Arcangelo Corelli (Arcangelo Corelli) |

Arcangelo Corelli

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau nkauj Italian zoo tshaj plaws thiab tus kws ntaus nkauj hu nkauj A. Corelli tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau cov suab paj nruag nyob sab Europe ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX - thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, nws tau raug suav hais tias yog tus tsim ntawm Italian violin tsev kawm ntawv. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm tom ntej, suav nrog JS Bach thiab GF Handel, muaj nuj nqis heev rau Corelli's instrumental compositions. Nws tau qhia nws tus kheej tsis yog tsuas yog tus kws sau nkauj thiab tus kws ntaus nkauj zoo nkauj xwb, tab sis kuj yog tus kws qhia ntawv (Lub tsev kawm ntawv Corelli muaj tag nrho cov galaxy ntawm tus tswv ci ntsa iab) thiab tus neeg xyuas pib (nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm ntau yam cuab yeej cuab tam). Creativity Corelli thiab nws ntau yam kev ua ub no tau qhib nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag hom.

Me ntsis paub txog Corelli lub neej thaum ntxov. Nws tau txais nws thawj zaj nkauj ntawm ib tug pov thawj. Tom qab hloov ntau tus kws qhia ntawv, Corelli thaum kawg xaus rau hauv Bologna. Lub nroog no yog qhov chaw yug ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo kawg li Italian composers, thiab nyob rau hauv muaj, pom tau hais tias, ib tug txiav txim siab lub neej yav tom ntej txoj hmoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais suab paj nruag. Hauv Bologna, Corelli kawm nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm tus kws qhia nto moo J. Benvenuti. Qhov tseeb hais tias twb nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas Corelli ua tau zoo heev nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev ua si violin yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv 1670, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 17 xyoo, nws tau txais mus rau lub nto moo Bologna Academy. Nyob rau hauv 1670s Corelli tsiv mus rau Rome. Ntawm no nws ua si nyob rau hauv ntau yam orchestral thiab chamber ensembles, coj ib co ensembles, thiab dhau los ua ib tug pawg ntseeg bandmaster. Nws yog paub los ntawm Corelli cov ntawv uas nyob rau hauv 1679 nws nkag mus rau hauv kev pab cuam ntawm poj huab tais Christina ntawm Sweden. Raws li ib tug kws ntaus suab paj nruag orchestra, nws kuj tau koom nrog hauv kev sau ntawv - sau sonatas rau nws tus kheej. Corelli thawj txoj haujlwm (12 pawg ntseeg trio sonatas) tau tshwm sim hauv 1681. Nyob rau nruab nrab-1680s. Corelli tau nkag mus rau qhov kev pabcuam ntawm Roman Cardinal P. Ottoboni, qhov chaw uas nws nyob mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej. Tom qab xyoo 1708, nws tau so haujlwm los ntawm kev hais lus rau pej xeem thiab tsom mus rau tag nrho nws lub zog ntawm kev muaj tswv yim.

Corelli's compositions muaj tsawg tsawg tus naj npawb: nyob rau hauv 1685, tom qab thawj opus, nws chamber trio sonatas op. 2, 1689 – 12 church trio sonatas op. 3, xyoo 1694 – Chamber trio sonatas op. 4, nyob rau hauv 1700 - chamber trio sonatas op. 5. Thaum kawg, hauv 1714, tom qab Corelli tuag, nws concerti grossi op. tau luam tawm hauv Amsterdam. 6. Cov ntawv sau no, nrog rau ntau qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tus kheej, tsim cov keeb kwm ntawm Corelli. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog npaj rau bowed string instruments (violin, viola da gamba) nrog lub harpsichord los yog lub cev raws li cov cuab yeej nrog.

Creativity Corelli suav nrog 2 hom tseem ceeb: sonatas thiab concertos. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Corelli txoj hauj lwm uas ib hom ntawv sonata tau tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas nws yog yam ntxwv ntawm lub preclassical era. Corelli's sonatas tau muab faib ua 2 pawg: pawg ntseeg thiab chamber. Lawv txawv ob qho tib si hauv cov neeg ua yeeb yam (cov khoom nruab nrog hauv lub tsev teev ntuj sonata, lub harpsichord nyob rau hauv lub chamber sonata), thiab cov ntsiab lus (lub tsev teev ntuj sonata yog txawv los ntawm nws nruj thiab qhov tob ntawm cov ntsiab lus, lub chamber ib yog nyob ze rau lub tsev teev ntuj sonata. seev cev suite). Lub instrumental muaj pes tsawg leeg uas xws li sonatas tau tsim muaj xws li 2 suab paj nruag (2 nkauj laus ncas) thiab accompaniment (organ, harpsichord, viola da gamba). Yog vim li cas lawv thiaj hu ua trio sonatas.

Corelli's concertos kuj tau dhau los ua qhov tshwm sim zoo heev hauv hom ntawv no. Lub concerto grosso hom muaj nyob ntev ua ntej Corelli. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov forerunners ntawm symphonic suab paj nruag. Lub tswv yim ntawm ib hom ntawv yog ib hom kev sib tw ntawm ib pab pawg ntawm cov twj paj nruag solo (hauv Corelli lub concertos lub luag hauj lwm no yog ua si los ntawm 2 violins thiab cello) nrog ib tug orchestra: lub concerto yog li tsim raws li ib tug alternation ntawm solo thiab tutti. Corelli's 12 concertos, sau nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm lub composer lub neej, tau los ua ib tug ntawm cov brightest nplooj ntawv nyob rau hauv lub instrumental music ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Lawv tseem yog tej zaum cov hauj lwm nrov tshaj plaws ntawm Corelli.

A. Pilgun

Violin yog ib lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub tebchaws tuaj. Nws yug los nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX thiab tau ntev tau muaj nyob hauv cov neeg xwb. "Kev siv violin thoob plaws hauv pej xeem lub neej yog pom tseeb los ntawm ntau cov duab kos thiab kos duab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Lawv cov phiaj xwm yog: violin thiab cello nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm wandering musicians, nyob deb nroog violinists, lom zem cov neeg ntawm fairs thiab squares, nyob rau hauv festivals thiab seev cev, nyob rau hauv taverns thiab taverns. Tus nkauj laus ncas txawm evoked tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau nws: “Koj ntsib ob peb tus neeg uas siv nws, tshwj tsis yog rau cov uas ua neej nyob los ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm. Nws yog siv rau kev seev cev ntawm kev ua tshoob, masquerades, "sau Philibert Iron Leg, tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag Fabkis thiab kws tshawb fawb hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX.

Kev saib tsis taus ntawm lub violin raws li cov cuab yeej siv dag zog hauv pej xeem yog tshwm sim hauv ntau cov lus thiab cov lus hais. Hauv Fab Kis, lo lus violon (violin) tseem siv los ua lus foom, lub npe ntawm tus neeg tsis muaj txiaj ntsig, tus neeg ruam; hauv lus Askiv, lub violin hu ua fiddle, thiab pej xeem violinist hu ua fiddler; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kab lus no muaj lub ntsiab lus tsis zoo: cov lus qhia fiddlefaddle txhais tau tias - hais lus tsis muaj nuj nqis, hais lus; fiddlingmann txhais tias yog tub sab.

Nyob rau hauv pej xeem kos duab, muaj craftsmen zoo ntawm cov wandering musicians, tab sis keeb kwm tsis khaws lawv cov npe. Tus thawj violinist paub peb yog Battista Giacomelli. Nws nyob hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX thiab nyiam lub koob meej tshwj xeeb. Tam sim no tsuas yog hu nws il violino.

Cov tsev kawm violin loj tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua XNUMX hauv tebchaws Ltalis. Lawv tau tsim maj mam thiab tau txuam nrog ob lub suab paj nruag hauv lub tebchaws no - Venice thiab Bologna.

Venice, lub koom pheej ua lag luam, tau nyob ntev lub neej tsis zoo hauv nroog. Muaj qhib ua yeeb yam. Cov yeeb yuj carnivals tau teeb tsa rau ntawm cov squares nrog kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam, cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag tau qhia lawv cov duab thiab feem ntau raug caw mus rau cov tsev patrician. Lub violin pib pom thiab txawm nyiam rau lwm yam twj paj nruag. Nws suab zoo heev hauv chav ua yeeb yam, nrog rau cov hnub so hauv tebchaws; nws nyiam sib txawv ntawm lub qab zib tab sis nyob ntsiag to viola los ntawm kev nplua nuj, kev zoo nkauj thiab tag nrho ntawm cov ntoo, nws suab zoo solo thiab nyob rau hauv lub orchestra.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv Venetian tau tsim nyob rau xyoo kaum ob ntawm xyoo 1629th. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws lub taub hau, Biagio Marini, lub hauv paus ntawm solo violin sonata ib hom ntawv tau tso. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Venetian tau nyob ze rau pej xeem kos duab, txaus siab siv rau hauv lawv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua si pej xeem violinists. Yog li, Biagio Marini tau sau (XNUMX) "Ritornello quinto" rau ob lub violins thiab quitaron (ie bass lute), nco txog cov suab paj nruag pej xeem, thiab Carlo Farina hauv "Capriccio Stravagante" siv ntau yam kev cuam tshuam onomatopoeic, qiv lawv los ntawm kev xyaum taug kev. cov kws ntaus nkauj. Nyob rau hauv Capriccio, lub violin ua raws li cov dev barking, meowing ntawm miv, quaj ntawm ib tug qaib, cackling ntawm ib tug qaib, whistling ntawm marching tub rog, thiab lwm yam.

Bologna yog qhov chaw ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm Ltalis, qhov chaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kos duab, lub nroog ntawm kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv Bologna ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm tib neeg txoj kev ntseeg tseem muaj, cov kev cai ntawm Renaissance lig nyob rau, yog li ntawd lub tsev kawm ntawv violin tsim ntawm no yog qhov txawv ntawm Venetian. Lub Bolognese nrhiav kom muab lub suab qhia rau cov suab paj nruag, txij li tib neeg lub suab tau suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Lub violin yuav tsum tau hu nkauj, nws zoo li ib tug soprano, thiab txawm tias nws cov npe raug txwv rau peb txoj haujlwm, uas yog, qhov ntau ntawm cov poj niam lub suab siab.

Lub tsev kawm ntawv Bologna violin suav nrog ntau tus kws ntaus nkauj ua yeeb yaj kiab - D. Torelli, J.-B. Bassani, J.-B. Vitali. Lawv txoj haujlwm thiab kev txawj ntse tau npaj qhov nruj, zoo nkauj, zoo nkauj heev, uas pom nws qhov kev qhia siab tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Arcangelo Corelli.

Corelli… Leej twg yog tus violinists tsis paub lub npe no! Cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag thiab tsev kawm qib siab kawm nws cov sonatas, thiab nws Concerti grossi tau ua nyob rau hauv cov chav tsev ntawm lub zej zog philharmonic los ntawm cov masters nto moo. Nyob rau hauv 1953, tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no ua kev zoo siab rau 300th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub yug ntawm Corelli, txuas nws ua hauj lwm nrog lub loj tshaj conquests ntawm Italian kos duab. Thiab qhov tseeb, thaum koj xav txog nws, koj tsis tuaj yeem sib piv cov suab paj nruag dawb huv thiab zoo nkauj uas nws tau tsim nrog kev kos duab ntawm sculptors, architects thiab painters ntawm Renaissance. Nrog lub tswv yim yooj yim ntawm pawg ntseeg sonatas, nws zoo li cov duab ntawm Leonardo da Vinci, thiab nrog lub ci ntsa iab, lub siab dawb paug thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm chamber sonatas, nws zoo li Raphael.

Thaum nws lub neej, Corelli nyiam lub koob meej thoob ntiaj teb. Kuperin, Handel, J.-S. nyo hau ua ntej nws. Bach; tiam ntawm violinists kawm ntawm nws sonatas. Rau Handel, nws sonatas tau los ua tus qauv ntawm nws txoj haujlwm; Bach qiv los ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus rau fugues thiab tshuav ntau heev rau nws nyob rau hauv melodiousness ntawm violin style ntawm nws tej hauj lwm.

Corelli yug thaum Lub Ob Hlis 17, 1653 hauv lub nroog me ntawm Romagna Fusignano, nyob ib nrab ntawm Ravenna thiab Bologna. Nws niam nws txiv tau koom nrog cov neeg kawm ntawv thiab cov neeg muaj nyiaj nyob hauv nroog. Ntawm Corelli cov poj koob yawm txwv muaj ntau tus pov thawj, kws kho mob, kws tshawb fawb, kws lij choj, kws sau paj huam, tab sis tsis yog ib tus kws ntaus nkauj!

Corelli txiv tuag ib hlis ua ntej Arcangelo yug; nrog rau plaub tug tij laug, nws tau tsa los ntawm nws niam. Thaum tus tub hlob hlob tuaj, nws niam coj nws mus rau Faenza kom tus pov thawj hauv zos muab nws thawj zaj nkauj rau nws. Cov chav kawm txuas ntxiv hauv Lugo, tom qab ntawd hauv Bologna, qhov twg Corelli tau xaus rau xyoo 1666.

Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm txog lub sijhawm no ntawm nws lub neej yog qhov tsawg heev. Nws tsuas yog paub tias hauv Bologna nws tau kawm nrog violinist Giovanni Benvenuti.

Lub xyoo ntawm Corelli txoj kev kawm ua ke nrog rau hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Bolognese violin tsev kawm ntawv. Nws tus tsim, Ercole Gaibara, yog tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Giovanni Benvenuti thiab Leonardo Brugnoli, uas nws cov txuj ci siab tsis tuaj yeem tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov tub ntxhais suab paj nruag. Arcangelo Corelli yog ib tug neeg niaj hnub ntawm cov neeg sawv cev zoo nkauj ntawm Bolognese violin art li Giuseppe Torelli, Giovanni Battista Bassani (1657-1716) thiab Giovanni Battista Vitali (1644-1692) thiab lwm yam.

Bologna yog nto moo tsis tsuas yog rau violinists. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Domenico Gabrielli tau tso lub hauv paus ntawm cello solo suab paj nruag. Muaj plaub qhov kev kawm hauv nroog - cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam uas nyiam cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm rau lawv cov rooj sib tham. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm lawv - Philharmonic Academy, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1650, Corelli tau txais thaum muaj hnub nyoog 17 xyoo ua ib tug tag nrho.

Qhov twg Corelli nyob ntawm 1670 txog 1675 tsis paub meej. Nws biography yog contradictory. J.-J. Rousseau tshaj tawm tias xyoo 1673 Corelli tau mus xyuas Paris thiab qhov ntawd nws muaj kev sib cav loj nrog Lully. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Pencherle tsis lees paub Rousseau, sib cav tias Corelli tsis tau mus rau Paris. Padre Martini, yog ib tus kws ntaus nkauj nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, qhia tias Corelli tau siv xyoo no hauv Fusignano, "tab sis txiav txim siab, txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li nws lub siab nyiam thiab, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm ntau tus phooj ywg, mus rau Rome, qhov twg nws kawm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm tus naas ej Pietro Simonelli, nrog tau txais cov kev cai ntawm counterpoint nrog zoo heev yooj yim, ua tsaug uas nws tau los ua ib tug zoo heev thiab tiav composer.

Corelli tau tsiv mus rau Rome xyoo 1675. Qhov xwm txheej ntawd nyuaj heev. Thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX-XNUMXth, Ltalis tau dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav thiab tau poob nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv. Interventionist nthuav dav los ntawm Austria, Fabkis, thiab Spain tau ntxiv rau kev sib cav hauv pej xeem. Lub teb chaws tawg, kev tsov kev rog tsis tu ncua ua rau txo qis hauv kev lag luam, kev lag luam stagnation, thiab kev txom nyem ntawm lub teb chaws. Hauv ntau thaj chaw, kev txiav txim ntawm feudal tau rov qab los, cov neeg tau quaj los ntawm kev xav tsis thoob.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv clerical tau ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feudal. Catholicism nrhiav kom rov tau txais nws lub zog qub ntawm lub siab ntawm lub siab. Nrog rau kev siv zog tshwj xeeb, kev tsis sib haum xeeb tshwm sim lawv tus kheej hauv Rome, qhov chaw ntawm Catholicism. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv lub nroog muaj cov opera zoo nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam, kev sau ntawv thiab suab paj nruag thiab cov khw. Muaj tseeb tiag, cov tub ceev xwm tau tsim txom lawv. Xyoo 1697, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Pope Innocent XII, lub tsev ua yeeb yam loj tshaj plaws hauv Rome, Tor di Nona, raug kaw ua "kev tsis ncaj ncees".

Kev siv zog ntawm pawg ntseeg los tiv thaiv kev txhim kho ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev coj noj coj ua tsis tau ua rau cov txiaj ntsig xav tau rau nws - lub suab paj nruag lub neej tsuas yog pib mloog zoo hauv cov tsev ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa. Thiab ntawm cov txiv plig ib tug tuaj yeem ntsib cov neeg kawm ntawv uas txawv ntawm tib neeg ntiaj teb kev xav thiab tsis muaj txhais tau tias koom nrog cov kev txwv nruj ntawm pawg ntseeg. Ob ntawm lawv - Cardinals Panfili thiab Ottoboni - ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm Corelli.

Hauv Rome, Corelli tau txais txoj haujlwm siab thiab muaj zog sai. Thaum pib, nws ua hauj lwm raws li tus thib ob violinist nyob rau hauv lub orchestra ntawm lub theatre Tor di Nona, ces tus thib peb ntawm plaub violinists nyob rau hauv lub ensemble ntawm Fabkis lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tau ntev nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj thib ob. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 6, 1679, ntawm Capranica Theatre, nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus phooj ywg tus kws sau ntawv Bernardo Pasquini "Dove e amore e pieta". Lub sijhawm no, nws twb raug ntsuas raws li ib tug zoo kawg nkaus, unsurpassed violinist. Cov lus ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm F. Raguenay tuaj yeem ua pov thawj ntawm qhov tau hais tias: "Kuv pom hauv Rome," tus thawj coj hais tias, "hauv tib lub opera, Corelli, Pasquini thiab Gaetano, uas, ntawm chav kawm, muaj cov nkauj laus ncas zoo tshaj plaws. , harpsichord thiab theorbo hauv ntiaj teb. "

Nws yog tau hais tias los ntawm 1679 mus rau 1681 Corelli nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Qhov kev xav no yog qhia los ntawm M. Pencherl, raws li qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv cov xyoo no Corelli tsis tau teev npe raws li ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub orchestra ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Louis. Ntau qhov chaw hais tias nws nyob hauv Munich, ua haujlwm rau Duke of Bavaria, mus xyuas Heidelberg thiab Hanover. Txawm li cas los xij, Pencherl ntxiv, tsis muaj ib qho pov thawj no tau raug pov thawj.

Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo 1681, Corelli tau nyob hauv Rome, feem ntau ua yeeb yam hauv ib lub khw muag khoom ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws ntawm lub nroog Italian - lub salon ntawm Swedish poj huab tais Christina. "Lub Nroog Nyob Mus Ib Txhis," sau Pencherl, "thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tau dhau los ntawm nthwv dej ntawm kev lom zem hauv ntiaj teb. Aristocratic tsev sib tw nrog txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau yam koob tsheej, comedy thiab opera ua yeeb yam, ua yeeb yam ntawm virtuosos. Ntawm cov patrons xws li Prince Ruspoli, Constable of Columns, Rospigliosi, Cardinal Savelli, Duchess ntawm Bracciano, Christina ntawm Sweden sawv tawm, uas, txawm tias nws abdication, tuav tag nrho nws lub yim hli ntuj cawv. Nws txawv los ntawm originality, kev ywj pheej ntawm tus cwj pwm, liveliness ntawm lub siab thiab txawj ntse; Nws feem ntau hu ua "Northern Pallas".

Christina nyob hauv Rome xyoo 1659 thiab ncig nws tus kheej nrog cov kws ua yeeb yam, kws sau ntawv, kws tshawb fawb, kws kos duab. Muaj hmoov zoo loj, nws tau npaj kev ua koob tsheej loj hauv nws lub Palazzo Riario. Feem ntau ntawm Corelli cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm hais txog hnub so uas tau muab los ntawm nws los ntawm kev hwm ntawm Askiv Ambassador uas tuaj txog hauv Rome xyoo 1687 los sib tham nrog tus txiv plig tus sawv cev ntawm King James II, uas tau nrhiav kev kho Catholic hauv tebchaws Askiv. Kev ua koob tsheej tau koom nrog 100 tus neeg hu nkauj thiab lub suab paj nruag ntawm 150 lub suab seev, coj los ntawm Corelli. Corelli mob siab rau nws thawj daim ntawv luam tawm, Kaum Ob Lub Koom Txoos Trio Sonatas, luam tawm xyoo 1681, rau Christina ntawm Sweden.

Corelli tsis tau tawm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Louis thiab txiav txim siab nws nyob rau txhua lub tsev teev ntuj hnub so kom txog rau thaum 1708. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj hmoo yog Lub Xya Hli 9, 1687, thaum nws raug caw mus ua haujlwm ntawm Cardinal Panfili, los ntawm leej twg hauv 1690. Nws hloov mus rau qhov kev pabcuam ntawm Cardinal Ottoboni. Ib tug Venetian, tus xeeb ntxwv ntawm Pope Alexander VIII, Ottoboni yog tus txiv neej kawm ntawv tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm, tus paub txog suab paj nruag thiab paj huam, thiab ib tug neeg siab dawb siab zoo. Nws tau sau zaj nkauj "II Colombo obero l'India scoperta" (1691), thiab Alessandro Scarlatti tau tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab "Statira" ntawm nws libretto.

"Hais qhov tseeb rau koj," Blainville tau sau hais tias, "cov khaub ncaws ua haujlwm tsis haum rau Cardinal Ottoboni zoo heev, uas muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ua kom zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj thiab, pom tau tias, txaus siab los pauv nws cov txiv plig rau cov neeg ntiaj teb. Ottoboni nyiam paj huam, suab paj nruag thiab lub zej zog ntawm cov neeg kawm. Txhua 14 hnub nws npaj cov rooj sib tham (kev kawm) uas cov thawj coj thiab cov kws tshawb fawb ntsib, thiab qhov twg Quintus Sectanus, aka Monsignor Segardi, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nws tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv kuj tswj hwm nws tus nqi rau cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws thiab lwm tus kws ua yeeb yam, ntawm lawv yog tus nto moo Arcangelo Corelli.

Lub tsev teev ntuj cardinal suav ntau dua 30 tus kws ntaus nkauj; raws li kev coj ntawm Corelli, nws tau tsim los ua ib pawg thawj coj. Kev thov thiab rhiab heev, Arcangelo tau ua tiav qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov kev ua si thiab kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov hlab ntsha tawg, uas twb tsis txawv kiag li. "Nws yuav tsum nres lub suab paj nruag sai li sai tau thaum nws pom qhov sib txawv ntawm tsawg kawg ib hneev," nws tus tub kawm Geminiani nco qab. Cov neeg koom tes tau hais txog Ottoboni orchestra ua "suab paj nruag txuj ci tseem ceeb".

Lub Plaub Hlis 26, 1706, Corelli tau txais mus rau Academy ntawm Arcadia, nrhiav tau hauv Rome hauv 1690 - los tiv thaiv thiab qhuas cov paj huam nrov thiab kev hais lus zoo. Arcadia, uas koom ua ke cov thawj coj thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv kev ua kwv tij ntawm sab ntsuj plig, suav nrog nws cov tswv cuab Alessandro Scarlatti, Arcangelo Corelli, Bernardo Pasquini, Benedetto Marcello.

"Ib lub suab paj nruag loj ua si hauv Arcadia hauv qab tus baton ntawm Corelli, Pasquini lossis Scarlatti. Nws indulged nyob rau hauv poetic thiab suab paj nruas improvisations, uas ua rau muaj kev sib tw artistic ntawm poets thiab musicians.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1710, Corelli tau tso tseg kev ua yeeb yam thiab tsuas yog koom nrog hauv kev sib xyaw, ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim "Concerti grossi". Thaum kawg ntawm 1712, nws tau tawm ntawm Ottoboni Palace thiab tsiv mus rau nws lub tsev ntiag tug, qhov chaw uas nws khaws nws tus kheej cov khoom, suab paj nruag thiab ib qho kev sau ntau ntawm cov duab (136 paintings thiab kos duab), uas muaj cov duab los ntawm Trevisani, Maratti, Brueghel, Poussin. toj roob hauv pes Madonna Sassoferrato. Corelli tau kawm tau zoo thiab yog ib tus neeg paub zoo txog kev kos duab.

Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 5, 1713, nws tau sau ib lub siab nyiam, tawm hauv daim duab los ntawm Brueghel rau Cardinal Colonne, ib qho ntawm cov duab ntawm nws xaiv rau Cardinal Ottoboni, thiab tag nrho cov cuab yeej thiab cov ntawv sau ntawm nws cov ntawv sau rau nws tus tub kawm Matteo Farnari. Nws tsis tau hnov ​​​​qab muab nyiaj laus rau lub neej me me rau nws cov tub qhe Pippo (Philippa Graziani) thiab nws tus muam Olympia. Corelli tuag hmo ntawm Lub Ib Hlis 8, 1713. “Nws tuag tu siab rau Rome thiab lub ntiaj teb.” Ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Ottoboni, Corelli tau faus rau hauv Pantheon ntawm Santa Maria della Rotunda ua ib tus kws ntaus nkauj zoo tshaj plaws hauv Ltalis.

"Corelli tus composer thiab Corelli lub virtuoso yog inseparable ntawm ib leeg," sau tus Soviet music historian K. Rosenshield. "Ob leeg tau lees paub lub siab classicism style hauv violin kos duab, sib txuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag nrog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm daim ntawv, Italian kev xav nrog kev ua tiav ntawm qhov tsim nyog, kev pib pib."

Nyob rau hauv Soviet cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Corelli, ntau kev sib txuas ntawm nws cov hauj lwm nrog pej xeem suab paj nruag thiab seev cev tau sau tseg. Nyob rau hauv lub gigues ntawm chamber sonatas, lub rhythms ntawm pej xeem seev cev yuav hnov, thiab lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws solo nkauj laus ncas ua hauj lwm, Folia, yog khoom nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug Spanish-Portuguese pej xeem zaj nkauj uas qhia txog kev hlub tsis zoo siab.

Lwm qhov chaw ntawm cov duab suab paj nruag crystallized nrog Corelli nyob rau hauv hom ntawm pawg ntseeg sonatas. Cov hauj lwm ntawm nws tau sau nrog majestic pathos, thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm fugue allegro cia siab tias fugues ntawm J.-S. Bach. Zoo li Bach, Corelli piav qhia hauv sonatas txog kev paub txog tib neeg. Nws txoj kev xav hauv ntiaj teb no tsis tau tso cai rau nws los ua nws txoj haujlwm rau kev ntseeg.

Corelli tau txawv los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb xav tau ntawm cov suab paj nruag nws tsim. Txawm hais tias nws pib kawm txog kev sau ntawv rov qab rau xyoo 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 6 thiab ua haujlwm hnyav tag nrho nws lub neej, txawm li cas los xij, tawm ntawm txhua yam uas nws tau sau, nws tau luam tawm tsuas yog 1 lub voj voog (opus 6-12), uas ua rau lub tsev sib haum xeeb ntawm nws. muaj tswv yim cuab yeej cuab tam: 1681 pawg ntseeg trio sonatas (12); 1685 chamber trio sonatas (12); 1689 pawg ntseeg trio sonatas (12); 1694 chamber trio sonatas (6); ib phau ntawm sonatas rau violin solo nrog bass - 6 pawg ntseeg thiab 1700 chamber (12) thiab 6 Grand Concertos (concerto grosso) - 6 pawg ntseeg thiab 1712 chamber (XNUMX).

Thaum cov tswv yim kos duab tau thov nws, Corelli tsis nres ntawm kev ua txhaum txoj cai canonized. Qhov thib ob sau ntawm nws trio sonatas ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Bolognese musicians. Ntau tus ntawm lawv tau tawm tsam tawm tsam qhov "txwv tsis pub" sib npaug thib tsib siv nyob ntawd. Nyob rau hauv teb rau ib tsab ntawv bewildered hais rau nws, txawm hais tias nws txhob txwm ua, Corelli teb caustically thiab liam nws cov neeg tawm tsam tsis paub txog cov kev cai ntawm kev sib haum xeeb: "Kuv tsis pom tias lawv txoj kev paub zoo npaum li cas ntawm kev sau thiab kev hloov pauv, vim yog lawv tau txav mus rau hauv kev kos duab thiab nkag siab txog nws cov subtleties thiab qhov tob, lawv yuav paub tias kev sib haum xeeb yog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas nws muaj peev xwm enchant, elevate tib neeg tus ntsuj plig, thiab lawv yuav tsis yog me ntsis - qhov zoo uas feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm kev tsis paub.

Cov style ntawm Corelli's sonatas tam sim no zoo li txwv thiab nruj. Txawm li cas los, thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm lub composer, nws tej hauj lwm twb perceived txawv. Italian sonatas "Amazing! txoj kev xav, kev xav thiab tus ntsuj plig, - Raguenay tau sau rau hauv cov haujlwm uas tau hais tseg, - cov neeg ua yeeb yaj kiab uas ua rau lawv raug rau lawv lub zog frenzied; lawv tsim txom lawv cov violins. zoo li yog muaj.”

Kev txiav txim los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov biography, Corelli muaj tus cwj pwm sib npaug, uas kuj tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv qhov kev ua si. Txawm li cas los xij, Hawkins hauv Keeb Kwm ntawm Suab paj nruag sau: "Ib tug txiv neej uas pom nws ua si tau thov tias thaum lub sij hawm ua yeeb yam nws ob lub qhov muag tau puv nrog ntshav, ua liab liab, thiab cov tub kawm ntawv tau hloov siab lees txim, zoo li kev mob siab." Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau ntseeg xws li "xim xim" piav qhia, tab sis tej zaum muaj ib qho txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tseeb hauv nws.

Hawkins hais tias ib zaug hauv Rome, Corelli tsis tuaj yeem ua si hauv Handel's Concerto grosso. "Handel sim ua qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig los piav qhia rau Corelli, tus thawj coj ntawm lub suab paj nruag, yuav ua li cas thiab, thaum kawg, tsis ua siab ntev, txeeb lub violin ntawm nws txhais tes thiab ntaus nws tus kheej. Tom qab ntawd Corelli teb nws hauv txoj kev coj ncaj ncees: "Tab sis, nyob zoo Saxon, qhov no yog suab paj nruag ntawm Fabkis style, uas kuv tsis paub." Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub overture "Trionfo del tempo" tau ua si, sau nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Corelli's concerto grosso, nrog ob solo violins. Tiag tiag Handelian nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim, nws yog neeg txawv teb chaws mus rau lub calm, graceful ntawm Corelli qhov kev ua si "thiab nws tsis tau tswj" tua "nrog txaus lub hwj chim no rumbling passages."

Pencherl piav qhia txog lwm qhov xwm txheej zoo sib xws nrog Corelli, uas tuaj yeem nkag siab tsuas yog los ntawm kev nco qab qee yam ntawm Bolognese violin tsev kawm ntawv. Raws li tau hais, Bolognese, suav nrog Corelli, txwv qhov ntau ntawm cov nkauj laus ncas mus rau peb txoj haujlwm thiab tau txhob txwm tshaj tawm ntawm lub siab xav coj cov cuab yeej los ze zog rau lub suab ntawm tib neeg lub suab. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no, Corelli, tus neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm, muaj lub violin tsuas yog hauv peb txoj haujlwm. Ib zaug nws raug caw tuaj rau Naples, mus rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm huab tais. Ntawm qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj, nws tau muab rau ua yeeb yaj kiab violin hauv Alessandro Scarlatti's opera, uas muaj cov ntawv hla nrog cov haujlwm siab, thiab Corelli tsis tuaj yeem ua si. Hauv kev tsis meej pem, nws pib lub aria tom ntej es tsis txhob C me hauv C loj. Scarlatti hais tias "Cia peb ua nws dua." Corelli pib dua hauv qhov loj, thiab tus kws sau nkauj cuam tshuam nws dua. "Cov neeg pluag Corelli txaj muag heev uas nws nyiam ntsiag to rov qab mus rau Rome."

Corelli tau coj tus yam ntxwv hauv nws lub neej. Qhov tsuas yog kev nplua nuj ntawm nws lub tsev yog ib phau ntawm paintings thiab cov cuab yeej, tab sis cov rooj tog muaj xws li armchair thiab cov quav, plaub lub rooj, uas ib tug yog alabaster nyob rau hauv oriental style, ib tug yooj yim txaj tsis muaj ib tug canopy, lub thaj nrog ib tug crucifix thiab ob. lub hauv siab ntawm drawers. Handel qhia tias Corelli feem ntau hnav dub, hnav lub tsho tsaus, ib txwm taug kev thiab tawm tsam yog tias nws tau muab lub tsheb thauj khoom.

Corelli lub neej, feem ntau, ua tau zoo. Nws raug lees paub, nyiam kev hwm thiab hwm. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv kev pab cuam ntawm patrons, nws tsis haus lub khob iab, uas, piv txwv li, mus rau Mozart. Panfili thiab Ottoboni tau dhau los ua cov neeg uas txaus siab rau tus kws tshaj lij tshwj xeeb. Ottoboni yog ib tug phooj ywg zoo ntawm Corelli thiab nws tsev neeg tag nrho. Pencherle quotes cov ntawv ntawm lub cardinal rau legate ntawm Ferrara, nyob rau hauv uas nws tau thov kev pab rau Arcangelo cov kwv tij, uas yog ib tsev neeg uas nws hlub nrog ardent thiab tshwj xeeb rhiab. Nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev khuv leej thiab kev qhuas, nyiaj txiag ruaj ntseg, Corelli tuaj yeem mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau kev muaj tswv yim rau feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej.

Tsawg heev tuaj yeem hais txog Corelli txoj kev qhia, thiab nws tseem yog ib tus kws qhia ntawv zoo heev. Zoo kawg li violinists kawm nyob rau hauv nws, leej twg nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1697 ua rau lub yeeb koob ntawm lub violin art ntawm ltalis - Pietro Locatelli, Francisco Geminiani, Giovanni Battista Somis. Nyob ib ncig ntawm XNUMX, ib tus ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm tseem ceeb, Askiv tus Tswv Edinhomb, tau tshaj tawm cov duab ntawm Corelli los ntawm tus kws kos duab Hugo Howard. Qhov no yog tib daim duab uas twb muaj lawm ntawm tus poj violinist. Cov yam ntxwv loj ntawm nws lub ntsej muag yog majestic thiab calm, ua siab loj thiab txaus siab. Yog li nws tau nyob hauv lub neej, yooj yim thiab txaus siab, ua siab loj thiab tib neeg.

L. Raaben