm Fabkis ("Kev Sib Tw ntawm Metz" - 1555 thiab "Kev Sib Tw ntawm Renty" - 1559). Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Janeken's heroic-patriotic chansons rau cov neeg mloog tau muaj zog heev. Raws li ib tug ntawm nws cov contemporaries ua tim khawv, "thaum lub "Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Marignano" tau ua ...

Ntawm cov lus piav qhia poetic sketches thiab illustrative paintings ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab lub neej txhua hnub, tsim los ntawm choral polyphony, admirers ntawm Zhanequin cov txuj ci hu ua mos lwj Hunting, onomatopoeic plays Birdsong, Nightingale thiab comic scene poj niam tham. Cov zajlus, cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj, ua tib zoo mloog ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus evoke koom nrog cov canvases ntawm Dutch cov kws ua yeeb yam, uas txuas qhov tseem ceeb rau cov ntsiab lus me tshaj plaws ntawm daim ntaub.

Tus composer lub chamber vocal lyrics tsis paub ntau npaum li cas rau cov neeg mloog tshaj nws cov monumental choral compositions. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub sij hawm ntawm nws ua hauj lwm, Zhanequin gravitated rau cov paj huam ntawm Clement Marot, ib tug ntawm A. Pushkin tus nyiam paj huam. Los ntawm 1530s chanson tshwm nyob rau hauv cov paj huam ntawm cov kws sau paj lug nto moo "Pleiades" - lub zej zog muaj tswv yim ntawm xya tus kws ua yeeb yam zoo uas tau hu lawv lub koom haum hauv kev nco txog lub hnub qub ntawm Alexandrian paj huam. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov hauj lwm, Zhanequin tau captivated los ntawm sophistication thiab elegance ntawm dluab, suab paj nruag ntawm style, ardor ntawm kev xav. Paub yog cov suab nkauj raws li cov nqe lus ntawm P. Ronsard, "tus huab tais ntawm cov kws sau paj huam," raws li nws cov neeg kawm hu ua nws, J. Du Bellay, A. Baif. Cov kab lig kev cai ntawm tib neeg kev kos duab ntawm Janequin nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm polyphonic polyphonic nkauj tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Guillaume Cotelet thiab Claudin de Sermisy.

N. Yavorskaya