Kev sib haum xeeb | - Tsev Kawm Ntawv Digital

Pawg phau ntawv txhais lus

cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus

Greek armonia - kev sib txuas, kev sib haum xeeb, proportionality

Kev nthuav qhia cov suab paj nruag raws li kev sib txuas cov suab rau hauv consonances thiab sequences ntawm consonances. Consonances yog implied nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm hom thiab tonality. G. manifests nws tus kheej tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv polyphony, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv monophony - suab paj nruag. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib dhos yog chord, modal, muaj nuj nqi (saib Modal Functions), lub suab ua. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tertian ntawm chord tsim dominates rau ntau xyoo. centuries nyob rau hauv prof. thiab Nar. suab paj nruag diff. haiv neeg. Fret functions tshwm sim nyob rau hauv harmonic. kev txav mus los (kev hloov pauv ntawm chords) raws li kev hloov pauv ntawm muses. stability thiab instability; functions nyob rau hauv G. yog characterized los ntawm txoj hauj lwm nyob ntawm chords nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo. Lub hauv paus chord ntawm hom muab lub tswv yim ntawm kev ruaj ntseg (tonic), qhov seem chords tsis ruaj tsis khov (tseem ceeb thiab subdominant pawg). Lub suab coj tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. kev txav mus los. Cov suab uas ua rau lub chord muab hla mus rau lub suab tom ntej, thiab lwm yam; txav ntawm chord suab yog tsim, txwv tsis pub lub suab ua, raug rau qee cov kev cai tsim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm suab paj nruas creativity thiab ib nrab hloov tshiab.

Muaj peb lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus "G.": G. raws li kev kos duab ntawm kev kos duab (I), raws li kev kawm (II), thiab raws li kev kawm (III).

I. Kom nkag siab txog txuj ci. G. qhov zoo, uas yog, nws lub luag haujlwm hauv suab paj nruag. kev ua haujlwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account nws cov kev nthuav qhia muaj peev xwm (1), kev sib haum xeeb. xim (2), G. kev koom tes hauv kev tsim cov muses. cov ntaub ntawv (3), kev sib raug zoo ntawm G. thiab lwm yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag. lus (4), G. tus cwj pwm rau suab paj nruag. style (5), theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm G. (6).

1) G. qhov kev nthuav qhia yuav tsum raug ntsuas raws li qhov pom ntawm cov lus qhia dav dav. possibilities ntawm suab paj nruag. harmonic qhia yog tshwj xeeb, txawm hais tias nws nyob ntawm cov nqe lus ntawm muses. lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Ib qho kev nthuav qhia tuaj yeem tshwm sim hauv tus kheej consonances. Thaum pib ntawm R. Wagner's opera "Tristan thiab Isolde" ib lub suab chord, uas feem ntau txiav txim siab lub suab paj nruag ntawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm:

Cov chord no, hu ua "Tristan", permeates tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tshwm nyob rau hauv climactic xwm txheej thiab ua ib tug leitharmony. Qhov xwm ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm qhov kawg ntawm Tchaikovsky lub 6th symphony yog predetermined nyob rau hauv lub qhib chord:

Qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm chords yog heev meej thiab keeb kwm ruaj khov. Piv txwv li, ib qho kev txo qis thib xya tau siv los qhia kev ua yeeb yam. cov kev paub dhau los (qhia txog Beethoven's sonatas No. 8 thiab No. 32 rau piano). Kev nthuav qhia kuj yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov chords yooj yim tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li, thaum kawg ntawm Rachmaninoff's prelude, op. 23 No 1 (fis-moll) ntau repetition ntawm me tonic. triads deepens tus cwj pwm muaj nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm no.

2) Nyob rau hauv kev nthuav qhia ntawm G., lub modal-functional thiab coloristic zoo ntawm lub suab yog ua ke. harmonic cov xim yog manifested nyob rau hauv lub suab xws li thiab nyob rau hauv lub ratio ntawm lub suab (piv txwv li, ob loj triads ntawm ib tug deb ntawm ib tug loj thib peb). G. cov xim feem ntau yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem rau qhov kev pab cuam-piv txwv. hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm 1 feem ntawm Beethoven lub 6th ("Pastoral") symphony, muaj ntev-sawv maj. triads; lawv cov kev hloov tsis tu ncua, yuav txiav txim siab. qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov yuam sij, tonics rau-rykh tuaj yeem nyob ntawm txhua lub suab diatonic. Lub suab ntau ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab paj nruag (F-dur) yog xim txawv heev rau Beethoven lub sijhawm. cov txheej txheem siv los embody cov duab ntawm xwm. Cov duab ntawm kaj ntug nyob rau hauv lub thib ob scene ntawm Tchaikovsky lub opera "Eugene Onegin" yog crowned nrog ib tug kaj tonic. triad C-dur. Thaum pib ntawm Grieg qhov kev ua si "Morning" (los ntawm Peer Gynt suite), lub tswv yim ntawm kev nkag siab yog ua tiav los ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm cov yuam sij loj, cov tonics uas tau sib cais ua ntej los ntawm ib qho loj thib peb, tom qab ntawd los ntawm ib qho me me. ib (E-dur, Gis-dur, H- dur). Nrog kev sib haum xeeb. xim qee zaum ua ke cov suab paj nruag-xim sawv cev (saib Xim lub rooj sib hais).

3) G. koom nrog kev tsim cov muses. daim ntawv. G.'s form-building txhais tau tias: a) chord, leitharmony, harmonic. xim, lub cev taw tes; b) harmonic. pulsation (rhythm ntawm kev hloov ntawm harmonies), harmonic. kev hloov pauv; c) cadences, sequences, modulations, deviations, tonal plan; d) kev sib haum xeeb, kev ua haujlwm (kev ruaj ntseg thiab tsis ruaj khov). Cov txhais tau tias yog siv nyob rau hauv ob homophonic thiab polyphonic music. lub tsev khaws khoom.

Nyob rau hauv modal harmonics. functions stability thiab instability yog koom nyob rau hauv lub creation ntawm tag nrho cov muses. cov qauv - los ntawm lub sij hawm mus rau sonata daim ntawv, los ntawm me me invention mus rau nws kim heev fugue, los ntawm romance mus rau opera thiab oratorio. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tripartite pom nyob rau hauv ntau yam hauj lwm, instability feem ntau yog yam ntxwv ntawm nruab nrab ib feem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob tus cwj pwm, tab sis hais txog. stability - mus rau qhov kawg. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sonata yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog. Kev hloov ntawm kev ruaj ntseg thiab tsis ruaj khov yog lub hauv paus ntawm tsis tsuas yog txav mus los, kev loj hlob, tab sis kuj tsim kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov muses. daim ntawv. Cov cadences tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm daim ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm. ib txwm harmonica. kev sib raug zoo ntawm kab lus xaus, piv txwv li kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tseem ceeb thiab cov tonic los ua cov khoom ruaj khov ntawm lub sijhawm - lub hauv paus ntawm ntau muses. daim ntawv. Cadenzas concentrate ua haujlwm, sib haum xeeb. kev sib txuas suab paj nruag.

Txoj kev npaj tonal, uas yog, ua haujlwm zoo thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ib ntus ntawm tonalities, yog qhov tsim nyog rau lub neej ntawm muses. daim ntawv. Muaj kev sib txuas ntawm tonal xaiv los ntawm kev xyaum, uas tau txais tus nqi ntawm cov qauv hauv fugue, rondo, complex peb daim ntawv, thiab lwm yam. Lub embodiment ntawm tonal cov phiaj xwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntaub ntawv loj, yog raws li tus neeg sau lub peev xwm los tsim kev siv tonal. kev sib txuas ntawm "nyob deb" los ntawm ib leeg muses. kev tsim kho. Ua kom lub suab paj nruag npaj. Qhov tseeb tiag, tus neeg ua yeeb yam thiab cov neeg mloog yuav tsum muaj peev xwm sib piv cov suab paj nruag ntawm "qhov deb". Hauv qab no yog ib daim duab ntawm lub tonal txoj kev npaj ntawm 1 feem ntawm lub 6th symphony los ntawm Tchaikovsky. Txhawm rau hnov, kom paub txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntev (354 ntsuas) tso cai, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, rov ua dua ntawm cov muses. cov ncauj lus. Chap emerges. key (h-moll), lwm yam tseem ceeb (xws li D-dur), func. kev sib cuam tshuam thiab subordination ntawm cov yuam sij raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev txiav txim siab dua (los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov haujlwm hauv chord sequences). Tonal txav ntawm otd. cov ntu tau teeb tsa los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov cua sov tsawg; ua ke los yog kaw cycles tshwm min. tonality, repetition ntawm uas ua rau kev nkag siab ntawm tag nrho.

Tonal txoj kev npaj ntawm thawj lub zog ntawm Tchaikovsky lub 6th symphony

Cov kev pab them nqi ntawm tag nrho cov tonal txoj kev npaj kuj pab systematically. kev siv cov sequences, tsis tu ncua contrasting alternation ntawm tone-stable, tsis-modulating thiab tone-tsis ruaj, modulating seem, ib co zoo xws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm climaxes. Txoj kev npaj tonal ntawm 1 ntu ntawm Tchaikovsky's 6th symphony qhia tau hais tias "kev sib koom ua ke hauv ntau haiv neeg" thiab, nrog rau tag nrho nws cov yam ntxwv, nws txawv. nta, raws li classic. cov cai. Raws li ib qho ntawm cov qauv no, qhov sib lawv liag ntawm qhov tsis ruaj khov siab dua kev txiav txim siab yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov qub, cadence (S - D). Muaj nuj nqi. cov qauv ntawm tonal txav ntawm peb feem (yooj yim) daim ntawv thiab sonata daim ntawv siv daim ntawv T – D – S – T, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov qauv cadence qauv T – S – D – T (xws li, piv txwv li, yog lub tonal. cov kev npaj ntawm thawj qhov chaw ntawm thawj ob symphonies ntawm Beethoven). Tonal txav yog qee zaum compressed rau hauv chord lossis ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm chords - harmonic. kev hloov pauv. Ib qho ntawm culminations ntawm 1 feem ntawm Tchaikovsky lub 6th symphony (saib tuav 263-276) yog ua los ntawm ib tug ntev sustained diminished xya chord, generalizing lub yav dhau los ascents ntawm lub me me tertz.

Thaum ib los yog lwm chord tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv ib daim, piv txwv li. vim muaj kev sib txuas nrog cov culmination los yog vim yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov suab paj nruag. lub ntsiab lus, nws yog ntau dua los yog tsawg zog koom tes nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev tsim kho ntawm muses. daim ntawv. Kev nkag mus, lossis "los ntawm", kev ua ntawm chord thoob plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tshwm sim uas keeb kwm nrog thiab txawm tias ua ntej monothematism; Nws tuaj yeem txhais tau tias "monoharmonism" ua rau leitharmony. Monoharmonic lub luag haujlwm yog ua si, piv txwv li, los ntawm chords ntawm qib qis thib ob hauv Beethoven's sonatas NoNo 14 ("Moonlight"), 17 thiab 23 ("Appassionata"). Kev ntsuas qhov piv ntawm G. thiab muses. daim ntawv, ib tug yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov chaw ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb shaping txhais tau tias ntawm geography (exposition, los yog reprise, thiab lwm yam), raws li zoo raws li nws kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm xws li cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm shaping li repetition, variation, kev loj hlob, xa mus, thiab sib piv.

4) G. yog nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm lwm yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag. lus thiab cuam tshuam nrog lawv. Qee qhov stereotypes ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam tau tsim. Piv txwv li, kev hloov hauv metrically muaj zog ntaus, accents feem ntau coincide nrog chord hloov; ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm, kev sib haum xeeb hloov tsawg dua li ntawm qhov qeeb; lub timbre ntawm cov twj paj nruag nyob rau hauv qis register (thaum pib ntawm Tchaikovsky lub 6th symphony) qhia txog qhov tsaus ntuj nti, thiab nyob rau hauv lub siab register lub teeb harmonic. coloring (thaum pib ntawm lub orchestral taw qhia rau lub opera Lohengrin los ntawm Wagner). Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv suab paj nruag. prod. G. dhau los ua "tus neeg txhais lus" zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntsiab lus nplua nuj ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Raws li cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm MI Glinka, G. ua tiav cov suab paj nruag. kev xav ua pov thawj dab tsi zoo li dormant nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag thiab uas nws tsis tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv nws tus kheej "tag nrho lub suab". G. muab zais rau hauv lub suab paj nruag yog qhia los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb - piv txwv li, thaum cov neeg sau txheej txheem nar. nkauj. Ua tsaug rau qhov sib txawv chants, tib harmonies. hloov ua ib qho kev xav txawv. Harmonious wealth. cov kev xaiv muaj nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag qhia cov harmonic. variation, ib tug txiav tshwm sim nrog repetitions ntawm melodic. fragments ntawm ntau dua los yog tsawg dua, nyob rau hauv "tom ntej" los yog "nyob deb" (nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm variations los yog nyob rau hauv lwm yam suab paj nruas daim ntawv). Zoo heev. harmonic nqi. variation (raws li variation nyob rau hauv dav dav) yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv renewal suab paj nruag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib haum xeeb yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. txoj kev ntawm tus kheej-harmonic. kev loj hlob. Hauv "Turkish" los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam "Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" los ntawm Glinka, ntawm lwm tus, pom muaj cov kev xaiv hauv qab no rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag:

Xws li kev sib haum xeeb sib txawv ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim ntawm Glinka-hom variation. Invariable diatonic. cov suab nkauj tuaj yeem sib haum xeeb hauv ntau txoj kev: tsuas yog los ntawm diatonic (saib Diatonic) lossis tsuas yog chromatic (saib Chromatism) chords, lossis ob qho tib si ua ke; ib leeg-tone harmonizations lossis nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov yuam sij, kev hloov pauv, nrog kev khaws cia lossis hloov ntawm hom (loj lossis me) tuaj yeem ua tau; ua tau diff. funkt. ua ke ntawm stability thiab instability (tonics, dominants thiab subdominants); kev sib haum xeeb cov kev xaiv muaj xws li kev hloov hauv kev thov, melodic. txoj hauj lwm thiab kev npaj ntawm chords, xaiv preim. triads, xya chords lossis non-chords, siv chord suab thiab tsis chord suab, thiab ntau ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm harmonic. variations yog qhia richness yuav qhia. Muaj peev xwm ntawm G., nws lub zog ntawm lub suab paj nruag, thiab lwm yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag. tag nrho.

5) G. ua ke nrog lwm cov muses. Cheebtsam koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov suab paj nruag. style. Koj tseem tuaj yeem qhia cov cim qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb. style. Stylistically peculiar harmonica. lem, chords, txoj kev ntawm tonal txoj kev loj hlob yog paub tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog nws lub hom phiaj. Ua tib zoo mloog cov keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm, koj tuaj yeem, piv txwv li, pleev xim rau daim duab romantic. G. tag nrho; nws yog ua tau kom highlight G. los ntawm daim duab no. romantics, ces, piv txwv li, R. Wagner, ces – G. ntawm ntau lub sij hawm ntawm Wagner txoj hauj lwm, mus txog harmonic. style ntawm ib qho ntawm nws tej hauj lwm, piv txwv li. "Tristan thiab Isolde". Txawm li cas los xij, thawj yog nat. kev tshwm sim ntawm G. (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab classics, nyob rau hauv Norwegian suab paj nruag - nyob rau hauv Grieg), nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, nws cov thoob ntiaj teb, cov khoom thiab cov ntsiab cai tseem muaj nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm hom, functionality, chord qauv, thiab lwm yam.), tsis muaj G. nws tus kheej tsis xav txog. Tus sau (composer's) stylistic. G. qhov tshwj xeeb tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau cov ntsiab lus: "Tristan chord", "Prometheus chord" (lub leitharmony ntawm Scriabin's paj huam "Prometheus"), "Prokofiev's dominant", thiab lwm yam. Cov keeb kwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag qhia tsis tau tsuas yog kev hloov, tab sis kuj lub simultaneous hav zoov ntawm decomp. harmonic styles.

6) Xav tau tshwj xeeb. txoj kev kawm ntawm evolution ntawm suab paj nruag, txij li thaum nws tau ntev lawm ib tug tshwj xeeb cheeb tsam ntawm suab paj nruag thiab musicology. Qhov txawv. G.'s sab tsim ntawm tus nqi sib txawv, lawv muaj feem cuam tshuam. stability yog txawv. Piv txwv li, evolution nyob rau hauv chord yog qeeb dua nyob rau hauv lub modal-functional thiab tonal spheres. G. yog maj enriched, tab sis nws txoj kev vam meej tsis yog ib txwm qhia nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv lwm lub sij hawm (ib feem kuj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th), qhov kev kawm ntawm hydrogeography yuav tsum, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug tshiab txoj kev loj hlob ntawm yooj yim txhais tau tias. Rau G. (nrog rau ib qho kev kos duab dav dav) muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm classical composers. kev lig kev cai thiab muaj tseeb innovation.

G. lub hauv paus chiv keeb nyob hauv Nar. suab paj nruag. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau cov neeg uas tsis paub polyphony: tej suab paj nruag, tej monophony hauv potency muaj G.; nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob zoo, cov zais possibilities raug muab txhais ua kev muaj tiag. Nar. lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm G. feem ntau kom meej meej tshwm nyob rau hauv ib tug polyphonic nkauj, piv txwv li. ntawm cov neeg Russia. Hauv cov neeg zoo li no Cov nkauj muaj cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm chord - chords, kev hloov pauv uas qhia txog kev ua haujlwm, lub suab ua. Nyob rau hauv Russia. zaj nkauj muaj qhov loj, me thiab lwm yam ntuj tsim nyob ze rau lawv.

G. txoj kev vam meej yog inseparable los ntawm homophonic harmonic. warehouse of music (saib. Homophony), nyob rau hauv nqe lus rau-rogo nyob teb chaws Europe. suab paj nruag thov-ve ib lub luag hauj lwm tshwj xeeb belongs rau lub sij hawm los ntawm 2nd pem teb. 16 mus rau 1st pem teb. Xyoo pua 17th Kev nce qib ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom no tau npaj thaum lub sijhawm Renaissance, thaum ntau thiab ntau qhov chaw tau muab rau cov muses secular. hom ntawv thiab qhib lub cib fim dav rau kev nthuav qhia lub ntiaj teb sab ntsuj plig ntawm tib neeg. G. pom qhov kev txhawb siab tshiab rau kev txhim kho hauv instr. music, sib hlub instr. thiab wok. kev nthuav qhia. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm homophonic harmonic. warehouse xav tau hais txog. kev sib haum xeeb autonomy. accompaniment thiab nws kev sib cuam tshuam nrog lub suab paj nruag. Cov hom tshiab ntawm tus kheej-harmonics tshwm sim. textures, tshiab txoj kev sib haum xeeb. thiab melodic. cov duab. G. qhov kev nplua nuj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg sau nkauj hauv ntau hom suab paj nruag. Cov ntaub ntawv acoustic, kev faib cov suab hauv pawg hu nkauj, thiab lwm yam uas yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej coj mus rau kev lees paub ntawm plaub lub suab raws li tus qauv ntawm kev hu nkauj. Kev xyaum ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam (basso continuo) ua lub luag haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev ua kom lub siab sib haum xeeb. Ntau tiam neeg ntaus suab paj nruag pom nyob rau hauv no xyaum thiab nws theoretical. kev cai yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm G.; cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam yog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam. Sij hawm dhau los, cov neeg xav paub zoo thiab cov kws tshawb fawb suab paj nruag tau pib ua txoj haujlwm nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog cov ntses bass thaj tsam uas muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam (JF Rameau thiab nws cov thwjtim hauv thaj chaw no).

European achievements. suab paj nruag 2 pem teb. 16-17 centuries nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm G. (tsis hais txog kev zam uas tseem tsis tau nkag mus rau hauv kev siv dav dua) tau sau tseg hauv lub ntsiab. mus rau tom ntej: natural loj thiab harmonic. me me tau nyob rau lub sij hawm no dominance. txoj hauj lwm; melodic ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. me me, me me, tab sis hnyav heev - harmonic. loj. Ua rau diatonic. frets (Dorian, Mixolydian, thiab lwm yam) muaj lub ntsiab lus concomitant. Lub tonal ntau haiv neeg tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv ntawm tonalities nyob ze, thiab qee zaus, nyob deb kinship. Persistent tonal correlations tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv ntau hom ntawv thiab hom, piv txwv li. txav mus rau hauv cov kev taw qhia tseem ceeb hauv kev pib ntawm kev tsim khoom, pab txhawb kom muaj zog ntawm tonic; ib ntus tawm mus rau lub subdominant nyob rau hauv lub kawg seem. Modulations tau yug los. Sequences nquag tshwm sim lawv tus kheej hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov yuam sij, kev tswj hwm qhov tseem ceeb uas feem ntau tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho G. Dominant txoj hauj lwm belongs rau diatonic. Nws functionality, e. qhov piv ntawm tonic, dominant thiab subdominant, tau hnov tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nqaim, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv ib tug dav scale. Kev tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm hloov pauv tau raug pom (saib daim duab. function variables). Cov haujlwm tau tsim. pab pawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm subdominant. Cov paib mus tas li ntawm harmonics tau tsim thiab kho. kiv puag ncig thiab cadences: qhabnias, plagal, cuam tshuam. Ntawm cov chords, triads (loj thiab me) dominated, thiab kuj muaj rau chords. Quartz-sext chords, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cadence chords, pib nkag mus rau hauv kev xyaum. Nyob rau hauv ib lub voj voog ze ntawm xya chords, xya chord ntawm lub thib tsib degree (tseem ceeb xya chord) sawv tawm, lub xya chords ntawm lub thib ob thiab xya degrees tau tsawg dua. General, tas li ua yam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov consonances tshiab - melodic. kev ua ntawm lub suab polyphonic, tsis yog chord suab, polyphony. Chromatics nkag mus rau diatonic, ua tawm tsam nws keeb kwm yav dhau. Chromatic. suab feem ntau yog chordal; harmonic Ch. tau txais kev txhawb siab rau qhov pom ntawm chromaticity. sij hawm tuaj txog. tes taws los piav. cov txheej txheem, sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub tonality ntawm lub XNUMXth degree, lub XNUMXth degree, thaum uas tig mus (loj lossis me - saib. parallel tones). Lub ntsiab chromatic chords 2nd pem teb. 16th-17th centuries - lub prototypes ntawm ob lub tseem ceeb, lub Neapolitan thib rau chord (uas, contrary to lub feem ntau txais lub npe, tau tshwm sim ntev ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Neapolitan) kuj tsim nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog modulations. Chromatic. Cov kab ke ntawm chords qee zaum tshwm sim vim "sliding" ntawm lub suab, piv txwv li. hloov ntawm ib tug loj triad los ntawm ib tug me me ntawm tib lub npe. Kev xaus ntawm cov me me los yog lawv qhov chaw hauv ib qho. loj twb paub nyob rau hauv cov hnub. T. o., cov ntsiab lus ntawm hom loj-me (saib. Major-me) tau tsim maj mam. Qhov kev xav ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. xim, qhov xav tau ntawm polyphony, inertia ntawm sequencing, cov xwm txheej ntawm lub suab piav qhia qhov tsos ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj, tab sis tag nrho cov kev pom ntau dua qis-terts thiab bol-terts ua ke ntawm diatonically unrelated triads. Hauv suab paj nruag, 2nd pem teb. 16th-17th centuries qhov kev qhia ntawm chords xws li yog twb pib xav. Tej kev sib raug zoo raug kho thiab ua mus tas li. thiab cov ntaub ntawv: qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau cov phiaj xwm tonal yog tsim (kev hloov kho rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, kev sib luag loj), lawv qhov chaw raug yog nyob ntawm lub ntsiab. hom cadences, cov cim qhia, kev loj hlob, kev nthuav qhia zaum kawg ntawm G. Melodic harmonica nco. cov kab lus rov qab, yog li tsim ib daim ntawv, thiab G. tau txais mus rau ib qho twg thematic. nqi. Hauv suab paj nruag. lub ntsiab lus, uas tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no, G. occupies ib qho chaw tseem ceeb. Harmonics yog tsim thiab honed. txhais tau tias thiab cov txheej txheem npog cov ntu loj ntawm kev ua haujlwm lossis kev tsim khoom. raws li tag nrho. Ntxiv nrog rau cov sequences (incl. h "golden sequence"), kev siv uas tseem txwv, lawv suav nrog org. cov ntsiab lus ntawm tonic thiab tseem ceeb, ostinato hauv ntses bass thaj tsam (saib. Bass ostinato) thiab др. suab, kev sib haum xeeb variation. Cov txiaj ntsig keeb kwm no txhim kho g. thaum lub sij hawm tsim thiab pom zoo ntawm homophonic harmonic. warehouse tag nrho cov zoo kawg li uas rau ob peb. centuries ua ntej ntawd nyob rau hauv prof. suab paj nruag, polyphony tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws cov me nyuam mos, thiab consonances raug txwv rau quarts thiab thib tsib. Tom qab ntawd, lub sijhawm thib peb tau pom thiab triad tshwm sim, uas yog lub hauv paus tseeb ntawm chords thiab, yog li ntawd, G. Ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txhim kho G. hauv tsab cai. Lub sijhawm tuaj yeem txiav txim siab, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ya. AP Sweelinka, K. Monteverdi, J.

Yog. P. Sweelinck. "Chromatic Fantasy". nthuav tawm

Tam sim no, code.

Ib theem tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntxiv ntawm suab paj nruag yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm JS Bach thiab lwm tus kws sau nkauj ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm G., ze ze rau homophonic harmonic. storehouse ntawm suab paj nruag, kuj yog loj vim polyphonic. warehouse (saib Polyphony) thiab nws interweaving nrog homophony. Cov suab paj nruag ntawm Viennese classics coj nrog nws muaj zog nce ntxiv. Ib qho tshiab, txawm tias ci ntsa iab ntawm gypsum tau pom nyob rau xyoo 19th. nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm romantic composers. Lub sij hawm no kuj tau cim los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm nat. Piv txwv li cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag. Lavxias teb sab classics. Ib lub ci ntsa iab hauv G. keeb kwm yog lub suab paj nruag. impressionism (lig 19th thiab ntxov 20th centuries). Composers ntawm lub sij hawm no twb gravitate mus rau niaj hnub. harmonic theem. evolution. Nws cov theem kawg (los ntawm 10-20s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th) yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws cov kev ua tiav, tshwj xeeb hauv Sov. suab paj nruag.

Yog. P. Sweelinck. Variations ntawm "Mein Junges Leben hat ein End". 6 variation.

Kev loj hlob ntawm kev sib haum xeeb nrog ser. 17th century to ser. 20th caug xyoo nws mob siab heev.

Nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm hom tag nrho, ib qho tseem ceeb heev evolution ntawm lub diatonic loj thiab me tshwm sim: tag nrho xya chords pib siv dav, tsis yog-chords thiab chords ntawm cov qauv siab dua pib siv, cov haujlwm sib txawv tau ua ntau dua. Cov peev txheej ntawm kev tshawb fawb diatonic tsis tau tag nrho txawm tias niaj hnub no. Lub modal nplua nuj ntawm suab paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv romantics, nce vim kev sib koom ua ke ntawm loj thiab me rau hauv eponymous thiab parallel loj-me thiab me-loj; qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov me-loj loj tau siv me ntsis txog tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 ntawm lub hauv paus tshiab, cov ntawv qub diatonic tau kho dua tshiab. fret. Lawv coj ntau yam tshiab rau prof. suab paj nruag, nthuav cov possibilities ntawm loj thiab me. Lawv txoj kev vam meej tau yooj yim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov nat. nar. kab lis kev cai (piv txwv li, Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainian thiab lwm haiv neeg ntawm Russia; Polish, Norwegian, thiab lwm yam). Los ntawm 2nd pem teb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th complex thiab ci nyob rau hauv cov xim chromatic modal formations pib siv ntau dua, cov tub ntxhais ntawm uas yog tertian kab ntawm loj los yog me triads thiab tag nrho-tone sequences.

Qhov tsis ruaj tsis khov ntawm tonality tau dav tsim. Cov chords nyob deb tshaj plaws tau pib suav tias yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub tonal system, subordinate rau tonic. Tonic tau txais kev tswj hwm ntawm kev sib txawv tsis yog rau hauv kev sib raug zoo, tab sis kuj mus rau hauv cov yuam sij nyob deb.

Kev hloov pauv loj kuj tau tshwm sim hauv kev sib raug zoo tonal. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm cov phiaj xwm tonal ntawm cov ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Nrog rau quarto-quint thiab terts, qhov thib ob thiab tritone tonal ratios kuj tau los ua ntej. Nyob rau hauv lub tonal zog muaj ib tug alternation ntawm tonal kev them nyiaj yug thiab non-support, meej thiab kuj indefinite theem. Cov keeb kwm ntawm G., txog rau tam sim no, lees paub tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov qauv tshiab thiab ruaj khov ntawm kev muaj tswv yim tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev sib haum xeeb thiab tonality, uas qhib qhov kev cia siab tsis muaj kev cia siab rau kev xyaum.

Kev vam meej loj tau ua nyob rau hauv kev hloov kho, hauv cov tswv yim, kev sib txuas ze thiab nyob deb tonalities - maj mam thiab nrawm (dhau). Modulations txuas ntu ntawm daim ntawv, muses. Cov ntsiab lus; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev hloov pauv thiab kev sib txawv tau pib nkag mus tob thiab tob rau hauv kev faib, mus rau hauv kev tsim thiab xa mus rau cov muses. Ntsiab lus. Dep. modulation txuj ci tau ntsib ib tug nplua nuj evolution. Los ntawm cov kev hloov kho enharmonic (saib. Anharmonism), uas tau dhau los ua tau tom qab tsim cov kev xav tsis zoo, thaum xub thawj lub siab raws li anharmonism tau siv. xya chord (Bach). Tom qab ntawd cov kev hloov pauv tau nthuav tawm los ntawm kev txhais lus anharmonically tseem ceeb thib xya chord, piv txwv li, ntau txoj kev sib xyaw ua ke tau nkag mus rau hauv kev xyaum. sib npaug ntawm chords, ces enharmonic tshwm sim. modulation los ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj SW. triads, nrog rau kev pab ntawm lwm cov chords. Txhua hom npe yog enharmonic. modulation muaj ib txoj kab tshwj xeeb ntawm evolution. Brightness, expressiveness, colourfulness, sib piv-tseem ceeb lub luag hauj lwm ntawm xws modulations nyob rau hauv ntau lawm. ua qauv qhia, piv txwv li, Bach's Organ Fantasy hauv g-moll (section ua ntej lub fugue), Confutatis los ntawm Mozart's Requiem, Beethoven's Pathetique Sonata (part 1, repetition of Grave at the beginning of development), introduction to Wagner's Tristan and Isolde (ua ntej lub coda), Glinka's Song ntawm Margarita (ua ntej qhov rov tshwm sim), Tchaikovsky's Romeo thiab Juliet Overture (ua ntej sab). Muaj cov khoom xyaw nplua nuj saturated nrog enharmonics. modulations:

R. Schuman. "Hmo ntuj", op. 12, nr 5.

Ibid.

Kev hloov maj mam txuas mus rau tag nrho cov chords ntawm cov subdominant, dominant thiab double dominant, nrog rau cov chords ntawm qhov tseem ceeb thib ob. Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, plaub theem txo qis ntawm cov menyuam yaus pib siv. Pib siv tib lub sijhawm. Kev hloov ntawm ib lub suab nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv (ob npaug hloov chords), nrog rau tib lub sijhawm. Kev hloov pauv ntawm ob lub suab sib txawv (ob zaug hloov chords):

IB Scriabin. 3rd symphony.

NA Rimsky-Korsakov. "Snow Maiden". Kev Ua 3.

N. Yaj. Myaskovsky. 5th symphony. Ntu II.

Hauv decomp. chords, tus nqi ntawm sab tones (nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, embedded los yog hloov suab) maj mam nce. Nyob rau hauv triads thiab lawv inversions, lub thib rau hloov lub thib tsib los yog ua ke nrog nws. Tom qab ntawd, hauv xya chords, quarts hloov peb. Raws li yav dhau los, lub hauv paus ntawm chord tsim yog tsis-chord suab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ncua. Piv txwv li, qhov tseem ceeb nonchord tseem siv los txuas nrog kev kaw, tab sis pib ntawm Beethoven, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv 2nd ib nrab. Xyoo 19th thiab tom qab ntawd, lub chord no kuj tau siv los ua ib qho kev ywj pheej. Kev tsim ntawm chords txuas ntxiv cuam tshuam los ntawm org. cov ntsiab lus - vim yog funkts. mismatches ntawm bass thaj tsam thiab lwm lub suab. Cov chords yog complex, saturated nrog nro, nyob rau hauv uas hloov thiab hloov suab yog ua ke, piv txwv li, lub "Prometheus chord" a (consonance ntawm lub plaub qauv).

IB Scriabin. "Prometheus".

Lub evolution ntawm harmonica. txhais tau tias thiab cov txheej txheem qhia nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub enharmonic. modulation, kuj pom nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm ib tug yooj yim loj tonic. triad, nrog rau txhua chord. Noteworthy yog evolution ntawm alterations, org. yam, etc.

Nyob rau hauv Russia classics ntawm modal functions. G. qhov muaj peev xwm hloov mus rau Ch. arr. nyob rau hauv pej xeem-suab nkauj ntsuj plig (variable hom, plagality, saib Medieval hom). Rus. lub tsev kawm ntawv tau qhia cov yam ntxwv tshiab hauv kev siv diatonic sab chords, hauv lawv qhov kev sib txuas thib ob. Lavxias teb sab ua tau zoo heev. composers thiab nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm chromatics; Piv txwv li, programming stimulated qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv complex modal. Lub hwj chim ntawm tus thawj G. rus. classics yog loj: nws tau kis mus rau lub ntiaj teb no muaj tswv yim xyaum, nws yog kom meej meej reflected nyob rau hauv Soviet suab paj nruag.

Qee qhov kev xav ntawm niaj hnub. G. yog manifested nyob rau hauv cov kev hloov ntawm ib tug tej yam tonal kev nthuav qhia los ntawm ib tug kuj indefinite ib, nyob rau hauv lub "fouling" ntawm chords nrog non-chord suab, nyob rau hauv ib tug nce nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ostinato, thiab kev siv ntawm parallels. lub suab ua, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, kev suav ntawm cov yam ntxwv tsis txaus rau cov lus xaus. Duab G. niaj hnub. Cov suab paj nruag tiag tiag tsis tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm kev soj ntsuam txog kev sib koom ua ke tab sis qhov tseeb ntau yam. Nyob rau niaj hnub no Tsis muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm G. uas yuav tsis tau npaj keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws tshiab tej hauj lwm, piv txwv li. SS Prokofiev thiab DD Shostakovich, khaws cia thiab tsim lub modal-function. lub hauv paus ntawm G., nws cov kev sib txuas nrog Nar. nkauj; G. tseem qhia tau hais tias, thiab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tseem nyob hauv lub suab paj nruag. Xws li yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm Shostakovich thiab lwm yam composers, los yog cov txheej txheem ntawm expanding ciam teb ntawm tonality los ntawm deb, muaj ntau deviations nyob rau hauv Prokofiev lub suab paj nruag. Lub tonality ntawm deviations, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tseem ceeb. tonality, nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ntau yog nthuav tawm los ntawm Prokofiev kom meej meej, tonically justified ob leeg nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab thiab nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob. Keeb kwm nto moo. hloov tshiab qauv. Kev txhais lus ntawm tonality tau tsim los ntawm Prokofiev hauv Gavotte ntawm Classical Symphony.

NWS Prokofiev. "Classical Symphony". Gavotte.

Hauv G. owls. composers yog reflected yam ntxwv ntawm owls. culture cross-fertilization music dec. haiv neeg. Lavxias tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb heev. owls. suab paj nruag nrog nws cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws classical kab lig kev cai.

II. G. qhov kev txiav txim siab ua ib yam khoom ntawm kev tshawb fawb npog niaj hnub. cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. (1), lub tswv yim modal-functional (2), evolution ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. (3).

1) Niaj hnub nimno. cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. muaj ib tug systematic thiab keeb kwm. ntu. Systematic ib feem yog tsim nyob rau hauv keeb kwm foundations thiab muaj xws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm otd. harmonic nyiaj. Rau cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm G., ntxiv rau cov uas tau piav qhia saum toj no (consonance-chord, modal function, suab coj), kuj yog cov tswv yim hais txog lub ntuj tsim, hais txog suab paj nruag. systems (saib System) thiab temperaments txuam nrog lub cev thiab acoustic. preconditions rau harmonic phenomena. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm dissonance consonances, muaj ob sab - acoustic thiab modal. Lub modal mus kom ze rau lub essence thiab kev nkag siab ntawm consonance thiab dissonance yog hloov pauv, evolving nrog rau cov suab paj nruag nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, muaj ib tug nyiam soften lub xaav ntawm dissonance ntawm consonances nrog ib tug nce nyob rau hauv lawv nruj thiab ntau haiv neeg. Kev xaav ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ib txwm nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm: tom qab kev tsis sib haum xeeb hnyav, cov tsis tshua muaj zog tuaj yeem poob qee qhov ntawm lawv lub zog rau cov neeg mloog. Muaj lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm consonance thiab stability, dissonance thiab instability. kev sib txuas. Yog li ntawd, tsis hais txog kev hloov pauv hauv kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib haum xeeb, cov xwm txheej no yuav tsum tau khaws cia, vim tias kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb yuav tso tseg - qhov tsim nyog rau kev muaj kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm. Thaum kawg, lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab kev daws teeb meem yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Cov suab paj nruag kom meej meej hnov lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm lub suab tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov suab paj nruag, lub suab ntawm chords, tag nrho cov chord complexes thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus mus rau hauv lub suab ruaj khov. Txawm hais tias qhov kev piav qhia dav dav dav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem tiag tiag tseem tsis tau muab, cov lus piav qhia ib nrab thiab kev txhais lus (piv txwv li, lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub suab nrov) yog qhov tseeb. Hauv cov lus qhuab qhia txog G. diatonic raug tshawb xyuas. frets (natural loj thiab me, thiab lwm yam), diatonic. chords thiab lawv cov tebchaw, modal nta ntawm chromatic thiab chromatic. chords raws li derivatives ntawm lub diatonic. Kev sib txawv thiab kev hloov pauv tshwj xeeb yog kawm. Ib qho chaw loj hauv cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. yog muab rau cov kev hloov pauv, to-rye raug cais raws li dec. nta: qhov piv ntawm cov yuam sij, kev hloov pauv txoj hauv kev (kev hloov maj mam thiab tam sim ntawd), cov txheej txheem kev hloov pauv. Nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G., qhov saum toj no-hais txog ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm G. thiab muses raug tshuaj xyuas. daim ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, harmonic txhais tau tias txawv nrog ntau yam ntawm kev ua, mus txog rau qhov kev pab cuam ntawm tag nrho cov hauj lwm, piv txwv li, lub cev taw tes thiab harmonic variation. Cov teeb meem uas tau hais ua ntej tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G.

2) Niaj hnub nimno. lado-func. txoj kev xav, uas muaj kev lig kev cai ntev thiab tob, txuas ntxiv txhim kho nrog rau cov suab paj nruag. kos duab. Lub durability ntawm txoj kev xav no tau piav qhia los ntawm nws txoj kev ntseeg tau, qhov tseeb piav qhia ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm classical. thiab suab paj nruag niaj hnub. Muaj nuj nqi. txoj kev xav, tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm modal stability thiab instability, qhia kev sib haum xeeb, orderliness ntawm ntau yam harmonics. txhais tau tias, lub logic ntawm harmonics. zog. Harmonic. manifestations ntawm modal stability thiab instability nyob rau hauv relation mus loj thiab me yog concentrated feem ntau nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tonic, dominant thiab subdominant. Cov kev hloov hauv kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb kuj pom muaj nyob rau hauv qhov kev hloov ntawm qhov tsis-modulation (ib lub sij hawm nyob ntev hauv ib qho tseem ceeb uas tsis muaj c.-l. deviations los ntawm nws) thiab kev hloov kho; nyob rau hauv alternation ntawm tone-txhais thiab tone-indefinite nthuav qhia. Xws li kev nthuav dav ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv suab paj nruag yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub. cov lus qhuab qhia G. Qhov no kuj suav nrog kev nthuav dav dav dav txog funkts. pawg chords thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm func. Kev hloov pauv, hais txog kev ua haujlwm siab dua, hais txog cov haujlwm yooj yim thiab sib txawv. Muaj nuj nqi. pawg tsuas yog tsim nyob rau hauv ob lub luag haujlwm tsis ruaj khov. Qhov no ua raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm hom thiab tau lees paub los ntawm ntau qhov kev soj ntsuam: nyob rau hauv ib theem ntawm decomp. chords ntawm no function. pab pawg (piv txwv li, VI-IV-II cov kauj ruam), qhov kev xav ntawm ib qho (qhov no, subdomipant) muaj nuj nqi yog khaws cia; thaum, tom qab tonic, piv txwv li e. Theem I, lwm yam tshwm sim. chord, ib. h VI lossis III cov kauj ruam, muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua haujlwm; kev hloov ntawm V kauj ruam mus rau VI nyob rau hauv ib qho kev cuam tshuam cadence txhais tau hais tias ncua kev tso cai, thiab tsis yog nws hloov; suab zej zog nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej tsis tsim funkt. pab pawg: ob lub suab nrov txhua tus muaj I thiab VI, I thiab III cov kauj ruam, tab sis kuj VII thiab II cov kauj ruam - "siab" cov neeg sawv cev ntawm dec. ua haujlwm tsis ruaj khov. pawg. Cov haujlwm siab dua yuav tsum nkag siab tias yog funkt. kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab. Muaj subdominant, dominant thiab tonic. tonality. Lawv raug hloov raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab tau npaj nyob rau hauv ib qho kev txiav txim hauv cov phiaj xwm tonal. Lub modal muaj nuj nqi ntawm chord, nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb - tonicity los yog non-tonicity yog pom los ntawm nws muses. "Ib puag ncig", nyob rau hauv alternation ntawm chords uas tsim ib harmonic. lem, feem ntau kev faib tawm uas nyob rau hauv relation mus tonic thiab dominant yog raws li nram no: stability - instability (T - D); instability - stability (D - T); stability - stability (T - D - T); instability – instability (D – T – D). Lub logic ntawm lub hauv paus ib ntus ntawm kev ua haujlwm T - S - D - T, uas lees paub tonality, yog qhov tseeb los ntawm X. Riemann: Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub sequence ntawm C loj thiab F loj triads, lawv modal functions thiab tonality tseem tsis tau paub meej, tab sis cov tsos ntawm peb, G loj triad tam sim ntawd qhia meej lub tonal lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua chord; cov instability accumulated ua rau stability - C loj triad, uas yog perceived raws li ib tug tonic. Qee zaum hauv kev ua haujlwm tsom G. vim kev mloog tsis yog them rau cov xim xim, lub originality ntawm lub suab, cov qauv ntawm chord, nws ncig, qhov chaw, thiab lwm yam. etc., as well as melodic. cov txheej txheem tshwm sim hauv kev txav ntawm G. Cov shortcomings, li cas los xij, yog txiav txim los ntawm nqaim, unscientific daim ntawv thov ntawm modal functions. txoj kev xav, tsis yog nws qhov essence. Nyob rau hauv lub zog ntawm modal functions, stability thiab instability qhib ib leeg. Nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntau dhau ntawm kev ruaj ntseg, kev tsis txaus ntseeg kuj tseem tsis muaj zog. Nws hypertrophy nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm huab, unlimited teeb meem G. ua rau poob ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab, tib lub sijhawm, kev sib haum xeeb thiab tonality. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm fretlessness - atonalism (atonality) txhais tau tias tsim kev tsis sib haum xeeb (antiharmony). Rimsky-Korsakov tau sau tias: "Kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib cav sib ceg, sawv cev rau ntau yam kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau haiv neeg thiab kev nyuaj siab, tsis muaj kev cia siab tias muaj lawv cov kev txwv, hla uas peb pom peb tus kheej hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab cacophony, hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev sib tsoo, ob leeg ib txhij thiab ua tiav” (N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, On auditory delusions, Poln. Sobr. vol., ib.

3) Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. tau ua ntej ntev. lub sij hawm ntawm evolution ntawm suab paj nruag txoj kev xav, tsim nyob rau hauv lub ancient ntiaj teb no. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus pib coj zoo ib txhij nrog lub realization ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm G. nyob rau hauv suab paj nruas creativity. Ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia no yog J. Tsarlino. Hauv nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb "Foundations of Harmony" ("Istituzioni harmoniche", 1558), nws hais txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov loj thiab me triads, lawv lub suab tertian. Ob lub chords tau txais natural science justification. Qhov kev xav tob uas ua los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Tsarlino yog pov thawj los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb uas nthuav tawm nyob ib puag ncig lawv (V. Galilei) thiab lub siab xav ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub los tsim thiab nrov rau lawv.

Rau txoj kev xav ntawm G. nyob rau hauv niaj hnub. kev nkag siab txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab tau txais cov haujlwm ntawm Rameau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nws tus thawj coj. "Treatise on Harmony" (1722). Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm phau ntawv nws tau qhia tias qhov kev qhia no nyob ntawm tej ntsiab cai. Qhov pib ntawm Rameau txoj kev qhia yog lub cev muaj suab npe. Nyob rau hauv lub ntuj teev, muab los ntawm xwm nws tus kheej thiab muaj mazh. triad, Rameau pom xwm. puag G. Maj. lub triad ua haujlwm raws li tus qauv ntawm tertian qauv ntawm chords. Hauv kev hloov ntawm chords, Rameau thawj zaug paub txog lawv txoj haujlwm, qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb. qhov chaw thiab nws subordinate consonances (tonic, dominant, subdominant). Rameau hais txog lub tswv yim ntawm cov yuam sij loj thiab me. Taw tes rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cadences (D - T, VI cov kauj ruam, thiab lwm yam), nws coj mus rau hauv tus account lub peev xwm ntawm kev tsim lawv los ntawm analogy los ntawm lwm yam diatonic. cov kauj ruam. Qhov no lub hom phiaj twb suav nrog txoj hauv kev dav dua thiab hloov tau yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm, mus txog qhov kev xav ntawm cov haujlwm sib txawv. Nws ua raws los ntawm Rameau qhov laj thawj tias qhov tseem ceeb yog tsim los ntawm cov tonic thiab tias hauv cadenza VI qhov tseem ceeb rov qab los rau nws qhov chaw. Lub tswvyim ntawm lub hauv paus tsim los ntawm Ramo. bass tau txuam nrog kev paub txog kev sib haum xeeb. functionality thiab, nyob rau hauv lem, cuam tshuam qhov tob ntawm cov tswv yim txog nws. Foundation. basses yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, basses ntawm tonics, dominants thiab subdominants; nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm inversion ntawm chords (ib lub tswv yim kuj xub qhia los ntawm Rameau), lub hauv paus. bass suav nrog. Lub tswv yim ntawm chord inversions tuaj yeem tshwm sim ua tsaug rau txoj haujlwm tsim los ntawm Rameau ntawm tus kheej ntawm lub suab ntawm tib lub npe dec. octaves Ntawm cov chords, Rameau txawv ntawm consonances thiab dissonances thiab taw tes rau lub primacy ntawm lub qub. Nws tau pab txhawb rau kev qhia meej ntawm cov tswv yim txog kev hloov pauv hauv cov yuam sij, hais txog kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua haujlwm txhais lus (hloov tus nqi ntawm cov tonic), txhawb kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo, txhawb kev hloov pauv. peev xwm. Feem ntau, Rameau tsim preim. harmonic foundations ntawm polyphony. Classic Rameau txoj kev xav, uas ua rau ntau pua xyoo ua tiav ntawm cov suab paj nruag, ncaj qha cuam tshuam cov muses. creativity 1st pem teb. XVIII caug xyoo - ib qho piv txwv ntawm theoretical. tswvyim, uas nyob rau hauv lem fruitfully cuam tshuam rau muses. xyaum.

Kev loj hlob sai ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm gypsum hauv xyoo pua 19th. tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev xav tau ntawm kev cob qhia: nws txhais tau tias. nce tus naj npawb ntawm muses. tsev kawm ntawv, kev loj hlob ntawm prof. kev kawm suab paj nruag thiab nthuav nws txoj haujlwm. Treatise SS Katel (1802), tau txais los ntawm Paris Conservatory ua lub ntsiab. kev coj noj coj ua, tau ntau xyoo tau txiav txim siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev theoretical. views thiab kev qhia G. Ib qho ntawm thawj. Katel qhov kev tsim kho tshiab yog lub tswv yim ntawm qhov loj thiab me tseem ceeb uas tsis yog chords raws li consonances uas muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam consonances (qhov loj thiab me triads, lub siab triad, dominant xya chord, thiab lwm yam). Qhov kev qhia dav dav no yog txhua qhov zoo tshaj plaws vim tias qhov tseem ceeb tsis muaj npe tseem tsis tshua muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab, txawm li cas los xij, tau suav tias yog xya chords nrog ncua sijhawm. Qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb ntawm Katel lub treatise rau Lavxias teb sab. suab paj nruag BV Asafiev pom nws lub neej nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias los ntawm Z. Den nws cuam tshuam Glinka. Nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag suab paj nruag, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov hauj lwm ntawm FJ Fetis (1844), uas tob tob rau kev nkag siab ntawm hom thiab tonality; lo lus "tonality" yog thawj zaug hauv nws. Fetis yog tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm FO Gevart. Cov txheej txheem tom kawg ntawm kev pom ntawm G. tau lees paub thiab tsim los ntawm GL Catoire. Phau ntawv kawm los ntawm FE Richter (1853) tau txais koob meej. Reprints ntawm nws kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th; Nws tau muab txhais ua ntau hom lus, suav nrog Lavxias (1868). Tchaikovsky tau muab qhov kev ntsuas siab ntawm Richter phau ntawv kawm thiab siv nws hauv kev npaj nws phau ntawv qhia rau gramophone. Phau ntawv no tau hais txog ntau yam ntawm diatonic thiab chromatic txhais tau tias ntawm gramophone, lub suab ua cov txheej txheem, thiab systematized kev xyaum ntawm harmonic sau ntawv.

Cov kauj ruam loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. yog ua los ntawm cov feem ntau universal theoretician ntawm lig 19th - thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo. 19th caug xyoo X. Riemann. Rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev loj hlob ntawm funkts. txoj kev xav G. Nws qhia lub sij hawm "function" rau hauv musicology. Nyob rau hauv lub achievements ntawm niaj hnub funkt. tswvyim, uas tau txais cov suab paj nruag tshiab thiab muaj tswv yim. kev txhawb siab, pom kev txhim kho ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Riemann. Ntawm lawv yog: lub tswv yim ntawm funkt. pab pawg chords thiab lawv hloov nyob rau hauv pab pawg; txoj cai ua haujlwm. kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov yuam sij thiab kev nkag siab ntawm kev hloov pauv los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tonic, dominant thiab subdominant; saib cov atherosclerosis feem ntau thiab ntawm kev hloov kho tshwj xeeb raws li qhov sib sib zog nqus shaping yam; harmonic logic tsom xam. kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv cadence. Riemann tau ua ntau yam hauv kev ua suab paj nruag thiab kev paub txog suab paj nruag ntawm qhov loj (nws ua tsis tau zoo ib yam li kev ua tau zoo hauv kev paub txog tus me). Nws tau ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev kawm txog qhov teeb meem ntawm consonance thiab dissonance, muab ib qho kev nthuav dav thiab hloov tau yooj yim rau nws txoj kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, Riemann txoj kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm geology concentrated thiab tsim cov tswv yim sib sib zog nqus ntawm Rameau, thiab xav txog cov achievements ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm theorists ntawm lub xyoo pua 90th. Txaus nyiam cov neeg nyeem Lavxias teb sab rau cov haujlwm ntawm Riemann tau pab txhawb rau qhov tshwm sim thaum xyoo 19s lig. 1889th caug xyoo kev txhais lus (tom qab ntawd rov luam tawm), tshwj xeeb yog nws cov phau ntawv ntawm kev hloov kho raws li lub hauv paus ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb (ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm chords). Cov phau ntawv nrov tshaj plaws los ntawm E. Prout (XNUMX) thiab lwm cov phau ntawv qhia kev kawm los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv no tau qhia txog theem tshiab hauv kev xav suab paj nruag, cim los ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm dav dav txog G. Qhov no ua rau Prout muaj feem xyuam nrog Riemann.

Ntawm cov theoretical tej hauj lwm ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb los ntawm R. Louis thiab L. Thuil (1907) sawv tawm - ib phau ntawv nyob ze rau niaj hnub scientific thiab pedagogical xyaum: cov sau phau ntawv muab tso rau pem hauv ntej ib tug nthuav taw tes ntawm view ntawm tonality, delve mus rau hauv cov teeb meem nyuaj ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, xws li kev tsis sib haum xeeb, thiab tsa cov lus nug txog kev tshwj xeeb diatonic frets, thiab lwm yam, mus dhau lub peev xwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm G. cov ncauj lus. Louis thiab Tuile kos cov piv txwv nyuaj ntawm cov suab paj nruag los ntawm Wagner, R. Strauss, thiab lwm cov kws sau ntawv niaj hnub los ua piv txwv.

Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm kev paub txog G. yog nyob ntawm E. Kurt txoj kev kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Romantics (1920). Kurt tsom ntsoov rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm R. Wagner, uas yog "Tristan thiab Isolde", uas yog suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb. cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm hom thiab tonality. Kurt cov tswv yim, qhia meej meej, nyob ze rau niaj hnub. G.'s theories: Piv txwv li, kev xav txog suab paj nruag. G.'s stimuli, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev taw qhia ntawm lub suab, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab xim, kev nthuav dav ntawm tonality, nrog rau kev hloov pauv, ib ntus, thiab lwm yam. Txawm hais tias qhov kev xav ntawm Kurt cov suab paj nruag soj ntsuam, nws phau ntawv qhia txog kev xav thiab kev xav zoo. yuam kev thiab contradictions ntawm suab paj nruag thiab keeb kwm views.

Hauv 20s. cov haujlwm ntawm G. Sh. Köklen tshwm sim, uas suav nrog keeb kwm. sketch ntawm geology los ntawm nws pib nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog mus txog rau tam sim no. Koeklen feem ntau teb rau qhov xav tau ntawm keeb kwm. kev paub txog G. Qhov kev nyiam no, uas cuam tshuam rau Kurt, kuj tau tshwm sim hauv ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb ntiag tug, piv txwv li. nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm kev tsim thiab evolution ntawm chords - nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv ntawm G. Haydon ntawm lub cadence quarter-sextakcord (1933) thiab P. Hamburger ntawm lub otd. subdominant thiab double dominant chords (1955), raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv A. Casella tus commented nyeem ntawv, qhia txog keeb kwm. kev loj hlob ntawm cadence (1919). Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau qhov kev tshawb fawb peev tshiab ntawm Y. Khominsky phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm H. thiab counterpoint (1958-62).

A. Schoenberg, uas tau sawv hauv nws tus kheej txoj haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua siab dawb siab zoo, hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb thiab kev qhia. ua hauj lwm, rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov laj thawj (xws li, kev kawm nws tus kheej-tso cai) ua raws li tonal lub hauv paus ntsiab lus. Nws txoj kev qhia txog geology (1911) thiab tom qab ntawd ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no (40-50s) txhim kho ntau yam teeb meem ntawm geology hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab tab sis kev coj noj coj ua ruaj khov. Cov phau ntawv tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm ntawm P. Hindemith, nplooj siab rau G. (30-40s), kuj pib los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm lub suab. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag, txawm hais tias lub tswv yim ntawm tonality yog txhais nyob rau hauv lawv heev broadly thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug peculiar txoj kev. Niaj hnub nimno theoretical ua hauj lwm uas tsis lees paub hom thiab tonality tsis tuaj yeem, hauv qhov tseem ceeb, ua haujlwm rau kev paub ntawm G., rau G., raws li keeb kwm xwm txheej tshwm sim, yog qhov sib cais tsis tau los ntawm hom suab nrov. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog ua haujlwm ntawm dodecaphony, seriality, thiab lwm yam.

Kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag-theoretical. xav nyob rau hauv Russia tau sib txuas nrog creativity. thiab pedagogical xyaum. Cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm thawj txhais tau tias. Lavxias teb sab ua hauj lwm ntawm gypsum yog PI Tchaikovsky thiab NA Rimsky-Korsakov. Nyob rau hauv owls AN Alexandrov, MR Gnesin, thiab lwm tus neeg tau them nyiaj mloog zoo rau geology.

Rau kev tsim ntawm scientific thiab theoretical. Cov lus ntawm cov kws sau ntawv muaj, piv txwv li, hauv Rimsky-Korsakov's Chronicle of My Musical Life, thiab hauv cov ntawv sau keeb kwm thiab cov ntawv ntawm N. Ya. Myaskovsky, SS Prokofiev, thiab DD Shostakovich, yog fruitful. Lawv tham txog G. txoj kev sib txuas nrog cov suab paj nruag. daim ntawv, hais txog qhov kev xav hauv G. of arts. lub tswv yim ntawm kev sau, hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos duab. muaj tiag. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, hais txog pej xeem, nat. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag, thiab lwm yam G. cov lus nug raug kov rau hauv cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Lavxias. composers (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm PI Tchaikovsky thiab HA Rimsky-Korsakov txog cov phau ntawv ntawm G. tom kawg). Los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm pre-revolutionary. Lavxias teb sab cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm GA Laroche (60-70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th) raug xaiv los ntawm cov neeg thuam raws li lub ntsiab lus. Nws tiv thaiv qhov yuav tsum tau kawm cov suab paj nruag thaum ntxov ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Bach, qhia txog keeb kwm. mus kom ze rau G. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Laroche persistently (txawm hais tias me ntsis ib-sidedly) lub tswv yim ntawm melodic. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm G. Qhov no coj Laroche los ze zog rau Tchaikovsky thiab rau qee tus kws sau ntawv niaj hnub. Piv txwv li, G.'s scientific concepts. nrog Kurt thiab Asafiev. AN Serov tau ua haujlwm ncaj qha ntsig txog kev sib haum xeeb, piv txwv li. cov lus qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm chords. VV Stasov (1858) tau taw qhia lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm xyoo pua 19th. tshwj xeeb diatonic (lub tsev teev ntuj.) hom pab txhawb rau nws cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj. Qhov tseem ceeb rau cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. tau qhia los ntawm nws (hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm MI Glinka) lub tswv yim uas zoo heev. cov phiaj xwm pab txhawb rau keeb kwm. Progress G. Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teej tug mus rau lub classics. suab paj nruag critics - Serov, Stasov thiab Laroche tsom xam ntawm muses. ua hauj lwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog L. Beethoven, F. Chopin, MI Glinka thiab PI Tchaikovsky, muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb soj ntsuam ntawm G.

Lub sijhawm ntawm prof. kawm G. hauv Russian. tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia. cov phau ntawv qhib nrog cov phau ntawv los ntawm Tchaikovsky (1872) thiab Rimsky-Korsakov. Cov phau ntawv uas paub zoo los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov ("Practical Course of Harmony", 1886) tau ua ntej los ntawm nws cov ntawv ua ntej ("Textbook of Harmony", luam tawm los ntawm lithographic method hauv 1884-85 thiab rov luam tawm hauv cov ntawv sau ua ke). Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov phau ntawv no tau cim qhov pib ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm G. nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus. Ob phau ntawv teb rau kev thov los ntawm Rus. chaw khaws cia.

Tchaikovsky phau ntawv kawm tsom mus rau lub suab coj. G. txoj kev zoo nkauj, raws li Tchaikovsky, nyob ntawm melodic. kev tsim txiaj ntawm lub suab txav. Hauv qhov xwm txheej no, cov txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog kev sib haum xeeb yooj yim. txhais tau tias. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm ntawm kev hloov kho, Tchaikovsky muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau lub suab coj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tchaikovsky tau hais meej meej los ntawm cov tswv yim ua haujlwm, txawm hais tias nws (zoo li Rimsky-Korsakov) tsis siv cov lus qhia "ua haujlwm". Tchaikovsky, qhov tseeb, mus txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab dua: nws txiav txim siab ua haujlwm. chord dependencies ntawm lub tonic, dominant thiab subdominant los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm qhov sib thooj. yuam sij uas nyob rau hauv ib tug quarto-tsib piv.

Rimsky-Korsakov phau ntawv kawm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb tau txais kev faib tawm thoob plaws hauv Russia thiab muaj ntau qhov chaw nyob txawv teb chaws. Lawv txuas ntxiv siv rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm USSR. Nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, kev ua tiav ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau ua ke nrog ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev nthuav qhia, nws txoj kev nruj nruj, kev xaiv ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. txhais tau tias ntawm feem ntau raug, tsim nyog. Qhov kev txiav txim tsim los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov rau kev paub txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv, uas feem ntau ua rau qhov kev xav ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. cov nyiaj, tau txais kev lees paub dav thiab feem ntau khaws nws qhov tseem ceeb. Ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb ntawm phau ntawv kawm yog txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib raug zoo (affinity) ntawm cov yuam sij: "Zoo tunings, los yog nyob rau hauv 1st degree ntawm affinity rau ib tug muab tuning, yog xam 6 tunings, uas nws tonic triads nyob rau hauv no tuning" (HA Rimsky-Korsakov, Practical Harmony Textbook, Sau kom tiav ntawm tej hauj lwm, vol. IV, M., 1960, p. 309). Qhov kev nthuav dav no, qhov tseem ceeb ua haujlwm, tau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag. kev kawm.

Zoo li cov neeg xav thiab cov thwjtim ntawm Tchaikovsky thiab Rimsky-Korsakov hauv suab paj nruag-theoretical. cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv kev cob qhia ntawm G. yog xws li suab paj nruag li AS Arensky, J. Vitol, RM Glier, NA Hubert, VA Zolotarev, AA Ilyinsky, MM Ippolitov-Ivanov, PP Keneman, PD Krylov, NM Ladukhin, AK Lyadov, NS Morozov , AI Puzyrevsky, LM Rudolf, NF Solovyov, NA Sokolov, HH Sokolovsky, MO Steinberg, PF Yuon thiab lwm yam.

SI Taneev kuj tuaj txog ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog cov ntawv uas khaws lawv qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev taw qhia rau nws txoj kev kawm txog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev sau ntawv nruj (1909). Nws taw qhia tias mazh.-min. lub tonal system “… pab pawg kab ntawm chords nyob ib ncig ntawm ib lub hauv paus tonic chord, tso cai rau lub hauv paus chords ntawm ib tug hloov thaum lub sij hawm daim (deviation thiab modulation) thiab pab pawg tag nrho cov me yuam sij nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntsiab, thiab tus yuam sij ntawm ib chav tsev cuam tshuam rau tus yuam sij. ntawm lwm qhov, qhov pib ntawm daim ntawv cuam tshuam rau nws qhov kev txiav txim siab” (S. Taneev, Mobile counterpoint of strict writing, M., 1959, p. 8). Cov kab taw qhia mus rau evolution ntawm hom, functionality. S. Taneyev txoj hauj lwm: "Lub tonal system maj mam nthuav dav thiab tob zuj zus los ntawm kev nthuav tawm lub voj voog ntawm tonal harmonies, nrog rau ntau thiab ntau dua tshiab ua ke nyob rau hauv nws thiab tsim kom muaj ib tug tonal kev twb kev txuas ntawm harmonies teej tug mus rau qhov chaw nyob" (ibid., p. 9). Cov lus no muaj cov kev xav txog kev loj hlob ntawm G. uas ua ntej Taneyev thiab nws cov kev kawm, thiab txoj kev ntawm nws txoj kev vam meej tau piav qhia. Tab sis Taneyev kuj nyiam cov txheej txheem kev puas tsuaj, taw qhia tias "... kev puas tsuaj ntawm tonality ua rau lub suab paj nruag decomposition" (ibid.).

txhais tau tias. theem hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm G., tag nrho cov tswv los ntawm Sov. era, yog tej hauj lwm ntawm GL Catoire (1924-25). Catuar tsim thawj zaug hauv Sov. Union ntawm theoretical chav G., summarized Lavxias teb sab. thiab thoob ntiaj teb scientific kev paub. Koom nrog cov kev qhia ntawm Gevaart, Catoire cov chav kawm yog qhov tseem ceeb rau nws txoj kev nthuav dav thiab nthuav dav ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb. Muaj suab paj nruag. suab los ntawm thib tsib, Catoire, nyob ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov kauj ruam thib tsib, tau txais peb lub tshuab: diatonic, loj-me, chromatic. Txhua lub kaw lus npog qhov ntau ntawm chords uas muaj nyob rau hauv nws, nyob rau hauv kev tsim ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm melodic yog hais txog. kev sib txuas. Catoire siv qhov kev pom zoo ntawm tonality, raws li pov thawj, piv txwv li, los ntawm nws txoj kev kho deviations ("mid-tonal deviations"). Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshiab, ntau tob tsim cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev hloov kho, uas Catoire subdivides feem ntau rau hauv kev hloov kho los ntawm kev sib chord thiab nrog kev pab los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev rau siab nkag siab ntau dua harmonics. txhais tau tias, Catoire taw qhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov suab nrov thib ob hauv qhov tshwm sim ntawm qee qhov kev sib raug zoo. Qhov teeb meem ntawm sequences, lawv cov kev sib txuas nrog org. kab lus.

Hoob kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb hauv ob feem ntawm pab pawg kws qhia Mosk. Conservatory II Dubovsky, SV Evseev, VV Sokolov thiab IV Sposobina (1934-1935) occupies ib tug tseem ceeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Soviet. suab paj nruag-theoretical. science thiab pedagogy; nyob rau hauv daim ntawv hloov kho los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, nws yog hu ua "Textbook of Harmony", reprinted ntau zaus. Txhua txoj haujlwm tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev kos duab. piv, ch. arr. los ntawm cov suab paj nruag classic. Kev sib txuas nrog kev xyaum muaj tswv yim zoo li no tsis tau ntsib yav dhau los hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv tsev lossis txawv teb chaws. Cov lus nug txog cov suab tsis chord, kev hloov pauv, kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm qhov loj thiab me, diatonic tau hais meej meej thiab ntau txoj hauv kev tshiab. frets nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag. Thawj thawj zaug, cov lus nug ntawm kev sib haum xeeb tau raug kaw. kev nthuav qhia (kev ntxhib los mos). Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si ua hauj lwm, lub moscow brigade. conservatory scientific continuity nrog cov kab lig kev cai ntawm cov qub Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws txawv teb chaws tej hauj lwm yog pom tseeb. Ib tus kws sau ntawv ntawm "brigade" ua haujlwm - IV Sposobin tsim tshwj xeeb. lub tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm ntawm G. (1933-54), xav txog nyob rau hauv thawj owl compiled thiab luam tawm los ntawm nws. program (1946); Tseem ceeb heev thiab tshiab yog qhov qhia txog ib ntu ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Georgia - los ntawm nws keeb kwm mus rau tam sim no. Ntawm lub tuam tsev Sposobin qhov kev ua tiav hauv kev sau ntawv yog qhov txawv ntxiv: txoj kev xav tshiab ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov yuam sij, ua rau ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis txaus ntseeg. cov hauv paus ntsiab lus, kev txhim kho ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev txiav txim siab dua, kev ua haujlwm tshiab ntau yam hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb, kev ncaj ncees ntawm pawg peculiar ntawm hom ("hom hom"), cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog kev txhim kho ntawm qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb diatonic. . (laus) frets.

Yu.N. Tyulin (1937) tau los ua tus sau ntawm lub tswv yim tshiab sib haum xeeb ntawm gypsum. Nws tau txhim kho thiab nthuav dav, tshwj xeeb, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm theoretical. cov hauv paus ntawm G., ua los ntawm nws ua ke nrog NG Privano (1956). Tyulin lub tswv yim, raws li qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm fatherlands. thiab ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb, qhia txog cov kev qhia dav dav ntawm kev sib haum xeeb. teeb meem, kev txhawb nqa ntawm G. txoj kev xav nrog cov ntsiab lus tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm chord phonism, melodic-harmonic modulation, thiab lwm yam), lub suab paj nruag-keeb kwm dav dav. puag. Tyulin qhov kev tshawb fawb loj tshaj plaws suav nrog txoj kev xav ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib txawv; nyob ib sab ntawm cov kab lig kev cai classic ntawm musicology, qhov kev xav no tuaj yeem siv rau cov suab paj nruag. daim ntawv tag nrho. Raws li qhov kev xav no, chord ua haujlwm tau pom ncaj qha. lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog tonic. chord. Hauv kev tsim cov haujlwm sib txawv, c.-l. tsis ruaj tsis khov triad ntawm ladotonality (loj lossis me) tau txais ib qho khoom ntiag tug, hauv zos tonic. lub ntsiab lus, tsim ib tug tshiab fret center ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov sib txawv (raws li lwm cov lus hais - hauv zos) ua haujlwm tuaj yeem rov xav txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm VI-II-III cov kauj ruam ntawm lub ntuj loj:

Txoj kev xav ntawm kev ua haujlwm sib txawv piav qhia txog kev tsim hauv cov khoom. passages nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb diatonic frets thiab diatonic deviations, kho cov xim ntawm lub ambiguity ntawm chords. Qhov kev xav no qhia txog kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom ntawm muses. lus - 'meter', sib dhos thiab G.: underlining non-tonic. (los ntawm qhov pom ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb) ntawm chord nrog kev sib tw muaj zog ntawm kev ntsuas, lub sijhawm loj dua nws txoj kev xaav raws li lub hauv paus tonic. Sposobin thiab Tyulin yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb cov nuj nqis uas coj lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm owls. cov kws tshawb fawb.

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws muses Soviet. Cov kws tshawb fawb BL Yavorsky, sim nkag siab txog tej hauj lwm ntawm AN Skryabin, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, F. Liszt, K. Debussy, uas yog complex nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm G., kawm tag nrho cov complex ntawm harmonics nyob rau hauv ib tug heev qub txoj kev. teeb meem. Theoretical Yavorsky's system npog, nyob rau hauv ib tug dav dav, tsis tsuas yog cov lus nug ntawm G., tab sis kuj cov teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruag. daim ntawv, sib dhos, ' meter '. Yavorsky cov tswv yim tau tsim tawm hauv nws cov haujlwm, uas tau tshwm sim hauv 10-40s, lawv kuj tau xav txog hauv nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, piv txwv li. SV Protopopova (1930). Nyob rau hauv lub sphere ntawm G. Yavorsky txoj kev xav tau attracted los ntawm Ch. arr. ntxhov siab; lub npe nrov rau nws lub tswv yim yog txoj kev xav ntawm modal atherosclerosis. Yavorsky tau muab tso rau hauv theoretical lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntau hom (ntau dua precisely, modal formations) siv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm cov hais composers, piv txwv li. txo hom, nce hom, saw hom, thiab lwm yam. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Yavorsky txoj kev xav ua raws li los ntawm modal thawj lub hauv paus saws los ntawm nws - lub tritone. Ua tsaug rau cov dej num ntawm Yavorsky, qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag-theoretical tau dhau los ua qhov dav. cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntsiab lus (txawm hais tias Yavorsky feem ntau txhais lawv tsis yog nyob rau hauv feem ntau txais kev nkag siab), piv txwv li, lub tswv yim ntawm kev ruaj ntseg thiab instability ntawm suab paj nruag. Yavorsky cov kev xav ntau zaus ua rau muaj kev sib cav ntawm kev xav, feem ntau mob hauv lub xyoo 20s. Txawm tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, Yavorsky txoj kev qhia tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau Soviet thiab txawv teb chaws suab paj nruag science.

BV Asafiev, tus kws paub txog suab paj nruag loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Soviet, tau txhawb txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm suab paj nruag feem ntau nrog nws txoj kev xav ntawm intonation. Asafiev txoj kev xav txog G. yog tsom rau nws qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws theoretical kawm txog suab paj nruag. daim ntawv, qhov thib 2 ntawm uas yog nplooj siab rau preim. cov lus nug ntawm intonation (1930-47). Kev tsim ntawm G., nrog rau lwm yam khoom ntawm muses. lus, raws li Asafiev, yuav tsum muaj tswv yim los ntawm composers. rhiab heev rau intonation. ib puag ncig, prevailing intonations. Asafiev kawm txog keeb kwm thiab evolution ntawm suab paj nruag suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej harmonic (nruab, saib ntsug) thiab melodic (kab rov tav, saib kab rov tav). Rau nws, G. yog ib qho system ntawm "resonators - amplifiers ntawm lub suab ntawm lub hom" thiab "txias lava ntawm Gothic polyphony" (B. Asafiev, Musical Form as a Process, book 2, Intonation, M.-L., 1947, p. 147 thiab 16). Asafiev tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog melodic. cov hauv paus hniav thiab nta ntawm G., tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv melodious G. Rus. classics. Hauv Asafiev cov lus hais txog kev ua haujlwm txoj kev xav, kev thuam ntawm nws cov schematic, daim ntawv thov ib sab sawv tawm. Asafiev nws tus kheej tau tso ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo los ntawm G.

Acoustic tus neeg sawv cev. cov lus qhia nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm ntawm G. yog NA Garbuzov. Hauv nws tus thawj coj. Labor (1928-1932) tsim lub tswv yim ntawm acoustic. derivation ntawm modal consonances los ntawm ntau yam. thaj av; overtones generated tsis yog los ntawm ib tug, tab sis los ntawm ob peb. original suab, form consonances. Garbuzov txoj kev xav rov qab los rau lub tswv yim hais rov qab nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Rameau, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug thawj txoj kev tseem yog ib tug ntawm cov kab lig kev cai ntawm musicology. Hauv 40-50s. Ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm Garbuzov txog lub zonal xwm ntawm muses yog luam tawm. hnov, piv txwv li, kev xaav ntawm suab, tempo thiab atherosclerosis, nrov, timbre thiab intonation. qhov sib piv hauv qee qhov ntau. ntau yam; lub suab zoo no yog khaws cia rau kev nkag siab thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam sib thooj. Cov kev cai no, uas muaj kev paub zoo thiab ua tau zoo. kev txaus siab, tau ua pov thawj sim los ntawm Garbuzov.

Kev tshawb fawb acoustic txhawb kev tshawb fawb hauv kev ua suab paj nruag, kev ua siab ntev, thiab tseem ua rau kev tshawb nrhiav hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej. Qhov no tau tshwm sim hauv cov haujlwm ntawm AS Ogolevets. Nws cov suab paj nruag loj thiab theoretical ua rau muaj kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb (1947); ib tug xov tooj ntawm tus sau cov kev cai tau raug kev thuam ntau yam.

Rau cov owls tseem ceeb. cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws qhia ntawv tiam neeg - cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb hauv gynecology kuj yog Sh. S. Aslanishvili, FI Aerova, SS Grigoriev, II Dubovsky, SV Evseev, VN Zelinsky, Yu. G. Kon, SE Maksimov, AF Mutli, TF Muller, NG Privano, VN Rukavishnikov, PB Ryazanov, VV Sokolov, AA Stepanov, VA Taranushchenko, MD Tits, IA Tyutmanov, Yu. N. Kholopov, VM Tsendrovsky, NS Chumakov, MA Etinger thiab lwm tus. lub npe thiab lwm cov duab txuas ntxiv ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws, kev ua tiav ntawm kev kawm ntawm G.

Thaum kawm niaj hnub G. raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm historicism, nws yog tsim nyog los coj mus rau hauv tus account nws cov keeb kwm. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov lus qhia txog G. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum sib txawv ntawm ntau yam chronologically coexisting niaj hnub. suab paj nruag style. Nws yuav tsum tau kawm tsis tsuas yog ntau haiv neeg prof. hom suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj Nar. kev muaj tswv yim. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsim nyog yog kev sib cuag nrog tag nrho cov departments ntawm theoretical. thiab keeb kwm musicology thiab assimilation ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws achievements txawv teb chaws. suab paj nruag. Ntawm txoj kev vam meej ntawm kev kawm lus ntawm niaj hnub nyob rau hauv lub USSR. suab paj nruag yog pov thawj los ntawm tej hauj lwm mob siab rau keeb kwm prerequisites ntawm niaj hnub G. (piv txwv li, ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm Tyulin, 1963), nws modal thiab tonal nta (piv txwv li, ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom los ntawm AN Dolzhansky ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm Shostakovich, 40-50s. ), kev tshawb fawb ntawm monograph. hom (phau ntawv los ntawm Yu. N. Kholopov txog SS Prokofiev, 1967). Monographic hom nyob rau hauv txoj kev kawm ntawm geology, tsim nyob rau hauv lub Sov. Union txij li thaum 40s, yog reflected nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm collections ntawm cov style ntawm SS Prokofiev thiab DD Shostakovich (1962-63), nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. nyob rau hauv dav dav (1967). Nyob rau hauv ib phau ntawv txog kev sib haum xeeb SS Skrebkov (1965) tau hais txog qhov teeb meem ntawm thematic. G. tus nqi nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog ib tug tonality, otd. consonances, suab paj nruag (raws li nws lub luag hauj lwm ua), kev ntxhib los mos; Cov lus nug no tau kawm nyob rau hauv lig Scriabin, Debussy, Prokofiev, Shostakovich. Kev sib tham pej xeem uas tau qhia txog kev loj hlob ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv USSR tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau txoj kev xav ntawm G. Ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm Sov. suab paj nruag” muaj kev sib tham ntawm polytonality (1956-58) thiab ntau yam teeb meem ntawm niaj hnub. G. (1962-64).

Rau kev paub ntawm G. yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab theoretical. ua hauj lwm mob siab rau tsis tsuas yog rau harmonica. teeb meem, nrog rau tej hauj lwm ntawm classics ntawm Rus. musicology, ntau yam hauj lwm los ntawm BV Asafiev, phau ntawv thiab uch. nyiaj pab rau suab paj nruag-theoretical. khoom thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg, piv txwv li. LA Mazel thiab VA Zuckerman - raws li kev txheeb xyuas ntawm cov suab paj nruag. ua haujlwm (1967), I. Ya. Ryzhkin thiab LA Mazel - ntawm keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag-theoretical. kev qhia (1934-39), SS Skrebkova - hauv polyphony (1956), SV Evseeva - hauv Lavxias. polyphony (1960), Vl. V. Protopopova - ntawm keeb kwm ntawm polyphony (1962-65), MR Gnessin - ntawm cov tswv yim. compositions (suab paj nruag, 1962); ua hauj lwm ntawm melody, eg. nws txoj kev kawm dav dav los ntawm LA Mazel (1952), kev kawm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov lub suab paj nruag los ntawm SS Grigoriev (1961); monographs ntawm tej hauj lwm, eg. hais txog fantasy f-moll Chopin – LA Mazel (1937), hais txog “Kamarinskaya” Glinka – VA Zukkerman (1957), hais txog “Ivan Susanin” Glinka – Vl. V. Protopopov (1961), hais txog lig operas los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov - MR Gnesin (1945-1956), LV Danilevich (1958), DB Kabalevsky (1953).

III. Lub tswv yim ntawm G. raws li tus account. qhov kev kawm suav nrog cov hauv qab no. cov lus nug: suab paj nruag G. txoj kev kawm thiab qhov chaw hauv kev cob qhia cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag (1), cov qauv thiab cov qauv ntawm G. txoj kev qhia (2).

1) Nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm owls. prof. suab paj nruag Kev saib xyuas zoo yog them rau G. txoj kev kawm ntawm txhua qib kev kawm: hauv cov menyuam yaus suab paj nruag. kaum ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, hauv suab paj nruag. tsev kawm ntawv thiab universities. Muaj ob hom G. kev cob qhia - spec. thiab cov chav kawm dav dav. Cov qub yog npaj rau kev cob qhia ntawm composers, theorists thiab suab paj nruag historians (musicologists), tom kawg rau kev cob qhia cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Kev txuas ntxiv tau tsim nyob rau hauv G. txoj kev kawm los ntawm qib qis ntawm kev kawm mus rau cov laus. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab muab, ntxiv rau kev kawm ntawm cov ncauj lus tshiab, thiab kev nkag siab ntawm kev paub dhau los, uas ua rau muaj kev sib sau ntawm prof. txuj. Cov theem ntawm kev qhia G. raws li tag nrho yog tshwm sim hauv tus account. cov phiaj xwm, cov kev pab cuam thiab kev nkag mus rau kev nkag mus rau tus account. cov tuam txhab pom zoo los ntawm lub xeev. cev. Ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm G. txoj kev qhia, pom tau zoo heev. thiab qhov ntau. cov kev vam meej ua tiav los ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj. kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub USSR. G. txoj kev qhia yog coj mus rau hauv tus account modal thiab intonation. peculiarities ntawm suab paj nruag owls. haiv neeg. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tus account siv lub sij hawm siv. chav kawm. Los ntawm 30s. ntawm G. cov lus qhuab qhia raug muab, feem ntau nthuav dav hauv tsev kawm theem siab tshwj xeeb. cov chav kawm. Hauv kev qhia ntawm G., cov ntsiab cai dav dav ntawm kev qhia suab paj nruag hauv USSR tau tshwm sim: kev taw qhia rau kev muaj tswv yim. xyaum, kev sib raug zoo uch. cov kev kawm hauv kev kawm. Kev sib koom tes ntawm G. kev cob qhia, piv txwv li, nrog kev cob qhia solfeggio yog ua tiav thoob plaws hauv ob qho kev kawm hauv txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv. cov chaw tsim khoom. Kev vam meej hauv kev qhia suab paj nruag ua haujlwm. kev hnov lus (saib. Suab paj nruag) thiab hauv kev qhia G. tau ua tiav hauv kev sib cuam tshuam zoo.

2) Los ntawm kev siv zog ntawm owls. cov kws qhia ntawv tau tsim ib txoj kev nplua nuj, hloov tau yooj yim rau kev qhia G., txuas mus rau tag nrho peb hom kev ua tau zoo. ua haujlwm:

a) Hauv kev sau ntawv, kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev sib haum xeeb yog ua ke. kev ua haujlwm thiab txhua yam kev muaj tswv yim. thwmsim: composing preludes, variations (ntawm tus kheej thiab ib lub ntsiab lus teem los ntawm tus kws qhia), thiab lwm yam. Tej hauj lwm, muaj feem ntau rau musicologists (theorists thiab historians), pab rau lub convergence ntawm suab paj nruas-theoretical. kawm nrog creativity xyaum. Tib yam tuaj yeem taug qab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm raws li G.

b) Harmonic. kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov suab paj nruag (nrog rau cov ntawv sau) yuav tsum ua kom nws tus kheej rau qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv tsim, kos xim rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab, tib lub sijhawm, ntsuas cov suab paj nruag raws li kos duab. txhais tau tias kom paub nws lub luag haujlwm ntawm lwm cov muses. nyiaj txiag. harmonic tsom xam kuj yog siv nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev kawm, theoretical. thiab keeb kwm, piv txwv li. nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm suab paj nruag tsom xam. ua hauj lwm (saib suab paj nruag Analysis).

c) Hauv decomp. kev cob qhia ce raws li G. ntawm fp. Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub pedagogy, ib yam nkaus thiab, muaj ib tug methodologically expedient mus kom ze rau xyaum. Xws li, piv txwv li, yog cov haujlwm rau kev ua raws li fp. modulations nyob rau hauv txhais. tempo, qhov loj thiab cov duab (feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub sij hawm).

References: Serov A. N., Cov kev xav sib txawv ntawm tib lub chord, "Suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam Bulletin", 1856, Tsis muaj 28, tib yam, Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb, ntu XNUMX. 1 St. Petersburg, 1892; Stasov V. V., Ntawm qee hom suab paj nruag niaj hnub, “Neue Zeitschrift für Musik”, Jg XLIX, 1882, No 1-4 (ntawm nws. lus), tib yam, Sobr. vol., ib. 3 St. Petersburg, 1894; Larosh G., Xav txog kev kawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv Russia, "Lavxias teb sab Bulletin", 1869; nws tus kheej, Xav txog txoj kev sib haum xeeb thiab nws daim ntawv thov rau suab paj nruag pedagogy, "Lub Caij Nyoog", 1871, Tsis muaj 18; his, Historical Method of Teaching Music Theory, Musical Leaflet, 1872-73, p. 17, 33, 49, 65; nws, Ntawm qhov tseeb hauv suab paj nruag, "Suab paj nruag", 1873-74, Tsis muaj 23, 24, tag nrho 4 tsab xov xwm kuj hauv Sobr. music-critical articles, vol. 1, M., 1913; ib. Tchaikovsky P., Phau ntawv qhia txog kev kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb. Phau ntawv, M., 1872, tib yam, hauv kev tshaj tawm: Tchaikovsky P., Poln. Sobr. vol., ib. IIIa, M., 1957; Rimsky-Korsakov N., Harmony phau ntawv, ib feem. 1-2, ib. Petersburg, 1884-85; nws tus kheej, Phau ntawv qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb, St. Petersburg, 1886, tib yam, hauv kev tshaj tawm: N. Rimsky-Korsakov, Poln. Sobr. vol., ib. IV, M., 1960; nws tus kheej, suab paj nruag cov khoom thiab sau ntawv, St. Petersburg, 1911, tib yam, Poln. Sobr. cit., vols. IV-V, M., 1960-63; Arensky A., Phau ntawv qhia luv luv rau kev kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb, M., 1891; nws tus kheej, Sau cov teeb meem (1000) rau txoj kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib haum xeeb, M., 1897, kawg. ed. – M., 1960; Ippolitov-Ivanov M., Qhia txog chords, lawv kev tsim kho thiab kev daws teeb meem, St. Petersburg, 1897; Taneev S., Mobile counterpoint of nruj sau ntawv, Leipzig, (1909), M., 1959; Solovyov N., Ua kom tiav chav kawm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, ib feem. 1-2, ib. Petersburg, 1911; Sokolovsky N., Phau ntawv qhia rau cov tswv yim kawm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, ib feem. 1-2, kho, M., 1914, ch. 3, (M.), (b. G.); Kastalsky A., Nta ntawm pej xeem Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas system, M.-P., 1923; M., 1961; Catoire G., Theoretical course of harmony, ib feem. 1–2, M., 1924–25; Belyaev V., "Kev tsom xam ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv Beethoven's sonatas" - S. THIAB. Taneeva, nyob rau hauv: Lavxias teb sab phau ntawv txog Beethoven, M., 1927; Tyulin Yu., Phau ntawv qhia txog kev qhia txog kev sib haum xeeb raws li Bach's chorales, (L.), 1927; nws tus kheej, Cov Lus Qhuab Qhia ntawm Kev Sib Haum Xeeb, vol. 1, Cov teeb meem yooj yim ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, (L.), 1937, kho. thiab ntxiv., M., 1966; nws, Parallelisms hauv suab paj nruag theory thiab xyaum, L., 1938; nws tus kheej, Phau Ntawv ntawm Kev Sib Haum Xeeb, ch. 2, M., 1959, nr. thiab ntxiv., M., 1964; nws tus kheej, Short theoretical course of harmony, M., 1960; nws, Kev sib haum xeeb niaj hnub thiab nws keeb kwm keeb kwm, hauv Sat.: Cov lus nug ntawm cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub, L., 1963; nws tus kheej, Natural and alteration modes, M., 1971; Garbuzov N., Kev xav ntawm ntau hom qauv thiab consonances, ntu 1 2-1928, M., 32-XNUMX; Protopopov S., Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev hais lus suab paj nruag, ib feem. 1–2, M., 1930; Kremlev Yu., On the Impressionism of Claude Debussy, “SM”, 1934, No 8; Sposobin I. V., Evseev S. V., Dubovsky, I. I., Sokolov V. V., Cov chav kawm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, ib feem. 1, M., 1934; ib. Sposobin I., Evseev S., Dubovsky I., Xyaum kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb, ntu 2, M., 1935; Dubovsky I. I., Evseev S. V., Sokolov V. V., Sposobin I., Phau ntawv ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, ntu 1, M., 1937; Dubovsky I., Evseev S. V., Sopin I. V., Phau ntawv ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, part. 2, M., 1938, M., 1965 (ob leeg hauv ib phau ntawv); Rudolf L., Kev sib haum xeeb. Chav kawm xyaum, Baku, 1938; Ogolevets A., Tchaikovsky – tus sau phau ntawv qhia kev sib haum xeeb, “SM”, 1940, No 5-6; nws tus kheej, Fundamentals of the Harmonic Language, M.-L., 1941; nws tus kheej, Ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm kev sib haum xeeb nrog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm suab paj nruag, hauv: Cov Lus Nug ntawm Musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Ryzhkin I., Essay on harmony, “SM”, 1940, No 3; Zukkerman V., On the Expressiveness of Rimsky-Korsakov's Harmony, “SM”, 1956, No 10-11; nws, Cov Lus Ceeb Toom ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm Chopin, hauv Sat: P Chopin, M., 1960; tib yam, hauv phau ntawv: Zukkerman V., Musical-theoretical essays and etudes, M., 1970; nws, nthuav dav txhais tau tias ntawm Tchaikovsky cov lus, M., 1971; Dolzhansky A., Nyob rau hauv modal hauv paus ntawm D. Shostakovich, “SM”, 1947, No 4; Nws tus kheej, Los ntawm Kev Saib Xyuas ntawm Shostakovich's Style, hauv: Nta ntawm D. Shostakovich, M., 1962; nws tus kheej, Alexandrian pentachord hauv suab paj nruag D. Shostakovich, nyob rau hauv: Dmitri Shostakovich, M., 1967; Verkov V., Glinka's Harmony, M.-L., 1948; nws, On Prokofiev's Harmony, “SM”, 1958, No 8; nws tus kheej, Rachmaninov kev sib haum xeeb, "SM", 1960, Tsis muaj 8; nws tus kheej, Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Harmonic. Cov qauv ntawm Soviet suab paj nruag hauv qee ntu ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, M., 1960, kho. thiab ntxiv., M., 1966; nws tus kheej, Harmony thiab suab paj nruag daim ntawv, M., 1962, 1971; nws, Harmony. Phau ntawv, ch. 1-3, M., 1962-66, M., 1970; nws tus kheej, Ntawm tus txheeb ze tonal indeterminacy, nyob rau hauv Sat: Music thiab Modernity, vol. 5, Moscow, 1967; nws tus kheej, Nyob rau hauv Harmony ntawm Beethoven, nyob rau hauv Sat: Beethoven, vol. 1, M., 1971; nws tus kheej, Chromatic Fantasy Ya. Svelinka. Los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, M., 1972; Mutli A., Sau cov teeb meem hauv kev sib haum xeeb, M.-L., 1948; nws tib yam, On modulation. Rau lo lus nug ntawm kev txhim kho cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm H. A. Rimsky-Korsakov txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov yuam sij, M.-L., 1948; Skrebkova O. thiab Skrebkov S., Reader on harmonic analysis, M., 1948, add., M., 1967; lawv, Xyaum kawm txog kev sib haum xeeb, M., 1952, Maksimov M., Exercises in harmony on the piano, part 1-3, M., 1951-61; Trambitsky V. N., Plagality thiab nws cov kev sib txuas lus hauv Lavxias teb sab nkauj kev sib haum xeeb, hauv: Cov Lus Nug ntawm Musicology, (vol. 1), nr. 2, 1953-1954, Moscow, 1955; Tyulin Yu. thiab Privano N., Theoretical Foundations of Harmony. Phau ntawv, L., 1956, M., 1965; lawv, Phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Kev Sib Haum Xeeb, ntu 1, M., 1957; Mazel L., Ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm tonality ntawm tib lub npe, "SM", 1957 No 2; nws tus kheej, Teeb meem ntawm classical harmony, M., 1972; Tyutmanov I., Ib co nta ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov's modal-harmonic style, nyob rau hauv: Scientific thiab methodological sau ntawv (Saratov lub rooj sab laj), vol. 1, (Saratov, 1957); Nws, Yam yuavtsum tau kawm uantej rau kev tsim kom muaj qhov txo qis-tseem ceeb hauv cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag thiab nws cov yam ntxwv theoretical, hauv kev sau: Cov ntawv sau tshawb fawb thiab txheej txheem (Saratov lub rooj sib tham), (vol. 2), Saratov, (1959); nws tus kheej, Gamma tone-semitone yog cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev txo qis siv hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm H. A. Rimsky-Korsakov nyob rau hauv Sat.: Scientific thiab methodological sau ntawv (Saratov cons.), vol. 3-4, (Saratov), 1959-1961; Protopopov Vl., Hais txog phau ntawv kawm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov kev sib raug zoo, "SM", 1958, No 6; nws tus kheej, Variational Method of Thematic Development in Chopin's Music, Sat: Fryderyk Chopin, M., 1960; Dubovsky I., Modulation, M., 1959, 1965; Ryazanov P., Ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm pedagogical views thiab compositional thiab technical resources H. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, nyob rau hauv: N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov thiab suab paj nruag kev kawm, L., 1959; Taube r., On systems of tonal kev sib raug zoo, nyob rau hauv Sat.: Scientific and methodological notes (Saratov conference), vol. 3, (Saratov), 1959; Budrin B., Qee cov lus nug ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov cov lus sib haum xeeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm 90s, hauv Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Yeeb Yam (Moscow. cons.), nr. 1, Moscow, 1960; Zaporozhets N., Ib co nta ntawm lub tonal-chord qauv ntawm S. Prokofiev, hauv: Nta ntawm S. Prokofieva, M., 1962; Skrebkova O., Ntawm qee cov tswv yim ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, hauv: Cov Lus Nug ntawm Musicology, vol. 3, M., 1960; Evseev S., Folk thiab lub teb chaws cov hauv paus hniav ntawm suab paj nruag lus S. THIAB. Taneeva, M., 1963; nws, Lavxias teb sab pej xeem nkauj nyob rau hauv kev ua ntawm A. Lyadova, M., 1965; Tarakanov M., Melodic phenomena nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm S. Prokofiev nyob rau hauv Sat: Suab paj nruag-theoretical teeb meem ntawm Soviet suab paj nruag, M., 1963; Etinger M., Harmoniya I. C. Bach, M., 1963; Sherman H., Tsim kom muaj ib qho kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo, M., 1964; Zhitomirsky D., Rau kev sib cav txog kev sib haum xeeb, hauv: Suab paj nruag thiab niaj hnub, vol. 3, M., 1965; ib. Sakhaltueva O., On Scriabin's harmony, M., 1965; Skrebkov S., Harmony in modern music, M., 1965; Kholopov Yu., On peb txawv teb chaws kev sib haum xeeb, nyob rau hauv: Suab paj nruag thiab Modernity, vol. 4, M., 1966; nws, Prokofiev's Modern Features of Harmony, M., 1967; nws, Lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov kho nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog cov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev hloov kho thiab shaping nyob rau hauv Beethoven, nyob rau hauv sau: Beethoven, vol. 1, M., 1971; THIAB. AT. Sposobin, Suab paj nruag. Xib Hwb. Tus kws tshawb fawb. Hnub Saturday Art., M., 1967, Theoretical teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua XX, Sat. st., lus. 1, M., 1967, Dernova V., Harmony Scriabin, L., 1968; Cov lus nug ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag, Sat. st., lus. (1)-2, M., 1968-70; Sposobin I., Lectures on the course of harmony in literary processing Yu. Kholopova, M., 1969; Karklin L., Harmoniya H. Ya Myaskovsky, M., 1971; Zelinsky V., chav kawm ntawm kev sib haum xeeb hauv kev ua haujlwm. Diatonic, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Harmony, M., 1971; Teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruag science, Sat. st., lus.

VO Berkov

Koj Yuav Tsis tas li ntawd Xav

Canon |

Obligato, obligato |

Sextachord |

Sau ntawv cia Ncua Ncua tseg teb