Guillaume Dufay |

William Dufay

Franco-Flemish composer, ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm Dutch polyphonic tsev kawm ntawv (saib. Dutch tsev kawm ntawv). Nws raug coj los rau hauv ib lub tsev teev ntuj (tsev kawm ntawv lub tsev teev ntuj) ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Cambrai, nws hu nkauj rau cov tub hluas txoj kev cia siab; kawm txog kev sib xyaw nrog P. de Loqueville thiab H. Grenon. Thawj cov ntawv sau (motet, ballad) tau sau thaum Dufay nyob hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Malatesta da Rimini hauv Pesaro (1420-26). Nyob rau hauv 1428-37 nws yog ib tug hu nkauj nyob rau hauv lub papal hu nkauj nyob rau hauv Rome, mus xyuas ntau lub nroog nyob rau hauv ltalis (Rome, Turin, Bologna, Florence, thiab lwm yam), Fabkis, thiab lub Duchy ntawm Savoy. Tau txais kev txiav txim dawb huv, nws nyob hauv lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Duke of Savoy (1437-44). Ib ntus rov qab mus rau Cambrai; Tom qab 1445 nws nyob qhov ntawd mus tas li, saib xyuas txhua yam kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj.

Dufay tau tsim ib hom ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm Dutch polyphony - 4-lub suab loj. Cantus firmus, noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub tenor ib feem thiab uniting tag nrho cov seem ntawm pawg, feem ntau yog qiv los ntawm nws los ntawm pej xeem los yog secular nkauj ("Nws lub ntsej muag me ntsis tig daj ntseg" - "Se la face au pale", ca. 1450). 1450-60s - qhov kawg ntawm Dufay txoj haujlwm, lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim cov haujlwm loj cyclic - pawg. 9 tag nrho pawg tau paub, nrog rau kev sib cais ntawm pawg, motets (sab ntsuj plig thiab secular, solemn, motets-songs), suab paj nruag secular polyphonic compositions - Fabkis chanson, Italian nkauj, thiab lwm yam.

Hauv Dufay lub suab paj nruag, lub tsev khaws khoom chord tau piav qhia, kev sib raug zoo tonic-dominant tshwm sim, cov kab melodic ua kom pom tseeb; qhov tshwj xeeb nyem ntawm lub suab paj nruag sab saud yog ua ke nrog kev siv imitation, canonical cov txheej txheem ze rau pej xeem suab paj nruag.

Kev kos duab ntawm Dufay, uas nqus tau ntau yam kev ua tiav ntawm Askiv, Fabkis, Italian suab paj nruag, tau txais kev lees paub nyob sab Europe thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev txhim kho tom ntej ntawm Dutch polyphonic tsev kawm ntawv (txog Josquin Despres). Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv Bodleian hauv Oxford muaj cov ntawv sau ntawm 52 Italian plays los ntawm Dufay, uas 19 3-4-lub suab chansons tau luam tawm los ntawm J. Steiner hauv Sat. Dufay thiab nws cov neeg kawm tiav (1899).

Dufay tseem hu ua tus hloov kho ntawm cov suab paj nruag (nws tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev qhia sau ntawv nrog lub taub hau dawb es tsis txhob siv cov ntawv dub yav dhau los). Cov hauj lwm sib cais los ntawm Dufay tau luam tawm los ntawm G. Besseler hauv nws cov hauj lwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag medieval, thiab tseem muaj nyob rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab "Denkmaler der Tonkunst hauv Österreich" (VII, XI, XIX, XXVII, XXXI).