Anatoly Lyadov |
Anatoly Lyadov
Lyadov. Lullaby (dir. Leopold Stokowski)
… Lyadov coj nws tus kheej mus rau thaj chaw me me - piano thiab orchestral - thiab ua haujlwm rau nws nrog kev hlub zoo thiab kev paub zoo ntawm tus kws kos duab thiab saj, thawj chav jeweler thiab tus tswv ntawm style. Kev zoo nkauj tiag tiag nyob rau hauv nws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws-Lavxias teb sab sab ntsuj plig daim ntawv. B. Asafiev
A. Lyadov belongs rau cov hluas tiam ntawm lub galaxy zoo kawg li ntawm Lavxias teb sab composers ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Nws qhia nws tus kheej li ib tug txawj sau ntawv, tus neeg xyuas pib, tus kws qhia ntawv, suab paj nruag thiab pej xeem cov duab. Nyob rau hauv lub plawv ntawm Lyadov txoj hauj lwm yog dluab ntawm Lavxias teb sab epic thiab zaj nkauj folklore, fairy taleas fantasy, nws yog yus muaj los ntawm lyrics imbued nrog contemplation, ib tug maj mam nkag siab ntawm xwm; nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab comedy. Lyadov lub suab paj nruag yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub teeb, sib luag mus ob peb vas, txwv tsis pub hais txog kev xav, tsuas yog qee zaum cuam tshuam los ntawm kev mob siab rau, kev paub ncaj qha. Lyadov tau them nyiaj zoo rau kev txhim kho ntawm daim duab kos duab: yooj yim, simplicity thiab elegance, sib haum xeeb kev faib ua feem - cov no yog nws cov qauv siab tshaj plaws rau kev kos duab. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm M. Glinka thiab A. Pushkin tau ua haujlwm zoo rau nws. Nws xav tau ntev ntev hauv txhua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov haujlwm uas nws tsim thiab tom qab ntawd sau cov ntsiab lus kom huv si, yuav luag tsis muaj blots.
Lyadov nyiam suab paj nruag daim ntawv yog ib tug me me instrumental los yog vocal piece. Tus kws sau ntawv tso dag hais tias nws tsis tuaj yeem sawv ntau tshaj tsib feeb ntawm suab paj nruag. Tag nrho nws tej hauj lwm yog me me, concise thiab honed nyob rau hauv daim ntawv. Lyadov txoj haujlwm yog me me hauv ntim, cantata, 12 zaj nkauj rau symphony orchestra, 18 cov menyuam zaj nkauj ntawm pej xeem cov lus rau lub suab thiab piano, 4 romances, txog 200 kev npaj ntawm pej xeem cov nkauj, ob peb pawg hu nkauj, 6 chamber instrumental compositions, tshaj 50 daim rau piano. .
Lyadov yug hauv tsev neeg suab paj nruag. Nws txiv yog tus thawj coj ntawm Mariinsky Theatre. Tus tub muaj lub cib fim los mloog cov suab paj nruag symphonic hauv concerts, feem ntau mus xyuas lub tsev ua yeeb yam rau txhua qhov kev xyaum ua thiab ua yeeb yam. “Nws hlub Glinka thiab paub nws los ntawm lub siab. "Rogneda" thiab "Judith" Serov qhuas. Nyob rau theem, nws tau koom nrog cov txheej txheem thiab cov neeg coob coob, thiab thaum nws los txog tsev, nws tau piav txog Ruslan lossis Farlaf nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm daim iav. Nws hnov cov neeg hu nkauj, hu nkauj thiab suab paj nruag txaus, ”N. Rimsky-Korsakov nco qab. Cov txuj ci suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim thaum ntxov, thiab xyoo 1867 Lyadov muaj kaum ib xyoos nkag mus rau St. Petersburg Conservatory. Nws kawm txog kev sau ntawv nrog Rimsky-Korsakov. Txawm li cas los xij, rau kev tsis tuaj kawm ntawv thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv xyoo 1876, nws raug ntiab tawm. Nyob rau hauv 1878, Lyadov nkag mus rau lub conservatory rau lub thib ob lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo ci ntsa iab dhau qhov kev xeem zaum kawg. Raws li kev kawm tiav qib siab, nws tau nthuav tawm suab paj nruag rau qhov kawg ntawm "Tus Mexiyas Poj Niam" los ntawm F. Schiller.
Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 70s. Lyadov ntsib cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog Balakirev. Nov yog yam uas Mussorgsky tau sau txog thawj lub rooj sib tham nrog nws: “… Ib qho tshiab, undoubted, qub thiab Lavxias teb sab Cov tub ntxhais txawj ntse… ” Kev sib txuas lus nrog cov kws ntaus nkauj loj tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim kho ntawm Lyadov. Ntau yam ntawm nws cov kev txaus siab nthuav dav: lub tswv yim thiab kev coj noj coj ua, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev tshawb fawb ntuj, cov ntawv nyeem classic thiab niaj hnub. Qhov kev xav tau tseem ceeb ntawm nws qhov xwm txheej yog kev xav. “Peck tawm ntawm phau ntawv dab tsi Koj yuav tsumthiab txhim kho nws ntawm lojthiab tom qab ntawd koj yuav paub tias nws txhais li cas xav", tom qab ntawd nws tau sau rau ib tus ntawm nws cov phooj ywg.
Los ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1878, Lyadov los ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm St. Petersburg Conservatory, qhov uas nws qhia theoretical qhuab qhia rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam, thiab los ntawm nruab nrab-80s. Nws kuj qhia nyob rau lub Tsev Teev Ntuj hu nkauj. Thaum lub sij hawm 70-80s. Lyadov pib nws txoj hauj lwm raws li ib tug neeg xyuas pib nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag, thiab tom qab ntawd ua tus thawj coj nyob rau hauv pej xeem symphony concerts nrhiav tau los ntawm A. Rubinstein, thiab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab symphony concerts nrhiav tau los ntawm M. Belyaev. Nws qualities raws li ib tug neeg xyuas pib tau muaj nuj nqis heev los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, Rubinstein, G. Laroche.
Lyadov cov suab paj nruag sib txuas tau nthuav dav. Nws ntsib P. Tchaikovsky, A. Glazunov, Laroche, los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Belyaevsky Fridays. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws tau nto moo raws li ib tug composer. Txij li thaum 1874, Lyadov thawj tej hauj lwm tau luam tawm: 4 romances, op. 1 thiab "Spikers" op. 2 (1876). Romances hloov mus ua Lyadov tsuas yog kev paub hauv hom ntawv no; lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm "Kuchkists". "Spikers" yog Lyadov thawj lub piano muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas yog ib tug series ntawm me me, ntau yam pieces, ua ke mus rau hauv ib tug tag nrho voj voog. Twb tau ntawm no Lyadov tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev nthuav qhia yog txiav txim siab - intimacy, lightness, elegance. Mus txog rau thaum ntxov 1900s. Lyadov sau thiab luam tawm 50 opuses. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog cov piano me me: intermezzos, arabesques, preludes, impromptu, etudes, mazurkas, waltzes, thiab lwm yam. Lub Suab paj nruag Snuffbox tau yeej qhov chaw dav, uas cov duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb puppet-khoom ua si tau tsim dua tshiab nrog cov kev paub tshwj xeeb thiab kev txawj ntse. Ntawm cov preludes, Prelude hauv B minor op. sawv tawm tshwj xeeb. 11, lub suab paj nruag uas yog ze heev rau pej xeem tune "Thiab dab tsi nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog phem" los ntawm M. Balakirev sau "40 Lavxias teb sab Folk Songs".
Cov hauj lwm loj tshaj plaws rau piano suav nrog 2 lub voj voog ntawm kev hloov pauv (ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm Glinka's romance "Venetian Night" thiab ntawm lub ntsiab lus Polish). Ib qho ntawm cov yeeb yam nto moo tshaj plaws yog ballad "Hais txog kev qub txeeg qub teg". Txoj haujlwm no yog nyob ze rau nplooj ntawv epic ntawm Glinka's Opera "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" thiab "Bogatyrskaya" symphony los ntawm A. Borodin. Thaum nyob rau hauv 1906 Lyadov ua ib tug orchestral version ntawm lub ballad "Hais txog lub qub hnub", V. Stasov, tau hnov nws, qw hais tias: "Qhov tiag. accordions Koj sculpted ntawm no. "
Thaum kawg ntawm 80s. Lyadov tig mus rau suab paj nruag thiab tsim 3 phau ntawv ntawm cov menyuam yaus cov nkauj raws li cov ntawv ntawm pej xeem cov lus tso dag, dab neeg dab neeg, choruses. C. Cui hu cov nkauj no "cov hlaws me me hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws, ua tiav tiav."
Txij li thaum kawg ntawm 90s. Lyadov mob siab rau kev ua cov nkauj pej xeem sau los ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm Geographical Society. 4 collections rau lub suab thiab piano sawv tawm tshwj xeeb. Ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm Balakirev thiab Rimsky-Korsakov, Lyadov dav siv cov tswv yim ntawm subvocal polyphony. Thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no ntawm suab paj nruas creativity, ib tug raug Lyadov zoo tshwm sim - intimacy (nws siv tsawg kawg nkaus tus naj npawb ntawm cov suab uas tsim ib lub teeb pob tshab ntaub).
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Lyadov dhau los ua ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj thiab tso cai Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag. Nyob rau ntawm lub conservatory, tshwj xeeb theoretical thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg cov chav kawm dhau mus rau nws, ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm yog S. Prokofiev, N. Myaskovsky, B. Asafiev, thiab lwm yam. Lyadov tus cwj pwm nyob rau hauv 1905, thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm kev tsis sib haum, yuav hu ua siab tawv thiab noble. Nyob deb ntawm kev nom kev tswv, nws tsis muaj cai tau koom nrog pawg thawj coj ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv uas tawm tsam tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm RMS. Tom qab nws raug tshem tawm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory, Lyadov, ua ke nrog Glazunov, tshaj tawm nws tawm ntawm nws cov xibfwb.
Nyob rau hauv 1900s Lyadov hloov tsuas yog rau symphonic music. Nws tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm uas txuas ntxiv cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab classics ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Cov no yog cov me me orchestral, cov phiaj xwm thiab cov duab uas tau hais los ntawm pej xeem qhov chaw ("Baba Yaga", "Kikimora") thiab kev xav txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov xwm txheej ("Magic Lake"). Lyadov hu lawv "cov duab zoo heev." Nyob rau hauv lawv, tus composer ua rau nws kim heev siv cov xim thiab pictorial possibilities ntawm lub orchestra, raws li txoj kev ntawm Glinka thiab cov composers ntawm lub Mighty Handful. Ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb yog nyob hauv "Yim Lavxias Folk Songs rau Orchestra", uas Lyadov txawj siv cov suab paj nruag tiag tiag - epic, lyrical, seev cev, ua yeeb yam, seev cev, qhia txog ntau yam ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig ntawm ib tug neeg Lavxias.
Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Lyadov tau pom muaj kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv tshiab thiab kev kos duab, thiab qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Nws sau suab paj nruag rau kev ua si los ntawm M. Maeterlinck "Muam Beatrice", symphonic duab "Los ntawm Apocalypse" thiab "Sorrowful Song for Orchestra". Ntawm cov tswv yim tshiab ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yog tus ntaus pob "Leila thiab Alalei" thiab cov duab symphonic "Kupala Hmo" raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. Remizov.
Lub xyoo kawg ntawm lub composer lub neej tau overshadowed los ntawm lub iab ntawm kev poob. Lyadov mob hnyav heev thiab chim siab heev los ntawm kev poob ntawm cov phooj ywg thiab cov neeg koom tes: ib tug los ntawm ib tug, Stasov, Belyaev, Rimsky-Korsakov tuag. Nyob rau hauv 1911, Lyadov raug mob hnyav, uas nws tsis tuaj yeem rov zoo tag nrho.
Ib qho pov thawj zoo ntawm kev lees paub ntawm Lyadov qhov txiaj ntsig yog kev ua koob tsheej xyoo 1913 ntawm 35th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim. Ntau yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tseem nrov thiab nyiam los ntawm cov neeg mloog.
A. Kuznetsova
