Tonality |

Fabkis tonalite, German. Tonalitat, kuj Tonart

1) Altitude txoj hauj lwm ntawm hom (txiav txim los ntawm IV Sposobina, 1951, raws li lub tswv yim ntawm BL Yavorsky; piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv C-dur "C" yog lub npe ntawm qhov siab ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hom, thiab "dur" - "loj" - hom yam ntxwv).

2) Hierarchical. centralized system ntawm functionally sib txawv qhov siab sib txuas; T. nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no yog kev sib sau ntawm hom thiab qhov tseeb T., piv txwv li, lub tonality (nws yog assumed tias lub T. yog localized ntawm ib tug tej qhov siab, li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub lub sij hawm yog to taub txawm tsis muaj xws li localization, kiag li coinciding nrog lub tswvyim ntawm hom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws lit-re). T. nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ancient monody (saib: Lbs J., "Tonalnosc melodii gregorianskich", 1965) thiab suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. (Saib, piv txwv li: Rufer J., “Die Zwölftonreihe: Träger einer neuen Tonalität”, 1951).

3) Hauv txoj kev nqaim, tshwj xeeb. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm T. yog ib qho system ntawm functionally sib txawv suab sib txuas, hierarchically centralized raws li ib tug consonant triad. T. nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no yog tib yam li "harmonic tonality" yam ntxwv ntawm classical-romantic. kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub 17th-19th centuries; nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj ntau T. thiab txhais. systems ntawm lawv correlation nrog ib leeg (systems of T.; saib Circle of Fifths, Relationship of Keys).

Lub npe hu ua "T." (hauv qhov nqaim, kev txiav txim siab tshwj xeeb) cov qauv - loj thiab me - tuaj yeem xav txog thaum sawv ntawm qhov sib npaug nrog lwm hom (Ionian, Aeolian, Phrygian, txhua hnub, pentatonic, thiab lwm yam); Qhov tseeb, qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv yog qhov zoo heev uas nws yog qhov tseeb terminological heev. kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov loj thiab me raws li kev sib haum xeeb. monophonic tonal. fret. Tsis zoo li monodic. frets, loj thiab me T.. yog muaj nyob rau hauv ext. dynamism thiab kev ua ub no, kev siv zog ntawm lub hom phiaj kev txav mus los, qhov zoo tshaj plaws rationally hloov centralization thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Raws li cov khoom no, lub suab nrov (tsis zoo li cov qauv monodic) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov pom tseeb thiab muaj kev nyiam mus tas li rau qhov chaw ntawm hom ("kev ua nyob deb", SI Taneev; tonic dominates qhov twg nws tsis suab); tsis tu ncua (metric) hloov ntawm cov chaw hauv zos (cov kauj ruam, kev ua haujlwm), tsis tsuas yog tshem tawm qhov nruab nrab lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, tab sis paub txog nws thiab ua kom nws mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws; dialectical qhov piv ntawm cov abutment thiab cov tsis ruaj khov (tshwj xeeb, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib tug system, nrog rau lub dav gravitation ntawm lub VII degree nyob rau hauv kuv, lub suab ntawm lub I degree tej zaum yuav attracted rau lub VII). Vim lub zog attraction rau qhov chaw ntawm lub harmonic system. T., raws li nws yog, absorbed lwm hom raws li cov kauj ruam, "internal hom" (BV Asafiev, "Suab paj nruag daim ntawv raws li ib tug txheej txheem", 1963, p. 346; cov kauj ruam - Dorian, lub qub Phrygian hom nrog ib tug loj tonic raws li ib tug Phrygian tig los ua ib feem ntawm kev sib haum xeeb me, thiab lwm yam). Yog li, qhov loj thiab me dav dav dav rau cov qauv uas ua ntej lawv keeb kwm, ua tib lub sij hawm lub ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm lub koom haum modal. Lub dynamism ntawm lub tonal system yog indirectly txuas nrog cov xwm ntawm European xav nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub Age (tshwj xeeb, nrog rau cov tswv yim ntawm Enlightenment). "Modality sawv cev, qhov tseeb, ruaj khov, thiab tonality pom lub ntiaj teb zoo" (E. Lovinsky).

Hauv T. system, ib qho T. cais tau txais qhov tseeb. ua haujlwm hauv dynamic harmonic. thiab colorist. kev sib raug zoo; Txoj haujlwm no yog txuam nrog cov tswv yim dav dav txog tus cwj pwm thiab xim ntawm lub suab. Yog li, C-dur, lub suab "central" hauv lub cev, zoo li ntau "yooj yim", "dawb". Cov kws ntaus nkauj, suav nrog cov kws sau nkauj loj, feem ntau muaj lub npe hu ua. Lub rooj sib hais xim (rau NA Rimsky-Korsakov, xim T. E-dur yog ci ntsuab, pastoral, xim ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav birches, Es-dur yog tsaus, tsaus muag, grey-xiav, lub suab ntawm "lub nroog" thiab "fortresses" ; L Beethoven hu ua h-moll "dub tonality"), yog li qhov no lossis T. qee zaum cuam tshuam nrog lub ntsiab lus. yuav qhia. qhov xwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag (piv txwv li, WA Mozart's D-dur, Beethoven's c-moll, As-dur), thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom. - nrog kev hloov pauv hloov pauv (piv txwv li, Mozart's motet Ave verum corpus, K.-V. 618, D-dur, hloov mus rau hauv kev npaj ntawm F. Liszt rau H-dur, yog li underwent "romanticization").

Tom qab lub sij hawm ntawm dominance ntawm classical loj-me T. lub tswvyim ntawm "T." kuj yog txuam nrog lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug branched suab paj nruas-logical. qauv, piv txwv li, hais txog ib yam ntawm "txoj cai ntawm kev txiav txim" nyob rau hauv txhua qhov system ntawm kev sib raug zoo. Cov txheej txheem tonal nyuaj tshaj plaws tau los ua (los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th) yog ib qho tseem ceeb, feem ntau siv suab paj nruag. kev nthuav qhia, thiab tonal dramaturgy qee zaum sib tw nrog cov ntawv nyeem, theem, thematic. Ib yam li int. T. lub neej yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev hloov ntawm chords (cov kauj ruam, functions - ib yam ntawm cov "micro-lads"), ib tug tseem ceeb tonal qauv, embodying lub siab tshaj plaws kev sib raug zoo, nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj modulation txav, T hloov. Yog li, tus qauv tonal ntawm tag nrho dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev xav txog kev tsim suab paj nruag. PI Tchaikovsky tau sau tias "Cia cov qauv suab paj nruag zoo dua qub," dua li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag, uas yog nyob ntawm kev hloov kho thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim tonal qauv otd. T. tuaj yeem ua lub luag haujlwm zoo ib yam li cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, e-moll ntawm lub ntsiab lus thib ob ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Prokofiev's 7th sonata rau piano raws li kev xav ntawm E-dur ntawm 2nd txav ntawm sonata tsim ib qho quasi- thematic intonation "arch"-reminiscence ntawm lub voj voog tag nrho).

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm T. nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm muses yog heev tshwj xeeb. cov ntaub ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov loj (sonata, rondo, cyclic, loj opera): "Sustained nyob rau hauv ib tug tseem ceeb, tawm tsam rau ntau los yog tsawg ceev hloov ntawm modulations, juxtaposition ntawm contrasting scales, gradual los yog tam sim ntawd hloov mus rau ib tug tshiab tus yuam sij, npaj rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab ", - tag nrho cov no txhais tau hais tias "kev sib txuas lus nyem thiab pob rau cov ntu loj ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab ua kom yooj yim rau cov neeg mloog kom pom nws daim ntawv" (SI Taneev; saib Musical Form).

Qhov muaj peev xwm rov ua qhov kev xav hauv lwm qhov kev sib raug zoo ua rau muaj kev tsim tshiab, muaj zog ntawm cov ntsiab lus; muaj peev xwm rov ua cov ntsiab lus. formations nyob rau hauv lwm yam T. ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus tsim organically tsim loj muses. daim ntawv. Tib lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem ua rau qhov sib txawv, txawm tias qhov sib txawv, lub ntsiab lus nyob ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv tonal (piv txwv li, kev sib cais ntev ntev nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev hloov tonal muab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev loj hlob hnyav, thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm lub tonic. lub ntsiab tonality, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, cov nyhuv ntawm "coagulation", cessation txoj kev loj hlob). Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv operatic, ib qho kev hloov hauv T. feem ntau yog tantamount rau ib qho kev hloov hauv qhov xwm txheej. Tsuas yog ib qho kev npaj tonal tuaj yeem dhau los ua ib txheej ntawm muses. foos, np. hloov T. hauv 1st d. "Kev Sib Yuav ntawm Figaro" los ntawm Mozart.

Classicically ntshiab thiab paub tab tsos ntawm lub suab (xws li, "lub suab sib haum xeeb") yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm Viennese classics thiab cov neeg sau ntawv uas nyob ze rau lawv (feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, lub sijhawm ntawm nruab nrab-17th thiab nruab nrab-19th. centuries). Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib haum xeeb T. tshwm sim ntau dhau los, thiab tseem muaj thoob plaws hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Muaj tseeb chronological ciam teb ntawm T. raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb, tshwj xeeb. nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm fret, txij li thaum decomp. tuaj yeem ua raws li lub hauv paus. complexes ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv: A. Mashabe hnub tshwm sim ntawm harmonics. T. 14th caug xyoo, G. Besseler - 15th caug xyoo, E. Lovinsky - 16th caug xyoo, M. Bukofzer - 17th caug xyoo. (Saib Dahhaus S., Untersuchungen über die Entstehung der harmonischen Tonalität, 1); IF Stravinsky hais txog kev tswj hwm ntawm T. mus rau lub sijhawm los ntawm nruab nrab. 1968 rau Ser. 17th centuries Complex Ch. Cov cim qhia ntawm classic (harmonic) T.: a) qhov nruab nrab ntawm T. yog ib tug consonant triad (ntxiv, conceivable raws li ib tug kev sib sau, thiab tsis raws li ib tug ua ke ntawm intervals); b) hom - loj lossis me, sawv cev los ntawm cov kab ke ntawm chords thiab cov suab paj nruag txav "raws li daim ntaub" ntawm cov chords no; c) fret qauv raws li 19 lub luag haujlwm (T, D thiab S); “tus cwj pwm tsis sib haum xeeb” (S nrog rau thib rau, D nrog rau xya; lub sij hawm X. Riemann); T yog consonance; d) hloov ntawm kev sib haum xeeb hauv T., ncaj qha kev xav ntawm inclination rau tonic; e) lub kaw lus ntawm cadences thiab plaub-quint kev sib raug zoo ntawm chords sab nraum cadences (xws li hloov los ntawm cadences thiab txuas mus rau tag nrho cov kev sib txuas; li no lub sij hawm "cadence t."), hierarchical. gradation ntawm harmonies (chords thiab yuam sij); f) ib qho kev hais tawm metrical extrapolation ("tonal atherosclerosis"), nrog rau daim ntawv - kev tsim kho raws li squareness thiab interdependent, "rhyming" cadences; g) cov ntaub ntawv loj raws li kev hloov kho (piv txwv li, hloov T.).

Lub dominance ntawm xws li ib tug system poob rau 17th-19th centuries, thaum lub complex ntawm Ch. T. cov cim qhia, raws li txoj cai, tag nrho. Ib feem ua ke ntawm cov paib, uas muab qhov kev xav ntawm T. (as opposed to modality), yog pom txawm nyob rau hauv otd. sau ntawv ntawm Renaissance (14th-16th centuries).

Hauv G. de Macho (uas tseem tsim cov suab paj nruag monophonic), hauv ib qho ntawm le (Tsis muaj 12; "Le on death"), ntu "Dolans cuer las" yog sau nyob rau hauv ib hom loj nrog dominance ntawm tonic. triads thoob plaws hauv lub suab qauv:

G. de Macho. Nr 12, bar 37-44.

"Monodic loj" nyob rau hauv ib qho excerpt los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm. Masho tseem nyob deb ntawm classic. hom T., txawm tias qhov coincidence ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov cim (ntawm saum toj no, b, d. e, f yog nthuav). Ch. Qhov txawv yog ib lub tsev khaws khoom monophonic uas tsis hais txog homophonic nrog. Ib qho ntawm thawj qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo nkauj hauv polyphony yog nyob rau hauv zaj nkauj (rondo) los ntawm G. Dufay "Helas, ma dame" ("uas zoo li kev sib haum xeeb tau los ntawm lub ntiaj teb tshiab," raws li Besseler):

G. Dufay. Rondo "Helas, ma dame par amours".

kev xav ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. T. tshwm sim raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. Cov sib xyaw ua ke hauv qhov sib piv quarto-quint, T - D thiab D - T hauv kev sib haum xeeb. tus qauv ntawm tag nrho. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov system tsis yog triad ntau heev (txawm hais tias qee zaus nws tshwm sim, tuav 29, 30), tab sis ib qho thib tsib (tso cai rau ob qho loj thiab me thib peb yam tsis muaj kev xav ntawm kev sib xyaw loj-mob hom) ; hom yog ntau melodic tshaj chordal (chord tsis yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub system), lub atherosclerosis (tsis muaj metric extrapolation) tsis tonal, tab sis modal (tsib ntsuas tsis muaj orientation rau squareness); tonal lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yog pom nyob rau hauv cov npoo ntawm kev tsim kho, thiab tsis tag nrho (lub suab tsis pib ntawm tag nrho cov tonic); tsis muaj tonal-functional gradation, nrog rau kev sib txuas ntawm consonance thiab dissonance nrog lub tonal lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb; nyob rau hauv kev faib ntawm cadences, qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees rau tus tseem ceeb yog disproportionately loj. Feem ntau, txawm tias cov cim qhia meej ntawm lub suab nrov raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm ib hom tshwj xeeb tseem tsis tso cai rau peb los ua cov qauv zoo li no rau lub suab zoo; Qhov no yog ib qho kev hloov pauv (los ntawm qhov pom ntawm T. hauv kev nkag siab dav - "modal tonality") ntawm 15th-16th centuries, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm uas cais seem ripen. cov khoom ntawm T. (saib Dahinaus C, 1968, p. 74-77). Lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj frets nyob rau hauv ib co suab paj nruag. prod. con. 16 – lus. Xyoo pua 17th tsim ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm "dawb T." - tsis yog modal lawm, tab sis tseem tsis tau classical (motets los ntawm N. Vicentino, madrigals los ntawm Luca Marenzio thiab C. Gesualdo, Enharmonic Sonata los ntawm G. Valentini; saib ib qho piv txwv nyob rau hauv kem 567, hauv qab no).

Yog tsis muaj ib tug ruaj khov modal scale thiab sib xws melodic. cov qauv tsis tso cai rau cov qauv zoo li no rau pawg ntseeg. fret.

C. Gesualdo. Madrigal "Merce!".

Lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug tej yam sawv nyob rau hauv cadences, center. chord - ib tug consonant triad, qhov kev hloov ntawm "kev sib haum xeeb-cov kauj ruam" muab lub laj thawj los xav txog qhov no tshwj xeeb hom T. - chromatic-modal T.

Kev tsim kho me ntsis ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag me me pib hauv xyoo pua 17th, feem ntau hauv kev seev cev, txhua hnub, thiab suab paj nruag secular.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsev teev ntuj qub frets yog ubiquitous nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm 1st pem teb. 17th caug xyoo, piv txwv li. J. Frescobaldi (Ricercare sopra Mi, Re, Fa, Mi – Terzo tuono, Canzona – Sesto tuono. Ausgewählte Orgelwerke, Bd II, No 7, 15), S. Scheidt (Kyrie dominicale IV. Toni cum Gloria, Magnificats, See Tabuiatura nova, III. par). Txawm tias JS Bach, nws cov suab paj nruag yog dominated los ntawm ib tug tsim harmonica. T., xws li phenomena tsis yog tsis tshua muaj, piv txwv li. chorales

J. Dawland. Madrigal “Awake, Hlub!” (1597).

Aus tiefer Tsis schrei'ich zu dir thiab Erbarm' dich mein, O Herre Gott (tom qab Schmieder Nos. 38.6 thiab 305; Phrygian hom), Mit Fried' und Freud'ich fahr' dahin (382, Dorian), Komm, Gott Schöpfer , heiliger Geist (370; Mixolydian).

Lub culminating cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm nruj kev ua hauj lwm timbre ntawm loj-me hom ntog nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub Viennese classics. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub sijhawm no yog suav tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb feem ntau; lawv yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua phau ntawv kev sib haum xeeb (saib Harmony, Harmonic function).

T. txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv pem teb 2. 19th caug xyoo muaj nyob rau hauv expanding cov txwv ntawm T. (mixed loj-me, ntxiv chromatic. systems), enriching tonal-functional kev sib raug zoo, polarizing diatonic. thiab chromatic. kev sib haum xeeb, amplification ntawm cov xim. lub ntsiab lus ntawm t., lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm modal kev sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab lub hauv paus (feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov lus dab neeg ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm composers, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tshiab lub teb chaws tsev kawm ntawv, piv txwv li, Lavxias teb sab), kev siv ntawm ntuj hom, thiab. raws li "artificial" symmetrical ones (saib Sposobin I V., “Kev qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb”, 1969). Cov no thiab lwm yam tshiab nta qhia qhov kev hloov pauv sai ntawm t. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom tshiab ntawm t. hom (nyob rau hauv F. Liszt, R. Wagner, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov) los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm nruj T. tej zaum yuav zoo li ib tug tsis lees paub ntawm nws. Kev sib tham tau tsim, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev taw qhia rau Wagner's Tristan und Isolde, qhov chaw pib tonic yog veiled los ntawm ncua sij hawm ntev, vim hais tias qhov kev xav yuam kev tshwm sim txog qhov tsis muaj tonic hauv kev ua si ("tag nrho kev zam. ntawm tonic”; saib Kurt E., “Romantic Harmony thiab nws qhov kev kub ntxhov hauv Wagner's “Tristan”, M., 1975, p. 305; qhov no kuj yog vim li cas rau nws txhais lus tsis raug ntawm cov qauv kev sib haum xeeb ntawm thawj ntu raws li kev nkag siab dav dav. “dominant upbeat”, p. 299, thiab tsis yog ib qho kev qhia tsis raug. , thiab lub ntsiab lus tsis raug ntawm thaj tsam ntawm thawj ntu - tuav 1-15 tsis yog 1-17). Symptomatic yog lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm cov yeeb yam ntawm Liszt lub sijhawm lig - Bagatelle Tsis muaj Tonality (1885).

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom tshiab ntawm T., txav nws deb ntawm classical. hom, mus rau qhov pib. Xyoo pua 20th ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv lub cev, uas tau pom los ntawm ntau yam kev puas tsuaj, kev puas tsuaj ntawm t., "atonality". Qhov pib ntawm lub suab lus tshiab tau hais los ntawm SI Taneyev (hauv "Mobile Counterpoint of Strict Writing", ua tiav xyoo 1906).

Lub ntsiab lus los ntawm T. ib qho kev ua haujlwm loj-me me, Taneyev tau sau tias: "Tom qab coj qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj hom, peb lub tonal system yog tam sim no, tig, degenerating mus rau hauv ib tug tshiab system uas nrhiav kom puas tonality thiab hloov lub diatonic lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. nrog ib tug chromatic ib, thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm tonality ua rau decomposition suab paj nruas daim ntawv "(ibid., Moscow, 1959, p. 9).

Tom qab ntawd, "txoj kev tshiab" (tab sis rau Taneyev) tau hu ua lub sij hawm "tshiab technology". Nws qhov tseem ceeb zoo sib xws nrog cov classical T. muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias "T tshiab T." tseem yog hierarchical. ib tug system ntawm functionally sib txawv high-altitude sib txuas, embodying ib tug logic. connectivity nyob rau hauv lub suab qauv. Tsis zoo li qub tonality, tus tshiab tuaj yeem tso siab tsis tau rau lub suab tonic nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj rau txhua pawg suab uas tau xaiv, tsis yog ntawm diatonic nkaus xwb. hauv paus, tab sis dav siv kev sib haum xeeb ntawm ib qho ntawm 12 lub suab raws li kev ua haujlwm ywj pheej (sib xyaw tag nrho cov qauv muab poly-hom lossis "tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab" - "tshiab, tawm ntawm-modal T."; saib Nü11 E. von, "B . Bartok, Ein Beitrag zur Morphologie der neuen Musik”, 1930); lub ntsiab lus semantic ntawm lub suab thiab consonances tuaj yeem sawv cev rau classic hauv txoj kev tshiab. formula TSDT, tab sis tej zaum yuav qhia tawm lwm yam. Tsiaj txhu. Qhov txawv kuj yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias nruj classical T. yog structurally uniform, tab sis tus tshiab T. yog tus kheej thiab yog li ntawd tsis muaj ib tug complex ntawm suab hais, uas yog, nws tsis muaj functional uniformity. Raws li, nyob rau hauv ib los yog lwm cov ntawv sau, sib txawv ua ke ntawm cov cim ntawm T yog siv.

Hauv kev tsim khoom AN Scriabin ntawm lub sijhawm lig ntawm kev muaj tswv yim T. khaws nws cov haujlwm ua haujlwm, tab sis ib txwm muaj. kev sib haum xeeb yog hloov los ntawm cov tshiab uas tsim ib hom tshwj xeeb ("Scriabin hom"). Yog li, piv txwv li, hauv "Prometheus" chaw. chord - nto moo "Prometheus" rau lub suab nrog osn. tone Fis (piv txwv A, hauv qab), nruab nrab. sphere ("tseem ceeb T.") - 4 xws li rau-tones nyob rau hauv qis-frequent series (txo hom; piv txwv B); Cov tswv yim kev hloov pauv (hauv qhov txuas - piv txwv C), lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nthuav tawm - piv txwv D (cov phiaj xwm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm "Prometheus" yog qhov tshwj xeeb, txawm tias tsis yog tag nrho, kho los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv hauv ib feem ntawm Luce):

Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tshiab underlies kev tsim kho ntawm Berg's Opera Wozzeck (1921), uas feem ntau suav hais tias yog tus qauv ntawm "Novensky atonal style", txawm hais tias tus sau tau tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg rau lo lus "satanic" "atonal". Tonic muaj tsis tsuas yog otd. opera cov lej (piv txwv li, 2nd scene ntawm 1st d. - "eis"; lub peb hlis ntuj ntawm 3rd scene ntawm lub 1st d. - "C", nws trio - "As"; seev cev nyob rau hauv lub 4th scene 2 -th hnub - " g", qhov chaw ntawm kev tua neeg ntawm Mary, qhov thib ob scene ntawm hnub 2 - nrog lub suab nruab nrab "H", thiab lwm yam) thiab tag nrho cov opera tag nrho (chord nrog lub suab nrov "g" ), tab sis ntau dua tshaj qhov ntawd - hauv txhua qhov kev tsim khoom. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "leit heights" tau ua tsis tu ncua (hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm leit tonalities). Yog, ch. tus hero muaj cov leittonics "Cis" (2st d., bar 1 - thawj lub suab ntawm lub npe "Wozzeck"; ntxiv bars 5-87, cov lus ntawm Wozzeck cov tub rog "Yog lawm, Mr. Captain"; tuav 89- 136 - Wozzeck's arioso "Peb cov neeg pluag!", hauv 153d tuav 3-220 - lub cis-moll triad "cis dhau" hauv lub ntsiab chord ntawm 319th scene). Qee qhov yooj yim cov tswv yim ntawm opera tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab yam tsis xav txog qhov tonal dramaturgy; Yog li, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov menyuam yaus zaj nkauj nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam (tom qab Wozzeck tuag, 4rd d., tuav 3-372) nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias zaj nkauj no suab nyob rau hauv lub suab eis (moll), Wozzeck's leitton; qhov no qhia txog tus neeg sau lub tswv yim tias cov menyuam tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb yog me me "wozzets". (Cf. König W., Tona-litätsstrukturen hauv Alban Bergs Opera “Wozzeck”, 75.)

Cov txheej txheem dodecaphonic-serial, uas qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov qauv ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm lub suab nrov, tuaj yeem sib npaug siv cov nyhuv ntawm lub suab thiab ua yam tsis muaj nws. Contrary to popular misconception, dodecaphony yog yooj yim ua ke nrog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm (tshiab) T., thiab lub xub ntiag ntawm ib lub chaw. lub suab yog ib yam khoom ntiag tug rau nws. Lub tswv yim heev ntawm 12-tone series Ameslikas tshwm sim raws li ib tug txhais tau tias muaj peev xwm ntawm compensating rau cov uas ploj lawm constructive nyhuv ntawm lub tonic thiab t. concerto, sonata cycle). Yog hais tias serial ntau lawm yog tsim los ntawm tus qauv ntawm lub tonal, ces cov kev ua ntawm lub hauv paus, tonic, tonal sphere yuav ua tau los ntawm ib tug series ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb. suab, lossis tshwj xeeb faib cov suab siv, ntu ntu, chords. "Cov kab hauv nws daim ntawv qub tam sim no ua lub luag haujlwm tib yam li "tus yuam sij" siv los ua si; qhov "reprise" ib txwm rov qab los rau nws. Peb cadence tib lub suab! Qhov kev sib piv no nrog cov qauv qauv ua ntej yog khaws cia zoo heev (…)” (Webern A., Lectures on Music, 1975, p. 79). Piv txwv li, AA Babadzhanyan qhov kev ua si "Choral" (los ntawm "Six Pictures" rau piano) tau sau rau hauv ib qho "tseem ceeb T." nrog nruab nrab d (thiab xim me). Lub fugue ntawm RK Shchedrin ntawm lub ntsiab lus 12-tone muaj qhov qhia meej meej T. a-moll. Qee zaum kev sib raug zoo ntawm qhov siab yog qhov nyuaj rau kev sib txawv.

A. Webern. Concert op. 24.

Yog li, siv cov affinity ntawm series nyob rau hauv lub concerto op. 24 (rau ib tug series, saib Art. Dodecaphony), Webern tau txais ib pawg ntawm peb-tones rau ib qho tshwj xeeb. qhov siab, qhov rov qab mus rau Crimea yog pom tias yog rov qab mus rau "tus yuam sij tseem ceeb". Cov piv txwv hauv qab no qhia peb lub suab ntawm lub ntsiab. spheres (A), qhov pib ntawm 1 lub zog (B) thiab qhov kawg ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Webern's concerto (C).

Txawm li cas los xij, rau 12-tone suab paj nruag, xws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "ib lub suab" tsis tsim nyog (xws li suab paj nruag classical tonal). Txawm li cas los xij, qee yam ntawm T., txawm tias nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tshiab, feem ntau siv. Yog li, cello sonata los ntawm EV Denisov (1971) muaj qhov chaw, lub suab "d", serial 2nd violin concerto los ntawm AG Schnittke muaj lub tonic "g". Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm 70s. 20th caug xyoo muaj cov kev xav kom ntxiv dag zog rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm T.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev qhia txog T. yog hauv paus rau txoj kev xav ntawm pawg ntseeg. hom (saib Medieval hom). Nyob rau hauv nws lub moj khaum, cov tswv yim tau tsim txog qhov kawg yog ib hom "tonic" ntawm hom. Qhov "hom" (hom) nws tus kheej, los ntawm qhov dav ntawm qhov pom, tuaj yeem suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv (hom) ntawm T. Kev coj ua ntawm kev qhia lub suab (musica ficta, musica falsa) tsim cov xwm txheej rau cov tsos ntawm lub suab. melodic nyhuv. thiab chordal gravitation rau tonic. Txoj kev xav ntawm clauses keeb kwm tau npaj qhov kev xav ntawm "cadences of tone". Glarean nyob rau hauv nws Dodecachord (1547) theoretically legitimized lub Ionian thiab Aeolian hom uas muaj nyob ntev ua ntej, cov teev uas coincide nrog loj thiab tej yam ntuj tso me. J. Tsarlino (“Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Kev Sib Haum Xeeb”, 1558) raws li Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm proportions txhais consonant triads li units thiab tsim cov kev xav ntawm loj thiab me; nws kuj tau sau tseg qhov loj lossis tus cwj pwm me ntawm txhua hom. Xyoo 1615, Dutchman S. de Co (de Caus) tau hloov lub npe hu ua pawg ntseeg rov qab. tones rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb (hauv hom qhabnias - qib tsib, hauv plagal - IV). I. Rosenmuller sau approx. 1650 hais txog qhov muaj tsuas yog peb hom - loj, me thiab Phrygian. Nyob rau hauv lub 70s. 17th caug xyoo NP Diletsky faib "musicia" rau " funny" (ie, loj), "tu siab" (me) thiab "mixed". Xyoo 1694, Charles Masson pom tsuas yog ob hom (Mode majeur thiab Mode mineur); nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv 3 kauj ruam yog "tseem ceeb" (Finale, Mediante, Dominante). Nyob rau hauv "Musical Dictionary" los ntawm S. de Brossard (1703), frets tshwm sim ntawm txhua 12 chromatic semitones. gamma. Lub ntsiab lus qhuab qhia ntawm t. (tsis muaj lo lus no) yog tsim los ntawm JF Rameau ("Traité de l'harmonie ...", 1722, "Nouveau systéme de musique théorique", 1726). Lub fret yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm chord (thiab tsis yog lub teev). Rameau characterizes hom raws li ib tug succession txiav txim los ntawm ib tug triple kev faib ua feem, piv txwv li, qhov piv ntawm peb lub ntsiab chords - T, D thiab S. Kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cadence chords, nrog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub consonant tonic thiab dissonant D. thiab S, piav qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tonic tshaj tag nrho cov chords ntawm hom.

Lub sij hawm "T." thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv FAJ Castile-Blaz (1821). T. – “cov cuab yeej ntawm ib hom suab paj nruag, uas yog qhia (existe) nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm nws cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb” (ie, I, IV thiab V); FJ Fetis (1844) tau npaj ib txoj kev xav ntawm 4 hom T.: unitonality (ordre unito-nique) - yog cov khoom. nws tau sau rau hauv ib qho tseem ceeb, tsis muaj kev hloov pauv rau lwm tus (xws li suab paj nruag ntawm xyoo pua 16th); transitonality - modulations yog siv nyob rau hauv cov suab nrov (pom, baroque suab paj nruag); pluritonality - modulations yog siv nyob rau hauv cov suab nrov nyob deb, anharmonisms (lub era ntawm Viennese classics); omnitonality ("tag nrho-tonality") - kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov yuam sij sib txawv, txhua lub chord tuaj yeem ua raws li txhua tus (lub sijhawm ntawm romanticism). Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais, txawm li cas los xij, tias Fetis 'typology tau tsim zoo. X. Riemann (1893) tsim ib txoj kev xav ua haujlwm nruj me ntsis ntawm cov ntoo. Zoo li Rameau, nws tau mus los ntawm qeb ntawm chord ua qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub kaw lus thiab nrhiav kev piav qhia lub tonality los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab thiab consonances. Tsis zoo li Rameau, Riemann tsis yog lub hauv paus T. 3 ch. chord, tab sis txo qis rau lawv ("tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb sib haum xeeb") tag nrho cov so (uas yog, hauv T. Riemann tsuas muaj 3 lub hauv paus sib haum rau 3 lub luag haujlwm - T, D thiab S; yog li ntawd, tsuas yog Riemann system ua haujlwm nruj me ntsis) . G. Schenker (1906, 1935) tau lees paub lub suab raws li txoj cai ntuj txiav txim los ntawm keeb kwm tsis hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv suab. T. yog raws li consonant triad, diatonic thiab consonant counterpoint (xws li contrapunctus simplex). Cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub no, raws li Schenker, yog qhov degeneration thiab poob ntawm lub ntuj muaj peev xwm uas ua rau muaj tonality. Schoenberg (1911) tau kawm paub meej txog cov peev txheej niaj hnub no. harmonic rau nws. system thiab tuaj mus rau qhov xaus hais tias niaj hnub. tonal suab paj nruag yog "ntawm ciam teb ntawm T." (raws li kev nkag siab qub ntawm T.). Nws hu ua (tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus tseeb) cov "xeev" tshiab ntawm lub suab (c. 1900–1910; los ntawm M. Reger, G. Mahler, Schoenberg) los ntawm cov ntsiab lus "floating" tone (schwebende; tonic zoo nkaus li tsis tshua muaj, yog zam nrog txaus meej tone). ; Piv txwv li, Schoenberg zaj nkauj "Lub Temptation" op. 6, Tsis muaj 7) thiab "tshem tawm" T. (aufgehobene; ob qho tib si tonic thiab consonant triads raug zam, "wandering chords" yog siv - ntse xya chords, nce triads, lwm yam tonal ntau chords).

Riemann tus tub ntxhais kawm G. Erpf (1927) tau sim piav qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov suab paj nruag hauv 10's thiab 20's los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev ua haujlwm nruj me ntsis thiab mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov suab paj nruag keeb kwm. Erpf kuj tau muab lub tswv yim ntawm "consonance-center" (Klangzentrum), lossis "sound center" (piv txwv li, Schoenberg's play op. 19 No 6), uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau txoj kev xav ntawm lub suab tshiab; T. nrog lub chaw zoo li no qee zaum kuj hu ua Kerntonalität ("core-T."). Webern (ch. arr. los ntawm kev pom ntawm classical t.) characterizes txoj kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag "tom qab lub classics" raws li "kev puas tsuaj ntawm t." (Webern A., Lectures on Music, p. 44); lub ntsiab lus ntawm T. nws txiav txim siab tus kab. txoj kev: “kev cia siab rau lub suab tseem ceeb”, “txhais tau tias kev hloov pauv”, “txoj kev sib txuas lus” (ibid., p. 51). T. raug rhuav tshem los ntawm "bifurcation" ntawm diatonic. cov kauj ruam (p. 53, 66), “expansion of sound resources” (p. 50), kev sib kis ntawm tonal ambiguity, qhov ploj ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab. suab nrov, ib tug nyiam tsis rov qab ntawm tones (p. 55, 74-75), shaping tsis classical. idiom T. (pp. 71-74). P. Hindemith (1937) tsim ib qho kev xav paub ntxaws ntawm T. tshiab, raws li 12-kauj ruam ("series I", piv txwv li, hauv qhov system

muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv. Hindemith's system ntawm qhov tseem ceeb rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm T. yog txawv heev. Raws li Hindemith, tag nrho cov suab paj nruag yog tonal; zam kev sib txuas lus tonal yog nyuaj npaum li lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Yog Stravinsky qhov kev xav ntawm tonality yog peculiar. Nrog tonal (nyob rau hauv lub siab nqaim) kev sib haum xeeb nyob rau hauv lub siab, nws sau hais tias: “Harmony … muaj ib tug ci ntsa iab tab sis luv luv keeb kwm” (“Dialogues”, 1971, p. 237); “Peb tsis nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm classical T. nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv lub siab” (“Musikalische Poetik”, 1949, S. 26). Stravinsky ua raws li "tshiab T." ("non-tonal" suab paj nruag yog tonal, "tab sis tsis nyob rau hauv lub tonal system ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th"; "Dialogues", p. 245) nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm nws cov variants, uas nws hu ua "lub polarity ntawm lub suab, luv luv, thiab txawm. lub suab complex "; "lub tonal (los yog suab-"tonale") ncej yog ... lub ntsiab axis ntawm suab paj nruag," T. tsuas yog "txoj kev ntawm orienting suab paj nruag raws li cov ncej no." Lo lus "ncej", txawm li cas los xij, tsis raug, vim nws kuj txhais tau tias "tus ncej", uas Stravinsky tsis tau txhais. J. Rufer, raws li cov tswv yim ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Tshiab Viennese, tau thov lub sij hawm "lub suab tshiab", xav tias nws yog tus tuav ntawm 12-tone series. Lub dissertation ntawm X. Lang "Keeb kwm ntawm lub tswvyim thiab lo lus "tonality" ("Begriffsgeschichte des Terminus "Tonalität"", 1956) muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog keeb kwm ntawm Tonalism.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, txoj kev xav ntawm lub suab tsim tau pib nrog cov ntsiab lus "tone" (VF Odoevsky, Tsab ntawv rau ib tug Publisher, 1863; GA Laroche, Glinka thiab nws qhov tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Suab paj nruag, Lavxias teb sab Bulletin, 1867-68; PI Tchaikovsky , “Qhia rau kev kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb”, 1872), “system” (German Tonart, txhais los ntawm AS Famintsyn “Textbook of harmony” los ntawm EF Richter, 1868; HA Rimsky -Korsakov, “Textbook of Harmony”, 1884-85 ), “hom” (Odoevsky, ibid; Tchaikovsky, ibid), “saib” (los ntawm Ton-art, txhais los ntawm Famintsyn ntawm AB Marx's Universal Textbook of Music, 1872). Tchaikovsky's "Short Handbook of Harmony" (1875) siv ntau lub sij hawm "T." (Qee zaus kuj nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Qhia rau Kev Kawm Txuj Ci Kev Sib Raug Zoo). SI Taneyev tau tso tawm qhov kev xav ntawm "kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sib koom ua ke" (saib nws txoj haujlwm: "Kev tsom xam ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev hloov pauv ...", 1927; piv txwv li, kev ua tiav ntawm kev sib txawv hauv G-dur, A-dur evokes lub tswv yim ntawm T. D. -dur, uniting lawv, thiab kuj tsim ib tug tonal attraction rau nws). Raws li nyob rau sab hnub poob, nyob rau hauv Russia, tshiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm tonality tau pib pom tias tsis muaj "tonal unity" (Laroche, ibid.) los yog tonality (Taneyev, Tsab ntawv rau Tchaikovsky lub yim hli ntuj 6, 1880), raws li ib tug tshwm sim. "sab nraum qhov txwv ntawm lub kaw lus" (Rimsky-Korsakov, ibid.). Ntau qhov tshwm sim cuam tshuam nrog lub suab tshiab (tsis muaj lo lus no) tau piav qhia los ntawm Yavorsky (12-semitone system, dissonant thiab dispersed tonic, ntau ntau ntawm cov qauv qauv hauv lub suab, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov qauv yog sab nraud loj thiab me. ); nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm Yavorsky Lavxias teb sab. theoretical musicology nrhiav nrhiav tshiab hom (tshiab high-altitude lug), piv txwv li. nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov Scriabin ntawm lub lig lub sij hawm ntawm creativity (BL Yavorsky, "Cov qauv ntawm suab paj nruas hais lus", 1908; "Ib ob peb xav nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Liszt", 1911; Protopopov SV, "Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruas hais lus" , 1930) tsis yog cov Impressionists, - sau BV Asafiev, - tsis mus dhau qhov kev txwv ntawm lub suab sib haum xeeb "("Musical Form as a Process", M., 1963, p. 99). GL Catuar (raws li PO Gewart) tau tsim cov hom hu ua. ncua T. (loj-me thiab chromatic systems). BV Asafiev muab ib qho kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub suab (lub zog ntawm lub suab, D, thiab S, tus qauv ntawm "European hom," lub suab pib, thiab lub stylistic txhais lus ntawm lub suab) los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm intonation txoj kev xav. . Yu. N. Tyulin txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv tau ntxiv rau txoj kev xav ntawm lub suab nrov ua haujlwm. Ntau tus kws kho suab paj nruag (MM Skorik, SM Slonimsky, ME Tarakanov, HP Tiftikidi, LA Karklinsh, thiab lwm yam) hauv 60-70s. kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej cov qauv ntawm cov niaj hnub. 12-kauj ruam (chromatic) tonality. Tarakanov tshwj xeeb tsim lub tswv yim ntawm "T tshiab" (saib nws tsab xov xwm: "Tshiab tonality nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 1972", XNUMX).

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Yu. N. Kholopov