Isaac Albéniz |

Isaac Albeniz: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Lub suab paj nruag zoo nkauj thiab txawv tshaj plaw ntawm Albeniz tuaj yeem muab piv rau lub khob ntim rau lub brim nrog cov cawv ntshiab, sov los ntawm lub hnub Mediterranean. F. Pedrel

Lub npe ntawm I. Albeniz yog inseparable los ntawm cov kev taw qhia tshiab ntawm Spanish suab paj nruag Renacimiento, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 10th-6th centuries. Tus neeg txhawb zog ntawm qhov kev txav no yog F. Pedrel, uas tau tawm tsam kev txhawb siab ntawm Spanish haiv neeg kab lis kev cai. Albéniz thiab E. Granados tau tsim thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag Spanish tshiab, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm M. de Falla tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib txawv no. Renacimiento puag tag nrho lub neej kev ua yeeb yam hauv lub tebchaws. Nws tau koom los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, kws sau paj huam, kws ua yeeb yam: R. Valle-Inklan, X. Jimenez, A. Machado, R. Pidal, M. Unamuno. Albéniz yug 1868 mais ntawm Fabkis ciam teb. Cov txuj ci suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb tso cai rau nws ua yeeb yam nrog nws tus viv ncaus Clementine hauv kev ua yeeb yam pej xeem hauv Barcelona thaum muaj hnub nyoog plaub xyoos. Nws yog los ntawm nws tus viv ncaus uas tus tub tau txais thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog suab paj nruag. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog XNUMX, Albeniz, nrog nws niam, tau mus rau Paris, qhov chaw nws kawm piano los ntawm xibfwb A. Marmontel. Hauv XNUMX, tus kws ntaus nkauj hluas thawj zaug, "Tub Rog Lub Peb Hlis" rau piano, tau luam tawm hauv Madrid.

Xyoo 1869, tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Madrid, thiab tus tub nkag mus rau hauv chav saib xyuas hauv chav kawm M. Mendisabal. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 10 xyoo, Albeniz khiav tawm hauv tsev mus nrhiav kev lom zem. Hauv Cadiz, nws raug ntes thiab raug xa mus rau nws niam nws txiv, tab sis Albeniz tswj kom tau txais lub tshuab ua haujlwm rau South America. Hauv Buenos Aires, nws ua lub neej tag nrho ntawm kev nyuaj siab, txog thaum ib tus ntawm nws cov neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws tau npaj ntau qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj rau nws hauv Argentina, Uruguay thiab Brazil.

Tom qab taug kev mus rau Tebchaws Cuba thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas, qhov chaw Albeniz, txhawm rau kom tsis txhob tuag ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis, ua haujlwm hauv chaw nres nkoj, tus tub hluas tuaj txog hauv Leipzig, qhov chaw uas nws kawm ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv chav kawm ntawm S. Jadasson (suab paj nruag) thiab nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm K. Reinecke (piano). Yav tom ntej, nws tau txhim kho ntawm Brussels Conservatory - ib qho zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, hauv piano nrog L. Brassin, thiab nrog F. Gevaart.

Ib qho kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau Albeniz yog nws lub rooj sib tham nrog F. Liszt hauv Budapest, qhov chaw uas tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag Spanish tuaj txog. Liszt pom zoo coj Albeniz, thiab qhov no ib leeg yog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas siab ntawm nws lub peev xwm. Nyob rau hauv lub 80s - thaum ntxov 90s. Albeniz coj kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj thiab ua tiav, ncig saib hauv ntau lub tebchaws Europe (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Askiv, Fabkis) thiab Asmeskas (Mexico, Cuba). Nws ci ntsa iab pianism nyiam cov neeg niaj hnub nrog nws txoj kev ci ntsa iab thiab kev tsim txiaj. Cov xov xwm Spanish koom ua ke hu nws tias "Spanish Rubinstein". Pedrel tau sau tias "Ua nws tus kheej sau, Albéniz tau nco txog Rubinstein,"

Pib xyoo 1894, tus kws sau nkauj tau nyob hauv Paris, qhov chaw nws tau txhim kho nws cov ntsiab lus nrog cov kws sau ntawv Fabkis nto moo xws li P. Dukas thiab V. d'Andy. Nws tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog C. Debussy, uas nws tus cwj pwm muaj tswv yim tau cuam tshuam rau Albeniz, nws cov suab paj nruag xyoo tas los no. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej, Albéniz coj lub Renacimiento txav, paub txog cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj ntawm Pedrel hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yog cov piv txwv ntawm lub teb chaws tiag tiag thiab tib lub sijhawm qub style. Albeniz tig mus rau cov nkauj nrov thiab seev cev (malagena, sevillana), rov ua suab paj nruag cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau thaj tsam ntawm Spain. Nws cov suab paj nruag yog txhua yam saturated nrog pej xeem lub suab thiab hais lus intonations.

Ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Albeniz (comic thiab lyric operas, zarzuela, ua haujlwm rau orchestra, suab), suab paj nruag piano yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Qhov kev thov rau Spanish suab paj nruag folklore, cov "kub deposits ntawm pej xeem kos duab", nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lub composer, muaj ib tug txiav txim siab rau nws txoj kev loj hlob. Hauv nws cov lus sau rau piano, Albéniz ua rau siv ntau yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag pej xeem, sib txuas nrog cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm kev sau ntawv. Hauv kev ntxhib los mos, koj tuaj yeem hnov ​​​​cov suab ntawm pej xeem cov cuab yeej - tambourine, bagpipes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog guitars. Siv cov suab paj nruag thiab seev cev ntawm Castile, Aragon, Basque Lub Tebchaws thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Andalusia, Albeniz tsis tshua txwv nws tus kheej rau kev hais lus ntawm pej xeem cov ntsiab lus. Nws cov ntawv sau zoo tshaj plaws: "Spanish Suite", suite "Spain" op. 165, lub voj voog "Spanish tunes" op. 232, ib lub voj voog ntawm 12 daim "Iberia" (1905-07) - piv txwv ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag ntawm kev taw qhia tshiab, qhov twg lub teb chaws hauv paus yog organically ua ke nrog kev ua tiav ntawm cov suab paj nruag niaj hnub.

V. Ilyeva

Isaac Albeniz nyob stormily, unbalanced, nrog tag nrho cov fervor ntawm mob siab rau nws mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau nws tus hlub txoj hauj lwm. Nws thaum yau thiab cov hluas zoo li ib qho kev lom zem tshiab tshiab. Txij li thaum muaj plaub xyoos, Albeniz pib kawm ua si piano. Lawv sim muab nws mus rau Paris, ces mus rau Madrid Conservatory. Tab sis thaum muaj cuaj xyoos, tus tub hluas khiav tawm hauv tsev, ua yeeb yam hauv concerts. Nws raug coj mus tsev thiab khiav dua, lub sijhawm no mus rau South America. Albéniz thaum ntawd muaj hnub nyoog kaum ob xyoos; nws txuas ntxiv ua. Cov xyoo tom ntej dhau los tsis sib xws: nrog ntau qib ntawm kev vam meej, Albeniz tau ua hauv nroog Asmeskas, Askiv, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab Spain. Thaum nws mus ncig ua si, nws tau txais kev qhia txog kev sib xyaw ua ke (los ntawm Carl Reinecke, Solomon Jadasson hauv Leipzig, los ntawm Francois Gevaart hauv Brussels).

Lub rooj sib tham nrog Liszt hauv 1878 - Albeniz yog hnub nyoog kaum yim xyoo - tau txiav txim siab rau nws txoj hmoo yav tom ntej. Tau ob xyoos nws nrog Liszt nyob txhua qhov chaw, dhau los ua nws tus tub kawm ze tshaj plaws.

Kev sib txuas lus nrog Liszt muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau Albeniz, tsis yog hais txog suab paj nruag, tab sis ntau dua - kev coj noj coj ua, kev coj ncaj ncees. Nws nyeem ntau heev (nws nyiam cov neeg sau ntawv yog Turgenev thiab Zola), nthuav nws cov duab kos duab. Liszt, leej twg thiaj li muaj nuj nqis rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub teb chaws txoj cai hauv suab paj nruag thiab yog li muab kev txhawb siab ncaj ncees rau cov neeg sau ntawv Lavxias (los ntawm Glinka mus rau Lub Hwj Chim Loj), thiab Smetana, thiab Grieg, awakens lub teb chaws xwm ntawm Albeniz lub peev xwm. Txij no mus, nrog rau pianistic, nws kuj mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau sau.

Tom qab ua tiav nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv Liszt, Albéniz tau los ua pianist ntawm qhov loj. Lub heyday ntawm nws concerts ua yeeb yam ntog rau xyoo 1880-1893. Los ntawm lub sij hawm no, los ntawm Barcelona, ​​​​qhov chaw nws tau nyob ua ntej, Albeniz tsiv mus rau Fabkis. Xyoo 1893, Albeniz poob mob hnyav, thiab tom qab ntawd tus mob tau kaw nws mus pw. Nws tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog plaub caug cuaj.

Cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim ntawm Albéniz yog qhov loj heev - nws muaj txog tsib puas sau, ntawm peb puas yog rau pianoforte; Ntawm cov so - operas, symphonic tej hauj lwm, romances, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm artistic nqi, nws legacy yog heev uneven. Qhov loj, siab ncaj tus kws kos duab tsis muaj kev tswj hwm tus kheej. Nws sau tau yooj yim thiab sai, zoo li yog improvising, tab sis nws tsis yog ib txwm muaj peev xwm hais txog qhov tseem ceeb, pov tseg cov superfluous, thiab succumbed rau ntau yam influences.

Yog li, nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm thaum ntxov - nyob rau hauv lub cawv ntawm castisismo - muaj ntau ntawm superficial, salon. Cov yam ntxwv no qee zaum tau khaws cia hauv cov ntawv sau tom qab. Thiab ntawm no yog lwm qhov piv txwv: nyob rau hauv lub 90s, thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws muaj tswv yim kom loj hlob, muaj kev nyuaj siab nyiaj txiag, Albeniz pom zoo sau ib tug xov tooj ntawm operas commissioned los ntawm ib tug neeg nplua nuj lus Askiv uas concocted ib tug libretto rau lawv; Lawm, cov operas no ua tsis tiav. Thaum kawg, hauv kaum tsib xyoos dhau los ntawm nws lub neej, Albéniz tau cuam tshuam los ntawm qee tus kws sau ntawv Fabkis (qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, nws tus phooj ywg, Paul Duc).

Thiab tseem nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Albéniz - thiab muaj ntau ntawm lawv! - nws lub teb chaws-tswj tus kheej yog xav tau. Nws tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv hluas - hauv 80s, uas yog, txawm tias ua ntej tshaj tawm Pedrel's manifesto.

Cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Albéniz yog cov uas muaj kev cuam tshuam cov pej xeem-lub teb chaws keeb kwm ntawm cov nkauj thiab seev cev, xim thiab toj roob hauv pes ntawm Spain. Cov no yog, tshwj tsis yog ntawm ob peb lub suab paj nruag, cov suab paj nruag tau muab nrog cov npe ntawm cheeb tsam, xeev, nroog thiab cov zos ntawm tus kws sau paj huam. (Albéniz's best zarzuela, Pepita Jiménez (1896), kuj yuav tsum tau hais. Pedrel (Celestina, 1905), thiab tom qab de Falla (A Brief Life, 1913) tau sau rau hauv no genus ua ntej nws.). Xws li yog cov collections "Spanish tunes", "Chaw yam khoom", "Spanish seev cev" los yog suites "Spain", "Iberia" (lub npe ancient Spain), "Catalonia". Ntawm cov npe ntawm cov yeeb yam nto moo peb ntsib: "Cordoba", "Granada", "Seville", "Navarra", "Malaga", thiab lwm yam. Albeniz kuj muab nws lub npe seev cev ("Seguidilla", "Malaguena", "Polo"). thiab lwm yam).

Qhov ua tiav thiab ntau yam hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Albeniz tsim Andalusian style ntawm flamenco. Tus kws sau ntawv cov ntawv sau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag, thiab kev sib raug zoo tau piav qhia saum toj no. Ib tug siab zoo melodist, nws muab nws cov suab paj nruag nta ntawm sensual ntxim nyiam:

Nyob rau hauv melodics, oriental lem feem ntau siv:

Ua ob lub suab nyob rau hauv ib tug dav kev npaj, Albeniz recreated tus cwj pwm ntawm lub suab ntawm pej xeem cua twj:

Nws zoo kawg nkaus qhia lub originality ntawm lub suab guitar ntawm lub piano:

Yog hais tias peb tseem nco ntsoov cov poetic ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia thiab cov lus piav qhia cus ciav (xws li Schumann thiab Grieg), nws dhau los ua qhov tseeb qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau muab rau Albeniz hauv keeb kwm ntawm Spanish suab paj nruag.

M. Druskin

Cov npe luv luv ntawm kev sau:

Piano ua haujlwm Spanish tunes (5 pieces) "Spain" (6 "Album Sheets") Spanish suite (8 pieces) Cov yam ntxwv (12 pieces) 6 Spanish seev cev Thawj thiab thib ob classic suites (10 pieces) "Iberia", suite (12 pieces nyob rau hauv plaub phau ntawv)

Orchestral ua haujlwm "Catalonia", suite

Operas thiab zarzuelas "Magic Opal" (1893) "Saint Anthony" (1894) "Henry Clifford" (1895) "Pepita Jimenez" (1896) King Arthur trilogy (Merlin, Lancelot, Ginevra, kawg tsis tiav) (1897-1906)

Nkauj thiab Romance (kwv yees 15)