Meter |
los ntawm Greek metron - ntsuas lossis ntsuas
Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag thiab paj huam, rhiab heev raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas uas txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Raws li qhov ntsuas no, kev hais lus thiab suab paj nruag cov ntawv nyeem, ntxiv rau cov lus hais (syntactic) articulation, muab faib ua metric. units – nqe thiab stanzas, ntsuas, thiab lwm yam. Nyob ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas txhais cov chav nyob (lub sij hawm, tus naj npawb ntawm kev ntxhov siab, thiab lwm yam), lub tshuab ntawm cov suab paj nruas sib txawv (metric, syllabic, tonic, thiab lwm yam) – nyob rau hauv versification, mensural thiab moos - hauv suab paj nruag), txhua qhov uas yuav suav nrog ntau qhov ntsuas ib nrab (cov phiaj xwm tsim cov metric units) sib koom ua ke los ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib xws (piv txwv li, hauv lub moos, qhov ntau thiab tsawg yog 4/4, 3/2, 6/8, lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv metric lub tswvyim tsuas yog yuav tsum tau kos npe rau ntawm metric. units, thaum lwm yam suab paj nruag. cov ntsiab lus nyob twj ywm dawb thiab tsim kom muaj suab nrov. ntau yam hauv ib lub 'meter'. Lub suab tsis muaj 'meter' yog ua tau - lub suab lus ntawm prose, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau nqe lus (" ntsuas," " ntsuas" hais lus), lub suab nrov dawb ntawm Gregorian chant, thiab hais txog. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm, muaj ib tug xaiv rau dawb atherosclerosis senza misura. Cov tswv yim niaj hnub hais txog M. hauv suab paj nruag txhais tau tias. rau ib qho twg nyob ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov suab paj nruag poetic, uas, txawm li cas los xij, nws tus kheej tau sawv ntawm theem ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm nqe lus thiab suab paj nruag thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Nrog rau disintegration ntawm suab paj nruas-verse kev sib sau, tshwj xeeb systems ntawm paj huam thiab suab paj nruag. M., zoo ib yam li M. nyob rau hauv lawv tswj accentuation, thiab tsis ntev, raws li nyob rau hauv ancient metric. versification los yog nyob rau hauv medieval mensural (los ntawm lat. mensura – ntsuas) suab paj nruag. Ntau qhov kev tsis pom zoo hauv kev nkag siab ntawm M. thiab nws txoj kev sib raug zoo rau kev sib dhos yog vim Ch. arr. Qhov tseeb hais tias cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kab ke yog ntaus nqi universal tseem ceeb (rau R. Westphal, xws li ib tug system yog ancient, rau X. Riemann - suab paj nruag ntaus ntawm lub sij hawm tshiab). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuab tsis pom, thiab qhov twg yog qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag rau txhua lub tshuab poob tawm ntawm qhov pom: kev sib dhos yog ib qho kev sib dhos schematized, hloov mus rau hauv cov qauv ruaj khov (feem ntau ib txwm muaj thiab qhia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov cai) txiav txim los ntawm kos duab. tus qauv, tab sis tsis yog psychophysiological. tendencies inherent nyob rau hauv tib neeg xwm nyob rau hauv dav dav. Art hloov. teeb meem ua rau lub evolution ntawm systems M. Ntawm no peb muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ob lub ntsiab. hom.
Antich. qhov system uas ua rau lub sij hawm "M." belongs rau hom yam ntxwv ntawm theem ntawm suab paj nruag thiab poetic. kev sib koom siab. M. ua nyob rau hauv nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, subordinating hais lus thiab suab paj nruag rau kev zoo nkauj. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ntsuas, qhia nyob rau hauv lub commensurability ntawm lub sij hawm muaj nuj nqis. Qhov tsis tu ncua uas txawv cov nqe lus los ntawm kev hais lus zoo tib yam yog ua raws cov suab paj nruag, thiab cov kev cai ntawm kev ntsuas, lossis ntau, kev txheeb xyuas (tshwj tsis yog rau thaum ub, nrog rau Indian, Arabic, thiab lwm yam), uas txiav txim siab cov kab lus ntev thiab luv luv yam tsis tau noj. mus rau hauv tus account lo lus stresses, ua hauj lwm rau ntxig cov lus nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag tswv yim, lub atherosclerosis ntawm uas yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm lub suab accent ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshiab thiab hu ua kom muaj nuj nqis, los yog lub sij hawm ntsuas. Commensurability txhais tau hais tias muaj lub sijhawm kawm theem pib (Greek xronos protos - "chronos protos", Latin mora - mora) raws li qhov ntsuas ntawm lub ntsiab. suab (syllabic) ncua sij hawm uas yog ntau ntawm cov nqi qis no. Muaj ob peb lub sijhawm (muaj 5 ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag thaum ub - los ntawm l mus rau 5 mora), lawv cov piv txwv ib txwm yooj yim ntsuas los ntawm peb txoj kev xaav (qhov sib piv rau kev sib piv ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv nrog peb caug-seconds, thiab lwm yam, tso cai rau hauv lub new rhythmics). Lub ntsiab metric chav tsev - ko taw - yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub sijhawm, ob qho tib si thiab tsis sib npaug. Kev sib xyaw ntawm kev nres rau hauv nqe lus (cov lus suab paj nruag) thiab nqe lus rau hauv stanzas (suab paj nruag lub sijhawm) kuj muaj qhov sib npaug, tab sis tsis tas yuav tsum sib npaug. Raws li ib tug complex system ntawm lub cev proportions, nyob rau hauv quantitative atherosclerosis, atherosclerosis subdues atherosclerosis mus rau xws li ib tug raws li nyob rau hauv ancient txoj kev xav hais tias nws dav tsis meej pem nrog atherosclerosis yog rooted. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm cov ntsiab lus no txawv txawv, thiab ib tug tuaj yeem piav qhia ntau yam kev txhais ntawm qhov sib txawv no uas tseem cuam tshuam rau niaj hnub no:
1) Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov suab lus los ntawm longitude tso cai wok. suab paj nruag tsis qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub cev, uas tau hais meej meej hauv cov ntawv sau paj huam. Muses. kev sib dhos, yog li, tuaj yeem ntsuas los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ("Qhov kev hais lus ntawd yog qhov tseeb: tom qab tag nrho, nws yog ntsuas los ntawm lub suab lus luv thiab ntev" - Aristotle, "Categories", M., 1939, p. 14), leej twg nws tus kheej los ntawm nws tus kheej muab metric. scheme abstracted los ntawm lwm yam suab paj nruag. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm los ua ib qho kev ntsuas los ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm nqe meters. Li no qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm poetic melodicism thiab suab paj nruag atherosclerosis uas tseem ntsib (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm suab paj nruag folklore B. Bartok thiab KV Kvitka). R. Westphal, uas txhais tau hais tias M. raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm atherosclerosis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv hais lus, tab sis txwv tsis pub siv lo lus "M." rau suab paj nruag, tab sis ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws ua synonymous nrog atherosclerosis.
2) Antich. rhetoric, uas tau thov kom muaj kev sib dhos hauv prose, tab sis tsis yog M., uas hloov nws mus rau hauv nqe lus, ua tim khawv rau qhov sib txawv ntawm kev hais lus thiab. M. – suab. orderliness uas yog yam ntxwv ntawm nqe. Xws li kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov tseeb M. thiab kev sib tw dawb tau rov sib ntsib hauv lub sijhawm niaj hnub no (piv txwv li, lub npe German rau nqe dawb yog freie Rhythmen).
3) Nyob rau hauv nqe lus tseeb, atherosclerosis kuj txawv raws li tus qauv ntawm kev txav thiab kev sib dhos raws li lub zog nws tus kheej uas ua rau tus qauv no. Nyob rau hauv ancient nqe vaj lug kub, qhov kev txav no muaj nyob rau hauv accentuation thiab, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog qhov no, nyob rau hauv lub faib ntawm metric. units mus rau hauv ascending (arsis) thiab nqis (thesis) qhov chaw (kev nkag siab ntawm cov suab paj nruag lub sij hawm yog heev cuam tshuam los ntawm lub siab xav kom sib npaug lawv muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog ntaus); Cov suab nrov nrov tsis txuas nrog kev hais lus thiab tsis qhia ncaj qha rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem, txawm hais tias lawv qhov kev tso kawm yuav tsum tsis ntseeg nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas. tswv yim.
4) Kev sib cais me me ntawm paj huam los ntawm nws muses. cov ntaub ntawv coj twb dhau ntawm cf. centuries mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab hom paj huam, qhov twg tsis longitude yog coj mus rau hauv tus account, tab sis tus naj npawb ntawm syllables thiab qhov chaw ntawm kev nyuaj siab. Tsis zoo li classic "meters", paj huam ntawm ib hom tshiab hu ua "rhythms". Qhov kev hais lus dawb huv no, uas tau mus txog nws txoj kev loj hlob tag nrho nyob rau niaj hnub no (thaum paj huam nyob rau hauv cov lus European tshiab, tig, sib cais los ntawm cov suab paj nruag), qee zaum txawm tias tam sim no (tshwj xeeb yog los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Fabkis) tau tawm tsam metric li "rhythmic" (saib , piv txwv li, Zh. Maruso, Dictionary of linguistic words, M., 1960, p. 253).
Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb yav dhau los ua rau cov ntsiab lus uas feem ntau pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb: M. - qhov kev faib tawm ntawm lub sijhawm, kev sib dhos - kev faib tawm ntawm cov suab. Cov qauv no kuj tau siv rau cov suab paj nruag, tab sis txij li lub sijhawm ntawm M. Hauptmann thiab X. Riemann (hauv Russia thawj zaug hauv phau ntawv kawm ntawm theem pib txoj kev xav los ntawm GE Konyus, 1892), qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov lus no tau kov yeej, uas. yog zoo ib yam nrog lub suab. Kuv tsim suab paj nruag thiab paj huam nyob rau theem ntawm lawv cais hav zoov. "Rhythmic" paj huam, zoo li lwm yam, txawv ntawm prose nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam lub suab. kev txiav txim, uas kuj tau txais lub npe loj los yog M. (lub sij hawm twb pom nyob rau hauv G. de Macaux, 14th caug xyoo), txawm hais tias nws tsis yog hais txog qhov ntsuas ntawm lub sij hawm, tab sis mus rau suav cov suab lus los yog kev ntxhov siab - hais lus ntshiab. cov khoom uas tsis muaj lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm M. tsis nyob hauv qhov zoo nkauj. suab paj nruag tsis tu ncua xws li, tab sis hauv kev hais txog qhov kev sib dhos thiab txhim kho nws txoj kev xav. Nqa ib qho kev pabcuam kev ua haujlwm metric. schemes poob lawv ywj siab zoo nkauj. txaus siab thiab ua neeg pluag thiab ntau monotonous. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau metric verse thiab contrary to the literal meaning of lo lus "versification", ib nqe (kab) tsis muaj cov me me, b.ch. tsis sib npaug, tab sis muab faib ua vaj huam sib luag. Lub npe "dolniki", siv rau cov nqe lus nrog ntau qhov kev ntxhov siab tas li thiab ntau tus lej ntawm cov lus tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab, tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus rau lwm lub tshuab: hauv syllabic. Txhua lub suab yog "dule" nyob rau hauv nqe lus, syllabo-tonic verses, vim qhov tseeb alternation ntawm stressed thiab unstressed syllables, muab faib mus rau hauv zoo tib yam syllabic pab pawg - taw, uas yuav tsum tau muab xam raws li suav qhov, thiab tsis raws li cov nqe lus. Metric units yog tsim los ntawm kev rov ua dua, tsis yog los ntawm kev sib piv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig sib npaug. Accent M., nyob rau hauv sib piv rau ib tug ntau npaum li cas, tsis dominate atherosclerosis thiab ua rau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis meej pem ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, tab sis rau lawv qhov kev tawm tsam, mus txog qhov tsim ntawm A. Bely: kev sib dhos yog qhov sib txawv ntawm M. (uas yog. txuam nrog lub peculiarities ntawm lub syllabic-tonic system, qhov twg, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, lub tiag tiag accentuation deviates los ntawm metric ib). Uniform metric lub tswvyim plays lub luag haujlwm thib ob hauv nqe piv rau kev sib dhos. ntau yam, raws li pov thawj los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm xyoo pua 18th. cov nqe lus dawb, qhov twg cov tswv yim no tsis tuaj ntawm txhua qhov thiab qhov txawv ntawm prose tsuas yog hauv cov duab ntshiab xwb. faib ua kab, uas tsis nyob ntawm syntax thiab tsim ib qho "installation ntawm M."
Ib qho kev hloov pauv zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv suab paj nruag. Mensural atherosclerosis ntawm 11-13 centuries. (lub thiaj li hu ua modal), zoo li antique, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog paj huam (troubadours thiab trouvers) thiab yog tsim los ntawm rov ua ib tug tej yam theem ntawm ncua sij hawm (modus), zoo ib yam li antique taw (feem ntau yog 3 hom, conveyed ntawm no los ntawm niaj hnub sau ntawv: 1-th
, 2nd
thiab 3rd
). Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th, ib theem ntawm cov suab paj nruag, maj mam sib cais los ntawm paj huam, ua dawb, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm polyphony ua rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub sij hawm me me, yog li ntawd tus nqi tsawg tshaj plaws ntawm lub sij hawm thaum ntxov mensural rhythmic semibrevis hloov mus rau hauv "tag nrho cov ntawv. ”, nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo uas yuav luag tag nrho lwm cov ntawv yog tsis ntau, tab sis divisors. Qhov " ntsuas" ntawm lub sij hawm sib raug rau daim ntawv no, cim los ntawm tes strokes (Latin mensura), los yog " ntsuas", muab faib los ntawm strokes ntawm tsawg zog, thiab hais txog. mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th muaj ib tug niaj hnub ntsuas, qhov twg cov neeg ntaus, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau 2 qhov chaw ntawm lub qub kev ntsuas, ib tug ntawm cov uas yuav ua tau ob zaug ntau tshaj li qhov sib npaug, thiab muaj peev xwm muaj ntau tshaj 2 (hauv. qhov xwm txheej feem ntau - 4). Kev hloov pauv tsis tu ncua ntawm qhov muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog (hnyav thiab lub teeb, txhawb nqa thiab tsis txhawb nqa) ntaus suab paj nruag ntawm lub sijhawm niaj hnub no tsim ib lub 'meter', lossis 'meter', zoo ib yam li nqe 'meter' - ib qho kev sib tw zoo. scheme, sau nyob rau hauv ib tug swarm nrog ntau yam kev ceeb toom durations ua ib tug rhythmic. kos duab, los yog "rhythm" nyob rau hauv qhov nqaim.
Ib hom suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog tact, uas coj zoo li suab paj nruag sib cais los ntawm lwm yam txuj ci. Tseem ceeb shortcomings ntawm cov lus pom zoo txog suab paj nruag. M. qia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias daim ntawv keeb kwm no tau lees paub tias muaj nyob hauv suab paj nruag "los ntawm xwm". Kev hloov tsis tu ncua ntawm lub sijhawm hnyav thiab lub teeb yog ntaus nqi rau cov suab paj nruag thaum ub, medieval, lus dab neeg, thiab lwm yam. Qhov no ua rau nws nyuaj heev rau kev nkag siab tsis yog tsuas yog cov suab paj nruag ntawm thaum ntxov eras thiab muses. folklore, tab sis kuj lawv cov kev xav hauv cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv Russia. zaj pl. folklorists siv lub barline los xaiv tsis muaj zog ntaus (uas tsis nyob ntawd), tab sis ciam teb ntawm kab lus; xws li "neeg ntaus" (PP Sokalsky lub sij hawm) feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. prof. suab paj nruag, thiab tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txawv meters (piv txwv li, 11/4 los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov), tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob feem. tripartite, thiab lwm yam. Cov no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 1st fp. concerto thiab Tchaikovsky's 2nd symphony, qhov twg kev saws me nyuam ntawm ib tug barline raws li ib tug lub npe ntawm ib tug muaj zog tuav ua rau ib tug tag nrho distortion ntawm lub rhiab heev. cov qauv. Bar notation npog qhov sib txawv. lub koom haum thiab ntau yam seev cev ntawm West Slavic, Hungarian, Spanish, thiab lwm yam keeb kwm (polonaise, mazurka, polka, bolero, habanera, thiab lwm yam). Cov seev cev no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev muaj cov qauv - ib ntu ntawm cov sijhawm ntev (tso cai hloov pauv hauv qee qhov txwv), cov npoo yuav tsum tsis txhob suav tias yog kev sib dhos. ib tug qauv uas sau qhov ntsuas, tab sis raws li ib tug M. ntawm ib tug quantitative hom. Cov qauv no zoo ib yam li cov metric ko taw. kev txheeb xyuas. Hauv kev seev cev dawb huv. Suab paj nruag sab hnub tuaj. haiv neeg cov qauv tuaj yeem nyuaj ntau dua li hauv nqe lus (saib Usul), tab sis cov ntsiab lus tseem zoo ib yam.
Contrasting melodic (accent ratios) nrog atherosclerosis (ntev ratios-Riemann), uas yog siv tsis tau rau quantitative atherosclerosis, kuj yuav tsum tau hloov kho nyob rau hauv lub accent atherosclerosis ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm. Lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv accent rhythms nws tus kheej ua ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm accentuation, uas manifests nws tus kheej ob leeg nyob rau hauv agogics thiab nyob rau hauv rhythmics. daim duab, txoj kev kawm uas tau pib los ntawm Riemann. Agogic lub sijhawm. accentuation yog raws li qhov tseeb hais tias thaum suav neeg ntaus (uas hloov qhov ntsuas ntawm lub sij hawm raws li M.), lub inter-shock intervals, conventionally coj raws li sib npaug, tuaj yeem ncab thiab ntsws nyob rau hauv qhov dav tshaj qhov txwv. Qhov kev ntsuas raws li ib pawg ntawm kev ntxhov siab, sib txawv ntawm lub zog, tsis nyob ntawm qhov tempo thiab nws cov kev hloov pauv (kev nrawm, deceleration, fermat), ob qho tib si qhia hauv cov ntawv thiab tsis qhia, thiab thaj tsam ntawm tempo ywj pheej tsis tuaj yeem tsim. Formative rhythmic. kos daim ntawv ntev, ntsuas los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm kev faib ib metric. daim phiaj tsis hais lawv qhov tseeb. Lub sijhawm ntev kuj sib raug rau qhov kev sib tw ntawm kev ntxhov siab: raws li txoj cai, lub sijhawm ntev poob rau ntawm cov neeg ntaus muaj zog, cov me me ntawm cov neeg ntaus tsis muaj zog ntawm kev ntsuas, thiab kev sib txawv ntawm qhov kev txiav txim no tau pom tias yog syncopations. Tsis muaj cov qauv zoo li no nyob rau hauv ntau qhov sib dhos; conversely, cov qauv nrog ib tug accented luv caij ntawm hom
(antique iambic, 2nd hom ntawm mensural music),
(Ancient anapaest), thiab lwm yam heev yam ntxwv ntawm nws.
Cov "metrical quality" ntaus nqi los ntawm Riemann rau accent ratios belongs rau lawv tsuas yog los ntawm kev tsim txiaj ntawm lawv tus cwj pwm. Lub barline tsis qhia ib tug accent, tab sis qhov ib txwm qhov chaw ntawm lub accent thiab yog li qhov xwm ntawm lub accents tiag tiag, nws qhia tau hais tias lawv yog ib txwm los yog hloov (syncopes). "Tau" metric. accents feem ntau tsuas yog qhia nyob rau hauv repetition ntawm qhov ntsuas. Tab sis dhau ntawm qhov tseeb tias qhov sib npaug ntawm kev ntsuas hauv lub sijhawm tsis muaj kev hwm, feem ntau muaj kev hloov pauv loj. Yog li, hauv Scriabin's paj huam op. 52 Tsis muaj l rau 49 lub voj voog ntawm cov kev hloov pauv 42. Nyob rau xyoo pua 20th. "free bars" tshwm sim, qhov twg tsis muaj lub sij hawm kos npe thiab bar kab faib cov suab paj nruag rau hauv qhov tsis sib xws. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tejzaum nws yog periodic. repetition nonmetric. accents, uas tsis plam tus cwj pwm ntawm "rhythmic dissonances" (saib Beethoven cov kev tsim loj loj nrog cov suab nrov ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog hauv qhov kawg ntawm 7th symphony, "hla" ob-tua suab paj nruag hauv peb-tuav tuav hauv 1st feem ntawm 3rd symphony thiab lwm yam). Ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm M. hauv hl. nyob rau hauv lub suab, nyob rau hauv ntau rooj plaub nws yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub accompaniment, tab sis tej zaum nws hloov mus rau hauv ib tug series ntawm xav txog tej yam shocks, lub correlation uas muab lub suab tiag tiag ib tug displaced cim.
Lub "kev xav nrog kev xav" yuav tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tab sis thaum pib ntawm Schumann's "Manfred" overture, nws sib nrug los ntawm kev sib raug zoo rau yav dhau los thiab hauv qab no:
Synopation qhov pib kuj tseem ua tau hauv cov kab dawb:
SV Rakhmaninov. Romance "Hmo ntuj hauv kuv lub vaj", op. 38 nr1.
Kev faib mus rau hauv kev ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag cim qhia cov suab paj nruag. lub hom phiaj ntawm tus sau, thiab kev sim ntawm Riemann thiab nws cov thwjtim "kho" tus sau txoj kev npaj raws li qhov tseeb accentuation, qhia txog kev to taub yuam kev ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm M., sib tov ntawm ib qho kev ntsuas nrog lub suab tiag tiag.
Qhov kev hloov pauv no kuj tau coj (tsis yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib piv nrog nqe) mus rau qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm M. mus rau cov qauv ntawm cov kab lus, lub sijhawm, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis los ntawm txhua hom suab paj nruag, tact, raws li cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb, txawv. precisely nyob rau hauv tsis muaj metrics. lus. Hauv nqe lus, tus qhab nia ntawm kev ntxhov siab txiav txim siab qhov chaw ntawm nqe lus ciam teb, inconsistencies rau-rykh nrog syntactic (enjambements) tsim nyob rau hauv nqe lus "rhythmic. kev tsis sib haum xeeb." Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, qhov twg M. tswj tsuas accentuation (predetermined qhov chaw rau qhov kawg ntawm ib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib co seev cev, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub polonaise, yog cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm ntau M.), enjambements yog tsis yooj yim sua, tab sis qhov no muaj nuj nqi yog nqa tawm los ntawm lub polonaise. syncopations, unthinkable nyob rau hauv nqe lus (qhov twg tsis muaj accompaniment, tiag tiag los yog xav, uas yuav contradict lub accentuation ntawm lub ntsiab lub suab). Qhov txawv ntawm paj huam thiab suab paj nruag. M. yog qhia meej meej nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau qhia lawv: nyob rau hauv ib rooj plaub, kev faib ua kab thiab lawv pawg (stanzas), denoting metric. pauses, nyob rau hauv lwm yam - faib mus rau hauv lub voj voog, denoting metric. lus. Kev sib txuas ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab kev sib txuas lus yog vim lub sijhawm muaj zog yog qhov pib ntawm kev ntsuas. units, vim hais tias nws yog ib qho chaw rau kev hloov kev sib haum xeeb, kev ntxhib los mos, thiab lwm yam. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov kab kab raws li "skeletal" los yog "architectural" ciam teb tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej (hauv ib qho me ntsis exaggerated daim ntawv) los ntawm Konus raws li ib tug counterweight rau lub syntactic, " npog" articulation, uas tau txais lub npe "metric" nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Riemann. Catoire kuj tso cai rau qhov tsis sib xws ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cov kab lus (syntactic) thiab "kev tsim" pib thaum muaj zog tense ("trocheus ntawm hom 2" hauv nws cov lus). Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev ntsuas hauv kev tsim kho feem ntau yog ua rau muaj kev nyiam rau "squareness" thiab qhov tseeb kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ntsuas muaj zog thiab tsis muaj zog, nco txog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev sib tw hauv kev ntsuas, tab sis qhov kev xav no (psychophysiologically conditioned) tsis yog metric. norm, muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv muses. syntax uas thaum kawg txiav txim siab qhov loj ntawm kev tsim kho. Txawm li cas los xij, qee zaum kev ntsuas me me tau muab faib ua qhov ntsuas tiag tiag. kev sib sau - "bars ntawm kev txiav txim siab dua", raws li pov thawj los ntawm qhov ua tau ntawm syncope. accents ntawm kev ntsuas tsis muaj zog:
L. Beethoven Sonata rau piano, op. 110, II, p.
Qee lub sij hawm cov kws sau ntawv ncaj qha qhia cov pab pawg ntawm cov tuav; Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tsis tsuas yog square pawg (ritmo di quattro battute) ua tau, tab sis kuj muaj peb-bars (ritmo di tre battute nyob rau hauv Beethoven lub 9th symphony, rythme ternaire nyob rau hauv Duke's Tus Sorcerer's Apprentice). Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov khoob ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm, xaus rau qhov kev ntsuas muaj zog, kuj yog ib feem ntawm cov qauv kev ntsuas ntawm qhov kev txiav txim siab dua, uas yog nquag ntawm Viennese classics, tab sis kuj pom tom qab (F. Liszt, “Mephisto Waltz. "No 1, PI Tchaikovsky, kawg ntawm 1st symphony), nrog rau cov naj npawb ntawm kev ntsuas nyob rau hauv pab pawg (Liszt, "Mephisto Waltz"), thiab lawv cov countdown pib nrog kev ntsuas muaj zog, thiab tsis yog syntactic. ciam teb. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag poetic. M. tsis suav nrog kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm lawv hauv wok. nkauj kho siab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob leeg ntawm lawv muaj cov yam ntxwv sib txawv ntawm qhov ntau ntawm M.: accent nature, auxiliary function and dynamizing function, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais meej meej hauv suab paj nruag, qhov chaw txuas ntxiv M. (uas tshwm sim ib txhij nrog "nruam ntses bass thaj tsam. ", basso continuo) tsis dismember , tab sis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws tsim "ob daim ntawv cog lus" uas tsis tso cai rau cov suab paj nruag poob rau hauv kev xav, kab lus, thiab lwm yam.
References: Sokalsky PP, Lavxias teb sab pej xeem suab paj nruag, Great Lavxias teb sab thiab Me Me, nyob rau hauv nws cov suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag thiab nws txawv los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub harmonic suab paj nruag, Kharkov, 1888; Konyus G., Ntxiv rau kev sau cov dej num, kev tawm dag zog thiab cov lus nug (1001) rau kev kawm txog cov tswv yim suab paj nruag theem qis, M., 1896; tib yam, M.-P., 1924; nws tus kheej, Kev thuam ntawm kev tshawb xav ib txwm nyob hauv kev ua suab paj nruag, M., 1932; Yavorsky B., Structure of music speaks Materials and notes, part 2, M., 1908; nws tus kheej, Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Suab Nkauj, “Art”, 1923, Tsis muaj l (muaj ib qho kev luam tawm); Sabaneev L., Music of speech Aesthetic research, M., 1923; Rinagin A., Systematics ntawm suab paj nruag thiab theoretical paub, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv. De musica Sat. Art., ib. I. Glebova, P., 1923; Mazel LA, Zukkerman VA, Analysis of music works. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm muchyka thiab txoj kev tsom xam ntawm cov ntawv me me, M., 1967; Agarkov O., Ntawm qhov txaus ntawm kev xaav ntawm lub suab paj nruag meter, nyob rau hauv Sat. Musical Art thiab Science, vol. 1, Moscow, 1970; Kholopova V., Cov lus nug ntawm kev sib dhos hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau paj huam ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1971th, M., 1; Harlap M., Rhythm of Beethoven, hauv phau ntawv. Beethoven Sat. st., lus. Xyoo 1971, M., XNUMX. Saib kuj lit. ntawm Art. Kev ntsuas.
MG Kev
