Mensural notation |
los ntawm Latin mensura - mera; tsab ntawv — dimensional notation
Lub kaw lus kaw suab paj nruag siv nyob rau hauv 13th-16th centuries. Tsis zoo li yav dhau los tsis yog lub siab lub ntsws (saib Nevmy), cov npoo qhia tsuas yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev txav ntawm lub suab paj nruag, thiab cov suab paj nruag uas hloov nws, uas tsuas yog qhov siab ntawm lub suab tau qhia, M. n. ua kom nws kho tau ob qho tib si lub suab thiab lub sijhawm kwv yees ntawm lub suab. Qhov no tau los ua qhov tsim nyog nrog kev txhim kho ntawm polyphony, thaum nyob rau hauv motets muaj kev tawm mus los ntawm kev hais lus ib txhij ntawm txhua lub suab ntawm cov ntawv hauv txhua lub suab. M. i. tsim thiab piav qhia los ntawm Johannes de Garlandia, Franco ntawm Cologne, Walter Odington, Hieronymus ntawm Moravia (13th caug xyoo), Philippe de Vitry, de Muris, Marchetto ntawm Padua (14th caug xyoo), Johannes Tinctoris (15th-16th centuries), Francino Gaffori ( 16 c.), ib.
Rau con. 13 c ua. txhawm rau txheeb xyuas lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab thiab nres hauv M. n. Cov cim hauv qab no tau siv (muab los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm lub sijhawm; tag nrho cov ntsiab lus yog Latin):
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th, txawm tias me me sij hawm los siv - minima
(tsawg kawg) thiab semiminima
(ib nrab yam tsawg kawg nkaus).
Qhov suav ntsuas ntawm lub sijhawm thaum xub thawj yog daim ntawv ntev. Muaj ib daim ntawv longa perfecta (zoo meej), sib npaug rau peb brevis, thiab ib daim ntawv longa imperfecta (tsis zoo), sib npaug rau ob brevis. Los ntawm Ser. 14 c ua. cov ntsiab lus ntawm perfecta, ib feem peb faib, thiab imperfecta, ib qho kev faib ob feem, kuj tau txuas ntxiv mus rau qhov sib piv ntawm lwm cov ntawv "cov neeg nyob sib ze" nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm cov ntawv teev sijhawm; tsuas yog cov ntawv duplex longa (tom qab maxima) thiab minima yeej ib txwm muab ob npaug. Cov hom kev sib cais no tau hu ua nplai. Muaj cov npe tshwj xeeb rau cov nplai ntawm txhua lub sijhawm. Yog li, qhov ntsuas longa hu ua modus, brevis scale hu ua tempus, semibrevis scale hu ua prolatio. Tom qab ntawd, daim ntawv brevis tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm suav, sib xws rau niaj hnub. tag nrho cov ntawv; hom ntawm nws cov nplai, piv txwv li tempus perfectum (sib faib ua peb lub semibrevis) thiab tempus imperfectum (sib faib ua ob semibrevis) tau qhia raws li cov cim qhia.
и
; lub npe tom kawg tseem siv niaj hnub no rau qhov loj 4/4. Cov paib no tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov pib ntawm kab suab paj nruag lossis hauv nruab nrab thaum hloov qhov ntsuas. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th chav tsev ntawm kev suav cov sijhawm hauv M. n. los ua tus sau ntawv semibrevis. Nws faib ua peb qhov minima shares tau xaiv los ntawm lub sij hawm prolatio loj (perfecta), ua ob - los ntawm lub sij hawm prolatio minor (imperfecta). Ib qho chaw hauv lub tempus kos npe tau siv los ua ib qho cim tshwj xeeb. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm piav qhia luv luv ntawm tag nrho plaub ntawm cov txheej txheem tom qab siv. hom subordination ntawm durations:
1) brevis thiab semibrevis - tripartite, piv txwv li tempus perfectum, prolatio loj (sau rau niaj hnub ntau thiab tsawg 9/4, 9/8) - kos npe
; 2) brevis - tripartite, semibrevis - bipartite, piv txwv li tempus perfectum, prolatio minor (sib haum rau niaj hnub ntau thiab tsawg 3/4, 3/8) - kos npe
;
3) brevis - ob feem, semibrevis - peb feem, piv txwv li tempus imperfectum, prolatio loj (sau rau niaj hnub ntau thiab tsawg 6/4, 6/8) - kos npe
; 4) brevis - bipartite, semibrevis - bipartite, piv txwv li tempus imperfectum, prolatio minor (sib haum rau niaj hnub ntau thiab tsawg 2/4, 4/4).
Cov paib saum toj no thiab cov ntawv sau tsis tau muab cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg ntawm txhua hom kev sib dhos. lub koom haum ntawm suab. Hauv qhov no, cov cai tau tsim los uas txuas rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb ntawm daim ntawv thiab nruab nrab ntawm cov ntawv uas nws nyob. Yog li, txoj cai imperfectio tau hais tias yog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev faib tripartite ib daim ntawv txuas ntxiv tau ua raws li daim ntawv ntawm ib qho luv luv nyob ib sab, thiab tom qab ntawd rov qab los ntawm qhov ntev tib yam li thawj zaug, lossis yog tias daim ntawv ua raws li ntau tshaj peb daim ntawv. ntawm lub sijhawm luv luv uas nyob ib sab, ces lub sijhawm ntawm daim ntawv no txo qis ib feem peb:
Txoj cai alteratio (kev hloov pauv, kev hloov pauv) tau sau ob npaug ntawm lub sijhawm thib ob ntawm ob daim ntawv uas nyob ib sab ntawm tib lub sijhawm, brevis, tom qab thiab semibrevis, nrog rau kev sib txuas lus tripartite:
Dep. ntau lub suab. Cov ntawv sau feem ntau tau sau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev uas suav cov chav nyob hauv lawv tau sib txawv. Yog li ntawd, thaum txo cov suab rau hauv ib qho tag nrho, kev sib dhos yuav tsum tau ua. hloov dua siab tshiab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov suab kaw nrog lub sijhawm loj dua tau raug "diminutio" (diminutio). Qhov feem ntau yog qhov txo qis ntawm tag nrho cov sij hawm ntawm ib lub suab los ntawm ib nrab (proportio dupla). Nws tau txhais los ntawm ib txoj kab ntsug dhau los ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas - , lossis qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov kos npe - , lossis tus lej 2/1. Lwm hom diminutio kuj tau siv. Kev tshem tawm ntawm qhov diminutio qhia los ntawm cov feem yog ua los ntawm kev txav tus lej thiab tus lej (piv txwv li, 1/2 tom qab 2/1). Diminutio 2/1, xa mus rau txhua lub suab, sawv cev rau qhov yooj yim tempo acceleration.
Vim hais tias daim ntawv thov ntawm hom imperfectio thiab diminutio nyuaj suab paj nruag notation, tau sim ua kom yooj yim rau kev nyeem ntawv los ntawm kev qhia cov cim suab paj nruag tshiab. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau kev hloov ntawm parchment rau ntawv, lawv pib hloov "dub" suab paj nruas cim nrog "dawb". Cov txheej txheem no tshwj xeeb yog khaus hauv Ltalis. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Ntawm no yog cov hauv qab no system ntawm suab paj nruag notation:
Maj mam, cov cim suab paj nruag dub tau tsim los tsim cov semiminims thiab lub sijhawm me me, thiab rau lub sijhawm ncua mus rau fuze thiab semifuze, thawj ntawm ob lub cim. Qhov no system ntawm cov paib tsim lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub. sau ntawv systems. Twb yog xyoo 15th lawm. feem ntau siv cov ntawv sib npaug ntawm cov ntawv sau, nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. nws kuj tau tsiv mus rau hauv suab paj nruag luam ntawv. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, subordination ntawm ncua sij hawm nyob rau hauv relation mus l : 2 prevailed nyob txhua qhov chaw; nws cim qhov kev tsis lees paub ntawm M. n. thiab kev hloov mus rau niaj hnub sau ntawv system.
References: Saketti LA, Essay txog keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag, St. Petersburg, 1912; Gruber RI, Keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, vol. 1, ntu 2, M.-L., 1941; Bellermann H., Die Mensuralnoten und Takteeichen des XV. thiab XVI. Jahrhunderts, W., 1858, 1963; Jacobsthal G., Die Mensuralnotenschrift des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts, B., 1871; Riemann, H. Studien zur Geschichte der Notenschrift, Lpz., 1878; Wolf J., Geschichte der Mensuralnotation von 1250-1460, Bd 1-3, Lpz., 1904, Hildesheim-Wiesbaden, 1965; tib, Handbuch der Notationskunde, Bd 1, Lpz., 1913; nws, Die Tonschriften, Breslau, 1924; Chybinski A., Teoria mensuralna…, Kr., 1910; Michalitschke AM, Studien zur Enstehung und Fhrhentwicklung der Mensuralnotation, “ZfMw”, 1930, Jahrg. 12, H.5; Rarrish C., Cov ntawv sau ntawm polyphonie music, NY, 1958; Fischer K. v., Zur Entwicklung der italienischen Trecento-Notation, “AfMw”, 1959, Jahrg. 16; Apel W., Die Notation der polyphonen Musik, 900-1600, Lpz., 1962; Genther R., Die Mensuralnotation des Ars nova, “AfMw”, 1962-63. (Jahrg. 20), H. 1.
VA Vakhromeev
