Tone |

German Ton - suab, los ntawm Greek. lus, lit. - nro, nro

Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau siv dav hauv kev ua suab paj nruag.

1) Hauv suab paj nruag. acoustics - ib feem ntawm lub suab spectrum, tsim los ntawm periodic. oscillating txav: ib nrab T., aliquot T., overtone (muaj ib lo lus "undertone"), ntshiab, los yog sinusoidal, T.; Thaum lub sij hawm sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub suab, kev sib txuas T., T. coincidences tshwm sim. Nws txawv ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab paj nruag, suav nrog lub ntsiab. tones thiab overtones, thiab los ntawm suab nrov - ib lub suab nrog ib tug indistinctly pronounced suab, to-ry yog tshwm sim los ntawm tsis-periodic. oscillating txav. T. muaj lub suab, ntim, thiab cov ntoo uas nyob ntawm qhov sau npe (tsawg T. yog npub, matte; siab sawv daws yuav ci, ci) thiab nrov nrov (ntawm qhov ntim siab heev, lub suab ntawm T. hloov, vim vim muaj kev cuam tshuam. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm oscillatory txav thaum lub sij hawm dhau lawv los ntawm sab nraud analyzer ntawm lub cev ntawm lub hnov, lub thiaj li hu ua subjective overtones tshwm sim). T. tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob audio; xws T. yog dav siv nyob rau hauv electromusic. instruments rau suab synthesis.

2) Lub caij nyoog, qhov kev ntsuas ntawm qhov sib piv: hauv kev sib tw ntshiab - tag nrho T. loj nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 9/8, sib npaug rau 204 xees, thiab tag nrho T. me me nrog qhov sib piv ntawm 10/9, sib npaug. 182 xees; nyob rau hauv ib tug sib npaug tempered nplai - 1/6 octave, tag nrho T., sib npaug rau 200 xees; nyob rau hauv lub diatonic gamma - nrog rau ib tug semitone, qhov sib piv ntawm cov kauj ruam uas nyob ib sab (los ntawm cov ntsiab lus - tritone, peb lub suab, lub quarter tone, tag nrho-tone scale, tone-semitone nplai, kaum ob-tone suab paj nruag, thiab lwm yam).

3) Ib yam li suab paj nruag raws li lub luag haujlwm ntawm muses. systems: degree ntawm nplai, hom, nplai (basic tone - tonic; dominant, subdominant, introductory, nruab nrab suab); lub suab ntawm chord (pib, thib peb, thib tsib, thiab lwm yam), tsis yog chord suab (kev kaw, pab, dhau T.); lub ntsiab ntawm lub suab paj nruag (pib, zaum kawg, culminating, thiab lwm yam. T.). Cov ntsiab lus tau txais txiaj ntsig - tonality, polytonality, tonicity, thiab lwm yam T. - lub npe qub rau tonality.

4) Nyob rau hauv lub npe. pawg ntseeg hom (saib Medieval hom) hom kev xaiv (piv txwv li, I tone, III tone, VIII tone).

5) Meistersingers muaj suab paj nruag- qauv hu nkauj hauv decomp. cov ntawv (piv txwv li, zaj nkauj ntawm G. Sachs "Silver Tone").

6) Cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov kev xav dav dav ntawm lub suab: ntxoov ntxoo, tus cwj pwm ntawm lub suab; tib yam li lub suab intonation, qhov zoo ntawm lub suab, qhov ntsuas, lub suab ua tau zoo (ntshiab, tseeb, cuav, nthuav tawm, puv, sluggish T., thiab lwm yam).

References: Yavorsky BL, Tus qauv ntawm kev hais lus suab paj nruag, ntu 1-3, M., 1908; Asafiev BV, Guide to concerts, vol. 1, P., 1919, M., 1978; Tyulin Yu. N., Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, vol. 1 – Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, (M.-L.), 1937, kho. thiab ntxiv., M., 1966; Teplov BM, Psychology ntawm lub peev xwm suab paj nruag, M.-L., 1947; Suab paj nruag acoustics (general editor NA Garbuzov), M., 1954; Sposobin IV, Elementary theory of music, M., 1964; Volodin AA, Electronic musical instruments, M., 1970; Nazaikinsky EV, On the psychology of music perception, M., 1972; Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1875, 1891 (Lus txhais lus – Riemann G., acoustics of musical point of the viewers M., 1921); ib. Kurth E., Grundlagen des linearen Kontrapunkts…, Bern, 1898, 1917

Yu. N. Rags