intonation |

los ntawm lat. intono - hais nrov nrov

I. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws suab paj nruag-theoretical. thiab aesthetic lub tswvyim uas muaj peb lub ntsiab lus sib cuam tshuam:

1) Altitude lub koom haum (kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib txuas) ntawm suab paj nruag. kab rov tav tones. Nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, nws yeej tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev sib sau nrog lub cev nqaij daim tawv ntawm lub suab - lub suab. "Intonation ... yog sib txuas nrog cov suab paj nruag ua ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev qhuab qhia kev tshwm sim ntawm suab paj nruag" (BV Asafiev). Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm I. thiab atherosclerosis tsim ib lub suab paj nruag (hauv nws qhov dav dav), uas kuv, raws li nws qhov siab-siab, tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv tsuas yog theoretical, hauv abstraction.

Muses. I. muaj feem cuam tshuam hauv keeb kwm thiab ntau txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam li kev hais lus, nkag siab txog kev hloov pauv ntawm lub suab ("tone") ntawm lub suab thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, nws lub suab ("speech melody"). I. hauv suab paj nruag zoo ib yam li I. hais lus (yog tias peb txhais tau hais tias sab ntsug ntawm qhov kawg) hauv nws cov ntsiab lus muaj nuj nqi (txawm hais tias hauv kev hais lus lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog lo lus - saib kuv, 2) thiab hauv qee yam qauv, sawv cev. nrog rau kev hais lus I., cov txheej txheem ntawm lub suab hloov hauv lub suab, qhia kev xav thiab tswj hauv kev hais lus thiab wok. suab paj nruag los ntawm txoj cai ntawm kev ua pa thiab cov leeg nqaij ntawm lub suab. Kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj. I. los ntawm cov qauv no twb xav txog nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub suab-pitch, melodic. kab (lub xub ntiag ntawm cov suab zoo ib yam li tib lub suab hauv kev hais lus I.; qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qis qis ntawm lub suab nrov: kev hloov ntawm ascents thiab qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob; nqis los, raws li txoj cai, kev taw qhia ntawm lub suab. kab hauv qhov xaus, theem ntawm kev txav, thiab lwm yam), nws cuam tshuam thiab nyob rau hauv articulation ntawm suab paj nruag. I. (lub xub ntiag ntawm caesuras ntawm ntau qhov tob, thiab lwm yam), nyob rau hauv qee qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau nws qhov kev nthuav qhia (qhov nce hauv lub siab lub ntsws thaum txav mus los thiab tso tawm thaum txav mus, hauv kev hais lus thiab suab paj nruag cuam tshuam nrog kev nce hauv kev siv zog. ntawm cov leeg ntawm lub suab apparatus thiab nrog cov leeg so).

Qhov sib txawv ntawm ob hom I. kuj tseem ceeb, ob qho tib si hauv lawv cov ntsiab lus (saib I, 2) thiab hauv daim ntawv. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv kev hais lus I. lub suab tsis txawv thiab tsis muaj ib tug ruaj yam tsawg kawg nkaus uas muaj feem xyuam. qhov tseeb ntawm qhov siab, ces hauv suab paj nruag I. tsim muses. tones yog cov suab uas ntau dua los yog tsawg dua nruj me ntsis txwv nyob rau hauv lub suab vim qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm cov zaus oscillation uas ua rau txhua tus ntawm lawv (txawm hais tias ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, kev kho ntawm lub suab tsis yog kiag li - saib kuv, 3). Muses. tones, tsis zoo li lub suab hais lus, nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub belongs rau k.-l. keeb kwm tsim suab paj nruag-suab system, tsim ntawm lawv tus kheej qhov siab qhov kev sib raug zoo (ib ntus) kho nyob rau hauv kev coj ua thiab yog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qee qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm-logical. kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib txuas (lada). Ua tsaug rau zaj nkauj no. I. Qhov zoo sib txawv ntawm kev hais lus - nws muaj kev ywj pheej ntau dua, tsim thiab muaj kev nthuav qhia ntau dua. cib fim.

I. (raws li lub koom haum siab-tawv ntawm cov suab nrov) ua haujlwm raws li kev tsim thiab kev nthuav qhia-semantic hauv paus ntawm suab paj nruag. Yog tsis muaj atherosclerosis (zoo li tsis muaj suab nrov thiab muaj zog, nrog rau timbre, uas yog inextricably txuas nrog nws), suab paj nruag tsis muaj nyob. Yog li, suab paj nruag tag nrho muaj intonation. xwm. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb ntawm I. hauv suab paj nruag yog vim muaj ntau yam: a) kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab nrov, ua tau zoo heev thiab hloov tau, muaj ntau haiv neeg; tej yam psycho-physiological thaj chaw txiav txim lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev qhia los ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub changeable, subtly txawv thiab infinitely nplua nuj ntiaj teb no ntawm tib neeg sab ntsuj plig txav; b) pitch kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov suab nrov vim yog lub suab ruaj khov ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv, raws li txoj cai, tau yooj yim nco qab thiab rov tsim dua thiab yog li muaj peev xwm ua kom cov suab paj nruag ua haujlwm raws li kev sib txuas lus ntawm tib neeg; c) qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tones raws li lawv qhov siab thiab kev tsim ntawm lawv los ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qhov tseeb thiab muaj zog ua haujlwm-logical. kev sib txuas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim tau hauv suab paj nruag ntau txoj hauv kev ntawm melodic, harmonic. thiab polyphonic. txoj kev loj hlob, nthuav qhia cov possibilities uas deb tshaj qhov possibilities ntawm, hais, ib tug rhythmic, dynamic. los yog timbre kev loj hlob.

2) Hom ("system", "warehouse", "tone") ntawm suab paj nruag. cov lus, "qhov zoo ntawm lub ntsiab lus hais" (BV Asafiev) hauv suab paj nruag. Nws nyob rau hauv lub complex ntawm cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm muses. cov ntaub ntawv (high-altitude, rhythmic, timbre, articulatory, thiab lwm yam), uas txiav txim siab nws semantics, piv txwv li, kev xav, semantic, thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus rau cov neeg perceive. I. – ib tug ntawm cov deepest txheej ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, ze tshaj rau cov ntsiab lus, feem ntau ncaj qha thiab tag nrho qhia nws. Qhov kev nkag siab ntawm suab paj nruag I. zoo ib yam li kev nkag siab hais lus intonation raws li tau hais. lub suab ntawm kev hais lus, kev xav ntawm cov xim ntawm nws lub suab, nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev hais lus thiab qhia tus cwj pwm ntawm tus neeg hais lus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus, nrog rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws tus cwj pwm, lub teb chaws thiab kev sib raug zoo. I. nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag, raws li nyob rau hauv kev hais lus, muaj peev xwm muaj kev nthuav qhia (xav tau), logical-semantic, yam ntxwv thiab hom ntsiab lus. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm suab paj nruag. I. yog txiav txim siab los ntawm txoj kev xav, lub siab xav thiab lub siab nyiam ntawm tus kws sau nkauj thiab tus kws ua yeeb yam qhia hauv nws. Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lawv hais, piv txwv li, txog cov muses uas suab hauv qhov muab. cov hauj lwm (los yog nws seem) intonations ntawm kev hais tsis txaus siab, npau taws, jubilation, ntxhov siab vim, yeej, kev txiav txim siab, "kev hlub, kev khuv leej, kev koom tes, niam los yog kev hlub tos txais, kev khuv leej, kev txhawb nqa phooj ywg" (BV Asafiev txog Tchaikovsky lub suab paj nruag ), thiab lwm yam. -semantic lub ntsiab lus ntawm I. yog txiav txim los ntawm seb nws qhia ib nqe lus, ib lo lus nug, ua tiav ntawm ib tug xav, thiab lwm yam. Thaum kawg, I. yuav decomposed. raws li nws tus yam ntxwv tus nqi, incl. lub teb chaws (Lavxias teb sab, Georgian, German, Fabkis) thiab kev sib raug zoo (Lavxias teb sab peasant, raznochinno-city, thiab lwm yam), raws li zoo raws li ib hom ntawv nyeem (suab, ariose, recitative; piav, scherzo, meditative; tsev neeg, oratory, thiab lwm yam).

Sec. I. qhov tseem ceeb yog txiav txim los ntawm ntau. yam. Ib qho tseem ceeb, txawm hais tias tsis yog tib qho xwb, yog qhov ntau dua lossis tsawg dua kev sib kho thiab hloov pauv (saib I, 1) kev tsim tawm hauv suab paj nruag ntawm kev hais lus I. sib raug. tus nqi. Kev hloov ntawm kev hais lus I. (ntau ntau yam hauv ntau yam thiab keeb kwm hloov pauv) rau hauv cov suab paj nruag yuav tshwm sim tsis tu ncua thoob plaws hauv kev tsim suab paj nruag. kos duab thiab feem ntau txiav txim siab lub peev xwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag los ua kom muaj ntau yam kev xav, kev xav, kev xav muaj zog thiab cov cwj pwm zoo, qhia lawv rau cov neeg mloog thiab cuam tshuam rau yav tom ntej. Qhov chaw ntawm expressiveness ntawm suab paj nruag. I. kuj yog koom nrog lwm lub suab (ob leeg suab paj nruag thiab tsis yog suab paj nruag - saib kuv, 3) vim qhov kev paub ntawm tib neeg thiab qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej ntawm lub cev ncaj qha. cuam ​​tshuam rau kev xav. lub ntiaj teb neeg.

Qhov no los yog I. muses. Cov lus hais tau txiav txim siab ua ntej los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Suab nkauj tsim los ntawm nws. suab muaj peev xwm. tus nqi, nyob ntawm lawv lub cev. khoom thiab koom haum. Tus neeg ua yeeb yam, los ntawm nws tus kheej txhais tau tias (dynamic, aggic, coloristic, thiab nyob rau hauv hu nkauj thiab ua si seev cev tsis muaj ib tug taag suab-kuj los ntawm kev sib txawv lub suab nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam-saib I, 3) qhia tus sau tus I. thiab txhais nws raws li nyob rau hauv raws li cov suab paj nruag. nws tus kheej thiab kev ua haujlwm. Kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam (uas kuj yog tus sau) ntawm tus kws sau ntawv I., piv txwv li, intonation, yog qhov muaj tiag ntawm suab paj nruag. Nws puv thiab kev sib raug zoo. qhov no, txawm li cas los xij, tau txais lub ntsiab lus tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev xaav ntawm cov suab paj nruag los ntawm cov neeg mloog. Tus neeg mloog perceives, reproduces nyob rau hauv nws lub siab, kev paub thiab assimilates tus composer tus I. (nyob rau hauv nws ua tau txhais lus) kuj tus kheej, raws li nws tus kheej. kev ua suab paj nruag, uas, txawm li cas los xij, yog ib feem ntawm zej zog. kev paub thiab nws conditioned. Qhov ntawd. "Qhov tshwm sim ntawm intonation khi rau hauv kev sib koom ua ke suab paj nruag muaj tswv yim, kev ua tau zoo thiab mloog - hnov ​​lus" (BV Asafiev).

3) Txhua qhov me me tshwj xeeb conjugations ntawm tones hauv suab paj nruag. ib qho kev hais lus uas muaj ib qho kev hais tawm tsis txaus ntseeg. lub ntsiab lus; semantic unit hauv suab paj nruag. Feem ntau muaj 2-3 lossis ntau lub suab hauv monophony lossis consonances; hauv excl. rooj plaub, nws kuj yuav muaj ib lub suab los yog consonance, cais los ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv muses. ntsiab lus thiab expressiveness.

Vim lub ntsiab nthuav qhia. txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag yog lub suab paj nruag, I. feem ntau to taub raws li ib tug luv luv kawm ntawm tones nyob rau hauv monophony, raws li ib tug particle ntawm ib tug suab paj nruag, ib tug hu nkauj. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub uas muaj kev ywj pheej nthuav tawm. lub ntsiab lus hauv suab paj nruag. kev ua haujlwm tau txais qee yam kev sib haum xeeb, kev sib dhos, cov ntsiab lus timbre, peb tuaj yeem hais txog kev sib haum xeeb, kev sib dhos, feem. thiab txawm tias timbre I. los yog hais txog complex I.: melodic-harmonic, harmonic-timbre, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lwm yam mob, nrog rau subordinate lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus, atherosclerosis, timbre thiab kev sib haum xeeb (mus rau ib tug tsawg dua - dynamics) tseem muaj ib tug cuam ​​tshuam rau kev xaav ntawm melodic intonations, muab lawv qhov no lossis qhov teeb pom kev zoo, cov no lossis cov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm kev nthuav tawm. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua qhov muab I. rau ib qho loj kuj nyob ntawm nws ib puag ncig, ntawm muses. cov ntsiab lus, nyob rau hauv uas nws nkag mus, raws li zoo raws li los ntawm nws ua kom tiav. txhais lus (saib kuv, 2).

txheeb ze ywj siab. lub siab xav-daim duab lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug cais I. nyob ntawm tsis tsuas yog rau nws tus kheej. cov khoom thiab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus teb, tab sis kuj los ntawm tus mloog txoj kev xaav. Yog li ntawd, faib muses. ntws ntawm I. thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv lub ntsiab lus yog vim ob lub hom phiaj thiab cov ntsiab lus, suav nrog muses. auditory kev kawm thiab kev mloog. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov uas qee lub suab sib txuas (ntau dua, hom suab sib txuas) vim lawv rov siv hauv suab paj nruag. creativity thiab assimilation ntawm societies. xyaum ua kom paub thiab paub txog pob ntseg, lawv xaiv thiab nkag siab zoo li kev ywj pheej I. pib tsis yog nyob ntawm tus neeg mloog tus kheej nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj ntawm kev txawj ntse, suab paj nruag thiab kev zoo nkauj. tastes thiab views ntawm tag nrho cov zej zog. pab pawg.

I. tej zaum yuav coincide nrog motive, melodic. los yog harmonic. turnover, thematic cell (grain). Qhov txawv, txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub suab conjugation raws li ib tug motive, turnover, cell, thiab lwm yam, yog raws li nyob rau hauv nws lub hom phiaj nta (lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug accent uas unites ib pab pawg neeg suab, thiab ib tug caesura uas cais. cov pab pawg no los ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze, qhov xwm ntawm melodic thiab harmonic functional kev sib txuas ntawm lub suab los yog chords, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug muab complex nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho lub ntsiab lus thiab nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob, thiab lwm yam), thaum thaum xaiv I., lawv pib los ntawm qhia. lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm suab khub, los ntawm lawv cov semantics, yog li inevitably qhia ib tug subjective ntsiab.

I. tej zaum kuj hu ua muses. "lus" (BV Asafiev). Suab paj nruag zoo li. I. lo lus nyob rau hauv cov lus yog ib feem ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus, daim ntawv thiab muaj nuj nqi. I. zoo ib yam li ib lo lus raws li ib tug luv luv suab conjugation uas muaj ib tug tej lub ntsiab lus, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm tib neeg txoj kev sib txuas lus thiab sawv cev rau xws li ib tug semantic unit uas yuav tsum tau cais tawm ntawm lub suab kwj. Qhov zoo sib xws kuj yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias intonations, zoo li cov lus, yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug complex, tsim system uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob. Los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov lus (natural) lus, cov txheej txheem ntawm I. (ntau qhov tseeb, lawv hom) pom nyob rau hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm k.-l. composer, pab pawg neeg ntawm composers, nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag. culture k.-l. tib neeg, thiab lwm yam, tuaj yeem raug hu ua "intonation. lus" ntawm no composer, pab pawg neeg, kab lis kev cai.

Suab paj nruag txawv. I. los ntawm lo lus muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws yog ib tug conjugation ntawm qualitatively txawv suab - muses. tones, ib qho kev txiav qhia tshwj xeeb, kos duab. cov ntsiab lus, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lwm yam suab thaj thiab kev sib raug zoo (saib I, 1), raws li ib tug txoj cai, tsis muaj ib tug ruaj khov, rov ua dua daim ntawv (tsuas yog hom kev hais lus ntau dua los yog tsawg ruaj khov) thiab yog li ntawd yog tsim ib qho tshiab los ntawm txhua tus. tus sau nyob rau hauv txhua qhov kev hais lus (txawm hais tias muaj kev tsom mus rau qee yam intonational hom); I. yog lub hauv paus polysemantic hauv cov ntsiab lus. Tsuas yog tshem tawm. Qee qhov xwm txheej, nws qhia txog lub tswv yim tshwj xeeb, tab sis txawm tias nws lub ntsiab lus tsis tuaj yeem raug qhia meej thiab tsis meej los ntawm cov lus. I. ntau tshaj ib lo lus, nyob ntawm nws lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib qho I. (kev xav, thiab lwm yam) yog inextricably txuas nrog ib tug muab cov ntaub ntawv (suab), uas yog, nws yuav tsum tau qhia tsuas yog los ntawm nws, thiaj li hais tias kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab daim ntawv nyob rau hauv. I. yog, raws li txoj cai, ntau tsawg indirect. tshaj nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, tsis arbitrary thiab tsis conditional, vim hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug "intonation. yam lus" tsis tas yuav tsum tau muab txhais ua lwm yam "lus" thiab tsis txhob cia li txhais lus. Kev xaav ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm I., piv txwv li, nws "kev nkag siab", rau qhov tsawg dua yuav tsum tau ua ntej. kev paub txog cov "lus", vim hais tias Ch. arr. nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov koom haum nws evokes nrog rau lwm yam suab, raws li zoo raws li lub psychophysiological prerequisites muaj nyob rau hauv nws. cuam ​​tshuam. I., suav nrog hauv qhov "intonation. lus”, tsis txuas nrog hauv qhov system no nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev ruaj khov thiab yuav tsum tau ua. cov cai rau lawv tsim thiab kev sib txuas. Yog li ntawd, lub tswv yim zoo li tsim nyog, raws li Krom, tsis zoo li lo lus, I. tsis tuaj yeem hu ua kos npe, tab sis "intonation. lus” – ib tug kos npe system. Txhawm rau kom tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov neeg mloog, tus kws sau nkauj hauv nws txoj haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cia siab rau cov neeg uas twb paub nyob ib puag ncig. ib puag ncig thiab muses tau kawm los ntawm nws. thiab nemuz. suab conjugation. Ntawm lub suab paj nruag, I. Nar. ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb raws li qhov chaw thiab tus qauv rau kev muaj tswv yim tsim. thiab txhua hnub (tsis yog haiv neeg) suab paj nruag, feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib raug zoo pab pawg neeg thiab ua ib feem ntawm nws lub neej, ib tug ncaj (natural) spontaneous suab manifestation ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm nws cov tswv cuab rau kev muaj tiag. Los ntawm nemuz. suab khub ua si zoo sib xws muaj nyob rau hauv txhua nat. lus ruaj khov, txhua hnub rov tsim dua hauv kev xyaum hais lus intonation. tig (intonemes) uas muaj, rau txhua tus neeg uas siv cov lus no, ntau dua lossis tsawg dua, qhov tseeb, ib feem ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus nug, exclamation, assertion, surprise, doubt, ntau yam kev xav thiab kev xav, thiab lwm yam) .

Tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem tsim cov suab sib txuas uas twb muaj lawm hauv daim ntawv qhia tseeb lossis hloov kho, lossis tsim cov suab tshiab, ib txoj hauv kev los yog lwm qhov tsom mus rau cov hom suab no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thiab hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm txhua tus kws sau ntawv, ntawm ntau qhov kev tsim tawm thiab thawj qhov sib txuas ntawm cov suab nrov, ib tus tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm I., variants ntawm uas yog tag nrho cov so. Tag nrho ntawm xws li raug I., yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug muab composer thiab tsim lub hauv paus, cov khoom ntawm nws "intonation. lus", ua nws "intonation. phau ntawv txhais lus" (lub sij hawm los ntawm BV Asafiev). Tag nrho ntawm ib txwm I., uas twb muaj lawm hauv cov zej zog. kev xyaum ntawm lub sijhawm no, nyob hauv keeb kwm no. lub sij hawm "ntawm lub rooj sib hais" ntawm lub teb chaws los yog ntau haiv neeg, cov ntaub ntawv, ntsig txog, nat. los yog thoob ntiaj teb "intonation. phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm lub sijhawm”, suav nrog raws li lub hauv paus I. nar. thiab tsev neeg suab paj nruag, nrog rau I. prof. suab paj nruag creativity, assimilated los ntawm pej xeem nco qab.

Vim yog qhov sib txawv loj ntawm I. thiab lo lus, "intonation. phau ntawv txhais lus" yog qhov tshwm sim sib txawv kiag li piv rau lexic. pob nyiaj ntawm kev hais lus (hais lus) thiab yuav tsum nkag siab ntau yam raws li kev cai, piv txwv. lub sij hawm.

Nar. thiab tsev neeg I. yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev sau ntawv. hom suab paj nruag. folklore thiab suab paj nruag txhua hnub. Yog li ntawd, "intonation. phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm lub sijhawm" yog sib txuas nrog cov hom ntawv uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm muab, nws "ib hom nyiaj txiag". Kev cia siab rau cov nyiaj no (thiab yog li ntawm "cov ntawv txhais lus intonation ntawm lub sijhawm") thiab ib qho kev qhia dav dav ntawm nws qhov raug. nta nyob rau hauv creativity, piv txwv li, "generalization los ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem" (AA Alshvang), feem ntau txiav txim siab lub intelligibility thiab kev nkag siab ntawm suab paj nruag rau cov neeg mloog ntawm ib lub zej zog muab.

Xa mus rau "intonation. phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm lub sijhawm ", tus neeg sau qhia txog nws hauv nws txoj haujlwm nrog ntau qib ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab kev ua haujlwm. Qhov kev ua no tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv kev xaiv ntawm I., lawv cov kev hloov kho thaum tuav cov lus qhia tib yam. lub ntsiab lus, lawv generalization, lawv rethinking (re-intonation), piv txwv li, xws li ib tug kev hloov, uas muab lawv lub ntsiab lus tshiab, thiab, thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm decomp. intonations thiab tag nrho intonations. kheej kheej.

National thiab thoob ntiaj teb "intonation. phau ntawv txhais lus" tau hloov pauv tas li thiab hloov kho tshiab raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tuag ntawm qee qhov I., kev hloov pauv hauv lwm tus, thiab cov tsos ntawm peb. Hauv qee lub sijhawm - feem ntau yog cim los ntawm kev hloov pauv loj hauv lub neej kev sib raug zoo - qhov kev siv ntawm cov txheej txheem no nce ntau. Qhov tseem ceeb thiab ceev hloov tshiab ntawm "intonation. phau ntawv txhais lus" thaum lub sij hawm xws li (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 2th nyob rau hauv Fabkis, nyob rau hauv lub 18-50s ntawm lub xyoo pua 60th nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo tom qab lub Great Lub kaum hli ntuj Socialist Revolution) BV Asafiev hu ua "intonation. kev kub ntxhov.” Tab sis feem ntau, "intonation. phau ntawv txhais lus “anny nat. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai yog ruaj khov, evolving maj mam thiab txawm nyob rau hauv lub "intonation". Kev kub ntxhov" tsis yog kev puas tsuaj loj, tab sis tsuas yog ib feem, txawm hais tias siv zog, rov ua dua tshiab.

“Intonation. phau ntawv txhais lus" ntawm txhua tus kws sau ntawv kuj tau hloov kho me ntsis vim muaj kev suav nrog cov tshiab I. thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov hloov pauv tshiab ntawm cov intonations raug. cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no "vocabulary". Ch. ua hauj lwm txhais tau tias ntawm transformation Thiab. arr. Kev hloov pauv hauv ntu ntu thiab cov qauv qauv, kev sib dhos, thiab ib hom ntawv cim (thiab, hauv txoj kev imitations, kuj sib haum xeeb). Tsis tas li ntawd, nthuav tawm. tus nqi ntawm I. yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev hloov hauv tempo, timbre, thiab sau npe. Nyob ntawm qhov tob ntawm kev hloov pauv, ib tus tuaj yeem hais txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm ib qho txawv ntawm tib I., lossis ib qho tshiab I. raws li lwm qhov txawv ntawm tib daim qauv, lossis ib qho tshiab I. raws li ib qho ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm lwm tus txheem daim ntawv. Hauv kev txiav txim siab qhov no, auditory perception plays lub luag haujlwm txiav txim siab.

I. tuaj yeem hloov pauv thiab hauv tib muses. ua haujlwm. Variation, creation ntawm ib tug tshiab variant, los yog qualitative txoj kev loj hlob ntawm c.-l. muaj peev xwm ntawm no. ib I. Lub tswvyim ntawm intonation. kev loj hlob kuj yog txuam nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm decomp. I. horizontally (zoo hloov los yog sib piv nyob rau hauv sib piv) thiab vertically (intonation. counterpoint); “intonation. modulation ”(kev hloov ntawm ib qho chaw ntawm I. mus rau lwm qhov); intonation tsis sib haum xeeb thiab tawm tsam; kev hloov pauv ntawm qee qhov I. los ntawm lwm tus lossis tsim cov hluavtaws I., thiab lwm yam.

Mutual arrangement thiab ratio And. hauv prod. tsim nws intonation. qauv, thiab sab hauv daim duab-semantic kev sib txuas I. nyob rau hauv tam sim. tshawb fawb lossis nyob deb ("intonation. arches"), lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab txhua yam kev hloov pauv - intonation. dramaturgy, uas yog thawj sab ntawm muses. ua yeeb yam feem ntau, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm muses. ua haujlwm.

Tus kheej txhais tau tias, raws li kev txhais lus dav dav ntawm cov khoom, hloov pauv thiab txhim kho nws I. thiab tus neeg ua yeeb yam (saib I, 2), uas muaj qee yam kev ywj pheej hauv qhov no, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev nthuav tawm intonation. dramaturgy predetermined los ntawm tus composer. Tib yam xwm txheej txwv txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm I. nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lawv txoj kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm lub hlwb los ntawm cov neeg mloog; tib lub sij hawm, nws yog li ntawd tus kheej. reproduction (internal intonation) raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm mloog kev ua si yog ib tug tsim nyog lub sij hawm rau ib tug tag nrho-fledged xaav ntawm suab paj nruag.

Cov lus nug txog lub ntsiab ntawm lub suab paj nruag. I., lus. qhov xwm ntawm suab paj nruag, kev sib raug zoo thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm muses. thiab hais lus I. thiab lwm tus tau ntev tau tsim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb (txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv ntau rooj plaub tsis siv lub sij hawm "Kuv."), thiab feem ntau nquag thiab fruitful nyob rau hauv cov sij hawm thaum muaj teeb meem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm muses. thiab kev hais lus I. tau dhau los tshwj xeeb rau cov muses. kev muaj tswv yim. Lawv tau ua ib feem ntawm lub suab paj nruag. txoj kev xav thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm kev qub txeeg qub teg (Aristotle, Dionysius ntawm Halicarnassus), thiab tom qab ntawd Hnub Nyoog Kawg (John Paj Rwb) thiab Renaissance (V. Galilee). txhais tau tias. pab txhawb rau lawv txoj kev loj hlob tau ua los ntawm Fabkis. cov kws ntaus nkauj ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th uas koom nrog cov neeg ua kom pom kev (JJ Rousseau, D. Diderot) lossis nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev tswj hwm. cawv (A. Gretry, KV Gluck). Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, tshwj xeeb, lub tswv yim tau tsim thawj zaug txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm "melody intonations" nrog "speech intonations", uas lub suab hu nkauj "imitates ntau yam kev hais lus ntawm lub suab hais lus animated los ntawm kev xav" (Rousseau). Tseem ceeb heev rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm I. yog cov hauj lwm thiab cov nqe lus ntawm advanced Lavxias teb sab. composers thiab critics ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog AS Dargomyzhsky, AN Serov, MP Mussorgsky, thiab VV Stasov. Yog li ntawd, Serov muab tso rau pem hauv ntej cov kev cai ntawm suab paj nruag raws li ib tug "tseem ceeb hom lus poetic" thiab, ib txhij nrog NG Chernyshevsky, nyob rau hauv lub primacy ntawm lub wok. intonations nyob rau hauv relation mus instrumental; Mussorgsky tau taw qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hais lus idioms raws li lub hauv paus thiab lub hauv paus ntawm "lub suab tsim los ntawm tib neeg hais lus"; Stasov, hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Mussorgsky, thawj zaug tau hais txog "qhov tseeb ntawm intonations." Ib tug peculiar lus qhuab qhia ntawm I. tsim nyob rau hauv thaum pib. 20th caug xyoo BL Yavorsky (saib II), uas hu ua I. "qhov tsawg tshaj plaws (los ntawm kev tsim kho) monophonic suab daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm" thiab txhais lub intonation system raws li "ib qho ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev nco qab." Tswv yim Russian. thiab txawv teb chaws musicians txog intonation. Qhov xwm ntawm cov suab paj nruag, nws qhov kev sib txuas nrog I. ntawm kev hais lus, lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm lub sijhawm, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm intonation raws li lub neej tiag tiag ntawm suab paj nruag hauv zej zog, thiab lwm yam. lwm tus yog generalized thiab tsim nyob rau hauv ntau heev. tej hauj lwm ntawm BV Asafiev, uas tsim ib tug sib sib zog nqus thiab tsis tshua muaj fruitful (txawm hais tias tsis tag nrho kom meej meej formulation thiab tsis muaj kev sib cais sib txawv thiab sab hauv contradictions) "intonation. theory "music. creativity, kev ua tau zoo thiab kev nkag siab thiab tsim cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm intonation. suab paj nruag tsom xam. Cov kws kho suab paj nruag ntawm USSR thiab lwm tus socialists txuas ntxiv txhim kho txoj kev xav tau zoo, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb. lub teb chaws.

II. Nyob rau hauv BL Yavorsky's "modal atherosclerosis txoj kev xav" nws yog ib qho kev sib txuas (hloov) ntawm ob lub sijhawm modal, nthuav tawm hauv ib lub suab (saib Modal atherosclerosis).

III. Lub degree ntawm acoustic raug ntawm kev tsim tawm ntawm lub suab thiab lawv qhov sib piv (intervals) nrog suab paj nruag. kev ua tau zoo. Muaj tseeb, “huv” I. (as opposed to cuav, “dirty”) – coincidence of factual. qhov siab ntawm lub suab nrov nrog qhov tsim nyog, piv txwv li, vim nws qhov chaw hauv lub suab paj nruag. suab system thiab hom, uas yog kho los ntawm nws lub npe (daim duab, hais lus los yog lwm yam). Raws li qhia los ntawm tus owl. acoustician NA Garbuzov, I. tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev hnov ​​​​lus raws li qhov tseeb txawm tias qhov xwm txheej qhia tsis yog kiag li (raws li feem ntau yog cov ntaub ntawv thaum suab paj nruag ua los ntawm lub suab lossis cov twj paj nruag tsis muaj suab nrov ntawm txhua lub suab). Cov xwm txheej rau qhov kev nkag siab zoo li no yog qhov chaw ntawm lub suab nrov nyob rau hauv qee qhov swarm, txwv. thaj chaw ntawm qhov siab ze rau qhov xav tau. Thaj chaw no tau muab npe los ntawm NA Garbuzov ib cheeb tsam.

IV. Hauv cheeb tsam txoj kev xav ntawm lub suab hnov ​​los ntawm NA Garbuzov, lub suab sib txawv ntawm ob lub sijhawm uas yog ib feem ntawm tib cheeb tsam.

V. Hauv kev tsim thiab kho cov suab paj nruag. cov twj paj nruag nrog lub suab tsis tu ncua ntawm lub suab (organ, piano, thiab lwm yam) - qhov sib npaug ntawm txhua ntu thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov ntim thiab cov ntoo. Ua tiav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb, uas yog hu ua intonation ntawm qhov ntsuas.

VI. Hauv Western Europe. music mus txog rau thaum ser. XVIII caug xyoo - ib qho kev qhia luv luv rau wok. lub instr. prod. (los yog voj voog), zoo ib yam li intrade los yog prelude. Hauv Gregorian chant, I. tau npaj los tsim kom muaj lub suab nrov ntawm lub suab thiab qhov siab ntawm nws lub suab pib thiab yog suab nrov, thiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, raws li txoj cai, lub cev. Tom qab ntawd I. kuj tsim rau clavier thiab lwm yam twj paj nruag. Cov paub zoo tshaj plaws yog cov khoom siv hauv nruab nrog cev tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 14th. A. and J. Gabrieli.

References:

1) Asafiev BV, Musical form as a process, book. 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1971; nws tus kheej, Speech intonation, M.-L., 1965; Nws tus kheej, "Eugene Onegin" - lyrical scenes ntawm PI Tchaikovsky. Kev paub ntawm intonation tsom xam ntawm style thiab suab paj nruas ua yeeb yam, M.-L., 1944; nws, Glinka, M., 1947, 1950; nws tus kheej, Glinka's Rumor, ch. 1. Glinka's intonation kab lis kev cai: kev kawm tus kheej ntawm kev hnov ​​lus, nws txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev noj haus, hauv kev sau: MI Glinka, M.-L., 1950; Mazel LA, O melody, M., 1952; Vanslov VV, Lub tswvyim ntawm intonation nyob rau hauv Soviet musicology, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Cov lus nug ntawm Musicology, vol. 1 (1953-1954), M., 1954; Kremlev Yu. A., Essays ntawm suab paj nruag aesthetics, M., 1957, nyob rau hauv lub npe: Essays ntawm lub aesthetics ntawm suab paj nruag, M., 1972; Mazel LA, On the musical-theoretical concept of B. Asafiev, “SM”, 1957, No 3; Orlova BM, BV Asafiev. Leningrad, 1964; intonation thiab suab paj nruag duab. Cov ntawv xov xwm thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm musicologists ntawm lub Soviet Union thiab lwm lub teb chaws socialist, ed. Kho los ntawm BM Yarustovsky. Moscow, 1965. Shakhnazarova NG, Intonation “dictionary” and the problem of folk music, M., 1966; Sohor AH, Music as a form of art, M., 1961, 1970; Nazaikinsky E., Psychology ntawm suab paj nruag perception, M., 1972; Kucera V., Vevoj a obsah Asafjevovy intotonacnin teorie, “Hudebni veda”, 1961, No 4; Kluge R., Definition der Begriffe Gestalt und Intonation…, “Beiträge zur Musikwissenchaft”, 1964, No 2; Jiranek J., Asafjevova teorie intotonace, jeji genez and a viznam, Praha, 1967;

2) Yavorsky VL, Tus qauv ntawm kev hais lus suab paj nruag, M., 1908;

3) thiab 4) Garbuzov HA, Zone nature of pitch hearing, M., 1948; Pereverzev NK, Teeb meem ntawm suab paj nruag intonation, M., 1966;

5) Protscher G., Keeb kwm ntawm lub cev ua si thiab lub cev muaj pes tsawg leeg, vols. 1-2, XIV, 1959.

AW Coxop