Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws

German Generalbas, Italian. basso generale, lit. - bass tag nrho

Lub suab bass nrog cov lej qhia consonances hauv lub suab sab saud. Dr. npe: Italian basso continuo meej-bass, dhau-bass - nruam bass. Naz. tseem digital bass (Italian basso numerato, Fabkis basse chiffrée, German bezifferter BaYa). Ntau lub npe qub qub yog Italian. Basso seguente, basso per l'organo, basso prinzipale, partitura d'organo. Nrog rau lo lus "G.-b." kev xyaum sau accompaniment rau melodic yog kev cob cog rua. suab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm G.-b., thiab kuj ua. xyaum ua si cov ntses bass thaj tsam ntawm lub cev thiab harpsichord. G. lub sijhawm ntawm kev faib khoom - yuav yog. (1600-1750) feem ntau hu ua "lub sijhawm ntawm H.-B." G. cov qauv. muaj nyob hauv C. Monteverdi, G. Schutz, A. Corelli, A. Scarlatti, JS Bach, GF Handel, J. Pergolesi, J. Haydn thiab lwm tus.

npe G.-b. cov lus qhuab qhia qub ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kev sib txuas ntawm chords kuj tau hnav (lawv ib feem nrog cov lus qhia thaum ntxov ntawm kev sib raug zoo; li no lawv ib zaug kev txheeb xyuas).

G.-b. Raws li ib txoj hauv kev sau luv luv ntawm polyphony tshwm sim hauv Ltalis thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. nyob rau hauv kev xyaum ntawm lub cev thiab harpsichord accompaniment. Keeb kwm thiab qhov pib ntawm kev faib G.-b. cuam ​​tshuam nrog kev loj hlob sai ntawm homophony hauv Tebchaws Europe. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 16th-17th centuries, nrog ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws ntawm improvisation thiab ornamentation. Kom txog rau thaum lub xyoo pua 17th polygonal polyphonic compositions tau luam thiab luam tsis nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug qhab nia, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib feem ntawm lub department. ua suab nrov (polyphonic composers txawm zais cov qhab nia ntawm lawv cov compositions nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav khaws secrets ntawm lawv contrapuntal txheej txheem zais cia). Txhawm rau kov yeej qhov tsis yooj yim tshwm sim los ntawm qhov no thaum kawm thiab ua cov khoom lag luam nyuaj, nws yog. bandmasters thiab organists thaum ntxov li 16th caug xyoo. pib siv cov ntawv sau luv luv ntawm kev sau ntawv. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov txheej txheem tshiab yog tias txhua lub sijhawm ntawm lub suab qis tshaj plaws ntawm lub suab nrog cov suab (bass) raug kaw, thiab cov suab ntawm cov suab no tau sau tseg rau hauv cov lej uas qhia txog lub sijhawm ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam. Qhov ntawd. ib qho tshiab, homophonic sau cov txheej txheem tshwm sim: ib qho bass tsis tu ncua (hauv qhov sib piv rau lub suab qis hauv polyphonic cuam tshuam los ntawm kev ncua) nrog chords saum nws. Tib cov txheej txheem tau siv nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm polygons. compositions rau lub lute los yog rau ib lub suab solo nrog lute accompaniment (kev xyaum hu nkauj ib lub suab ntawm ib tug polyphonic muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab ua suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev lub sij hawm). Thaum pib. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th tus opera neeg xyuas pib (uas feem ntau kuj yog ib tug composer) tau npaj qhov kev ua yeeb yam, sau tawm raws li G.-b. qhov xav tau ntawm cov pov npav raws li cov neeg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm nws qhov kev pov tseg. Kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib txuas lus raws li G.-b. nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab harpsichord suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm improvisation raws li kev sib haum xeeb no.

Yav dhau los tsuas yog G.-b. tau siv nyob rau hauv "Church Concerts" ("Concerti ecclesiastici") los ntawm A. Banchieri (1595) thiab "Tus Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Ntsuj Plig thiab Lub Cev" ("La rappresentazione di Anima e di Corpo") los ntawm E. Cavalieri (Spanish 1600). Daim ntawv thov sib xws ntawm G. - yuav yog. pom nyob rau hauv L. Viadana's “100 Church Concerts” (“Cento concerti ecclesiastici…”) (1602), uas tau ntev tau suav tias yog tus tsim ntawm H.-b. Nyob rau hauv zaj lus piv txwv ntawm txoj hauj lwm no, Viadana hais txog cov laj thawj uas ua rau nws siv G.-b.; cov cai ntawm digitization thiab ua raws li G.-b. kuj piav nyob rau ntawd. Cov kev qhia no kuj muaj nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm A. Bankieri ("L' organo suonarino", 1607), A. Agazzari ("Sacrae cantiones", 1608), M. Pretorius ("Syntagma musicum", III, 1619; Faksimile- Nachdruck, Kassel -Basel-L.-NY, 1958).

Raws li ib txoj hauv kev ntawm kev sib xyaw G.-b. yog ib tug vivid qhia ntawm homophonic harmonic. ntawv, tab sis raws li ib tug sau system bears lub imprint ntawm polyphonic. lub tswvyim ntawm ntsug – nkag siab lub chord raws li ib tug complex ntawm intervals. Txoj hauv kev sau chords: qhov tsis muaj tus lej (thiab lwm yam qhia) txhais tau tias diatonic. triad; tag nrho cov kev sib haum xeeb yuav raug digitization, tshwj tsis yog diatonic. triads; tus lej 6 - thib rau chord,

- quarter-sextakcord; tus lej

- diatonic. xya chord thiab nws cov lus thov; 9 - Tsis muaj kev txwv. Qhov thib peb feem ntau tsis cim; ib qho kev tsis sib haum xeeb (ntse, becar, tiaj tus) tsis muaj tus lej hais txog ib feem peb; lub cim tsis sib xws ntawm tus lej txhais tau tias chromatic. Kev hloov kho ntawm lub suab sab sauv ntawm lub sijhawm sib raug (los ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam). Chromatic ib qho kev nce ntxiv kuj tau qhia los ntawm kev hla tawm tus lej lossis tus lej + kos npe tom qab nws - nce rau thib rau, 4 + - nce hauv plaub). Cov suab tsis yog chord kuj qhia los ntawm cov lej los ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam (4 - triad nrog kev ncua qeeb mus rau ib feem peb,

- triple kaw ntawm ib lub quart, xya thiab ib tug nona nrog nws cov kev daws teeb meem). Cov lus qhia tasto solo ("ib qho tseem ceeb", abbr. ts) qhia qhov ua tau zoo ntawm ib qho ntses bass thaj tsam, tsis muaj chords. Thaum pib. 17th caug xyoo G. kev xyaum - b. sai sai kis mus rau Tebchaws Europe. lub teb chaws. Txhua tus kws kho mob thiab cov kws kho mob yuav tsum tau ua kom paub cov txuj ci ntawm kev ua si thiab kev tsim kho raws li G.-b. Taw qhia G.-b. Ameslikas muaj lub ntsiab lus zoo. Nyob rau hauv lub predominance ntawm cov yooj yim chords thiab nruj kev kho mob ntawm dissonances, G.-b. yooj yim rau kev kawm thiab ua tiav ntawm complex compositions.

JS Bach. Sonata rau 2 Violins thiab Digitized Bass, txav III. Keeb kwm.

Ib yam, deciphered los ntawm L. Landshoff.

Hauv kev xyaum ntawm G. daim ntawv thov - yuav yog. sawv thiab muaj zog terminology. kev tsim ntawm lub ntsiab, feem ntau tshwm sim chords - ib tug thib rau chord, lub quarter-sextakchord, ib tug xya chord (li no cov kev cai kom tshem tawm triad notation uas tau siv ntau dhau lawm: Nyob rau hauv lub era, txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb. Raws li cov txheej txheem kev sib haum xeeb tsim nyog thiab ua kom zoo dua qub, ntau thiab ntau dua tshiab digital designations (kos npe) tau nkag mus rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Yog li, hauv phau ntawv qhia thaum ntxov ntawm ID tsuas yog 1711 kos npe, hauv nws txoj haujlwm tom qab (12) twb muaj 1728 ntawm lawv, thiab I. Mattheson (32) coj lawv tus lej mus rau 1735.

Raws li cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb tsim, ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm kev xaiv chords tau pom. Muses. xyaum ua ser. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th tau tso tseg qhov kwv yees hloov mus rau qhov kev sib txuas ntawm tus sau lub hom phiaj thiab txo qis lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua yeeb yam improvisation. G.-b. ceased siv, txawm tias ntev nws tau khaws cia rau hauv pedagogical. xyaum raws li kev qhuab qhia kev kawm uas instills kev txawj ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag baroque, thiab raws li ib tug ce nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb. Cov lus qhia rau G. – b. tau tsim los ntawm FE Bach (1752), FV Marpurg (1755), IF Kirnberger (1781), DG Türk (1791), AE Koron (1801), F. Zh. Fetis (1824), Z. Dehn (1840), E. Richter (1860), S. Jadasson (1883), X. Riemann (1889) thiab lwm yam. Hauv Lavxias. lus txhais “A Brief Guide to the Study of G.-B.” O. Kolbe (1864).

Nyob rau hauv tam sim no Tib lub sij hawm, cov seem ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G.-B., absorbed los ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, muaj nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm digitizing chords siv nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov phau ntawv. Ib hom kev txhawb siab ib nrab ntawm kev coj ua ntawm G.-b. yog pom nyob rau hauv jazz thiab lub teeb estra ze rau nws. suab paj nruag. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau qhov no yog improvisation ntawm kev ua tau zoo, kev koom tes ntawm pab pawg nrog (guitar, piano) nrog cov twj paj nruag percussion, tus qauv kev ntxhib los mos ntawm cov accompaniment. Feem ntau cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv ntawm ib zaj nkauj yog ib qho kev nthuav qhia ntawm lub suab paj nruag, harmonica. bass nrog digital thiab yooj yim. counterpoints; qhov kev ntxhib los mos ntawm lub suab nruab nrab yog sau tawm hauv txoj kev yooj yim, tus neeg npaj thiab tus neeg ua yeeb yam tau muab lub sijhawm los hloov nws ntawm lawv qhov kev txiav txim siab. Cov chords yog notated txawv.

K. Velebny. Los ntawm phau ntawv Jazz Practice.

Txoj kev tshaj plaws ntawm kev sau ntawv yog xaiv lub ntsiab. chord tones (C - suab C, C — sis, E - es, thiab lwm yam), hom triad (G - triad G-dur, Gm - g-moll, G + - nce triad), hauv cov npe digital ntawm cov suab ntxiv rau triad (

-c-es-gad chord,

- fac-es-gis-hd, thiab lwm yam); siab. xya chord – E dim, etc. Chords in the piano part. sau tseg nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv digitization: B maj7 (thaj xya chord) – bdfa chord, Emi7 (min. xya chord) – eghd, E 7 – es-gb-des, G+ – gh-es (cf. lej nrog trombone chords). Qhov kev xaiv no nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm G.-b.; nws tsis qhia tias gh-es chord yuav tsum tau sau tseg raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm uv. triads los ntawm es, tsis yog SW. triad g. G.-b. yog thiab tseem yuav pab tau. txhais tau tias rau tus neeg ua yeeb yam, "suab paj nruag. shorthand” es tsis yog scientific theory.

References: Kelner D., kev qhia tseeb nyob rau hauv qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tus bass general …, M., 1791; Czerny K., Cov Ntawv … lossis Phau Ntawv Qhia rau kev kawm txog kev ua si piano …, St. Petersburg, 1842; Ivanov-Boretsky M., Suab paj nruag thiab keeb kwm nyeem ntawv vol. 1-3, M., 1928, rov. ed., nr. 1-2, M., 1933-1936.

Yu. N. Kholopov