Giuseppe Verdi (Giuseppe Verdi) |

Giuseppe Verdi

Zoo li tej txuj ci loj. Verdi qhia txog nws haiv neeg thiab nws lub sijhawm. Nws yog paj ntawm nws cov av. Nws yog lub suab ntawm niaj hnub ltalis, tsis lazily dormant los yog carelessly zoo siab ltalis nyob rau hauv lub comic thiab pseudo-loj operas ntawm Rossini thiab Donizetti, tsis yog lub sentimentally kev sib tw thiab elegiac, quaj ltalis ntawm Bellini, tab sis Ltalis awaken rau nco qab, Ltalis agitated los ntawm nom tswv. cua daj cua dub, Ltalis, siab tawv thiab mob siab rau kev npau taws. A. Serov

Tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem xav tias lub neej zoo dua Verdi. A. Boito

Verdi yog ib qho classic ntawm Italian suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 26th. Nws cov suab paj nruag yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm lub txim ntawm kev ua neeg siab phem uas tsis ploj mus dhau lub sijhawm, qhov tseeb tsis muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv lub embodiment ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj tshaj plaws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm tib neeg tus ntsuj plig, nobility, kev zoo nkauj thiab inexhaustible suab paj nruag. Peru composer muaj XNUMX tus neeg ua yeeb yam, sab ntsuj plig thiab kev ua haujlwm, kev sib hlub. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Verdi cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim yog operas, ntau yam uas (Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida, Othello) tau hnov ​​​​los ntawm cov theem ntawm lub tsev ua yeeb yam thoob ntiaj teb rau ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo. Cov hauj lwm ntawm lwm yam, tshwj tsis yog qhov kev tshoov siab Requiem, yog qhov tsis paub, cov ntawv sau ntawm lawv feem ntau tau ploj lawm.

Verdi, tsis zoo li ntau tus kws ntaus nkauj ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, tsis tau tshaj tawm nws cov ntsiab lus muaj tswv yim hauv kev hais lus hauv xov xwm, tsis koom nrog nws txoj haujlwm nrog kev pom zoo ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm ib qho kev coj ua yeeb yam. Txawm li cas los xij, nws lub sijhawm ntev, nyuaj, tsis yog ib txwm ua kom muaj zog thiab ua tiav nrog txoj kev yeej muaj tswv yim tau coj mus rau lub hom phiaj kev txom nyem thiab paub qab hau - kev ua tiav ntawm suab paj nruag realism hauv kev ua yeeb yam opera. Lub neej nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws ntau yam kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws sau ntawv txoj haujlwm. Qhov ntau ntawm nws cov embodiment yog txawv txawv - los ntawm kev sib raug zoo tsis sib haum xeeb mus rau confrontation ntawm kev xav nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm ib tug neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Verdi tus kos duab nqa lub siab ntawm kev zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb thiab kev sib haum xeeb. "Kuv nyiam txhua yam hauv kev kos duab uas zoo nkauj," hais tias tus kws sau ntawv. Nws tus kheej lub suab paj nruag kuj tau ua piv txwv ntawm kev kos duab zoo nkauj, ua siab dawb thiab tau txais kev tshoov siab.

Paub meej txog nws cov hauj lwm muaj tswv yim, Verdi tsis nkees nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm embodiment ntawm nws cov tswv yim, tsis tshua xav tau ntawm nws tus kheej, ntawm librettists thiab ua yeeb yam. Nws feem ntau nws tus kheej xaiv lub hauv paus kev sau ntawv rau libretto, sib tham hauv kev nthuav dav nrog cov librettists tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm nws cov creation. Kev sib koom tes muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws txuas nrog tus kws sau ntawv nrog cov neeg sau ntawv xws li T. Solera, F. Piave, A. Ghislanzoni, A. Boito. Verdi tau thov kom muaj qhov tseeb ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj, nws tsis kam lees qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev dag ntxias ntawm theem, tsis muaj txiaj ntsig kev tsim txiaj, tsis muaj xim los ntawm kev xav tob, tsis ncaj ncees los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam. “…Txoj kev txawj ntse, tus ntsuj plig thiab theem kev txawj ntse” - cov no yog cov yam ntxwv uas nws zoo siab tshaj plaws hauv cov neeg ua yeeb yam. "Lub ntsiab lus, kev hwm" kev ua yeeb yam ntawm operas zoo li nws tsim nyog; "... thaum operas tsis tuaj yeem ua txhua yam ntawm lawv txoj kev ncaj ncees - txoj kev uas lawv tau npaj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv - nws yog qhov zoo dua tsis ua lawv txhua."

Verdi ua neej nyob ntev. Nws yug los rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb innkeeper. Nws cov kws qhia ntawv yog pawg ntseeg pawg ntseeg P. Baistrocchi, tom qab ntawd F. Provezi, uas coj lub suab paj nruag hauv Busseto, thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Milan theatre La Scala V. Lavigna. Twb yog tus kws sau ntawv paub tab, Verdi tau sau tias: “Kuv tau kawm qee yam haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb lub sijhawm, tsis yog los ntawm kev kawm lawv, tab sis los ntawm kev hnov ​​​​lawv hauv kev ua yeeb yam ... Kev kawm ntev thiab nruj… kuv txhais tes muaj zog txaus los tuav daim ntawv raws li kuv xav tau, thiab muaj kev ntseeg siab txaus kom tau txais cov teebmeem uas kuv xav tau feem ntau; thiab yog tias kuv sau ib yam dab tsi tsis raws li txoj cai, nws yog vim txoj cai tseeb tsis muab rau kuv qhov kuv xav tau, thiab vim kuv tsis xav txog tag nrho cov kev cai uas tau coj los rau niaj hnub no tsis zoo.

Thawj qhov kev vam meej ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas composer yog txuam nrog kev tsim cov opera Oberto ntawm La Scala theatre hauv Milan hauv 1839. Peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, opera Nebuchadnezzar (Nabucco) tau ua hauv tib lub theatre, uas coj tus sau lub koob meej ( 3). Tus composer thawj operas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm revolutionary upsurge nyob rau hauv ltalis, uas yog hu ua lub era ntawm lub Risorgimento (Italian - kev txhawb siab). Kev tawm tsam rau kev sib koom ua ke thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm Ltalis engulfed tag nrho cov neeg. Verdi tsis tuaj yeem sawv ib sab. Nws tau dhau los ua kev yeej thiab swb ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, txawm hais tias nws tsis xav tias nws tus kheej yog ib tus nom tswv. Heroic-patriotic operas ntawm 1841s. – “Nabucco” (40), “Lombards in the First Crusade” (1841), “Battle of Legnano” (1842) – yog ib hom lus teb rau cov xwm txheej tshwm sim. Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov kev ua yeeb yam no, nyob deb ntawm niaj hnub no, hu nkauj ua yeeb yam, kev ywj pheej thiab kev ywj pheej, thiab yog li ntawd nyob ze rau ntau txhiab tus neeg Italians. "Maestro ntawm Italian Revolution" - qhov no yog li cas contemporaries hu ua Verdi, uas nws ua hauj lwm los ua txawv txawv.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev nyiam ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas composer tsis txwv rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tawm tsam heroic. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov phiaj xwm tshiab, tus neeg sau tau tig mus rau cov ntawv nyeem hauv ntiaj teb: V. Hugo (Ernani, 1844), W. Shakespeare (Macbeth, 1847), F. Schiller (Louise Miller, 1849). Kev nthuav dav ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev muaj tswv yim yog nrog los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav cov suab paj nruag tshiab, kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj sau ntawv. Lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim loj hlob tau raug cim los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam zoo kawg li: Rigoletto (1851), Il trovatore (1853), La Traviata (1853). Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Verdi, thawj zaug, kev tawm tsam tawm tsam kev tsis ncaj ncees hauv zej zog tau qhib siab. Cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab no, tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev mob siab, kev xav zoo, tuaj rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog cov kev lees paub feem ntau ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees. Kev tig mus rau cov phiaj xwm no yog ib kauj ruam uas ua siab tawv heev (Verdi sau txog La Traviata: "Cov phiaj xwm yog niaj hnub. Lwm tus yuav tsis tau coj cov phiaj xwm no, tej zaum, vim yog kev coj ncaj ncees, vim lub sijhawm, thiab vim muaj ntau txhiab lwm yam kev ntxub ntxaug. … II ua nws zoo siab tshaj).

Los ntawm nruab nrab 50s. Verdi lub npe tau paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Tus kws sau ntawv xaus lus cog lus tsis yog nrog Italian ua yeeb yam nkaus xwb. Nyob rau hauv 1854 nws tsim lub opera "Sicilian Vespers" rau Parisian Grand Opera, ob peb xyoos tom qab lub operas "Simon Boccanegra" (1857) thiab Un ballo nyob rau hauv maschera (1859, rau Italian theaters San Carlo thiab Appolo) tau sau. Nyob rau hauv 1861, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm St. Petersburg Mariinsky Theatre, Verdi tsim lub opera The Force of Destiny. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog nws ntau lawm, tus composer mus rau Russia ob zaug. Lub opera tsis yog ib qho kev vam meej, txawm hais tias Verdi lub suab paj nruag nrov hauv Russia.

Ntawm cov operas ntawm 60s. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws yog opera Don Carlos (1867) raws li kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm Schiller. Cov suab paj nruag ntawm "Don Carlos", saturated nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws sib sib zog nqus, cia siab tias qhov siab tshaj ntawm Verdi's operatic creativity - "Aida" thiab "Othello". Aida tau sau rau xyoo 1870 rau kev qhib lub tsev ua yeeb yam tshiab hauv Cairo. Cov kev ua tiav ntawm tag nrho cov yav dhau los operas organically merged nyob rau hauv nws: lub zoo meej ntawm suab paj nruag, kaj xim, thiab sharpness ntawm dramaturgy.

Ua raws li "Aida" tau tsim "Requiem" (1874), tom qab ntawd muaj qhov ntev (ntau tshaj 10 xyoo) silence los ntawm kev kub ntxhov hauv pej xeem thiab suab paj nruag lub neej. Nyob rau hauv ltalis, muaj kev mob siab rau lub suab paj nruag ntawm R. Wagner, thaum lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv oblivion. Qhov xwm txheej tam sim no tsis yog kev tawm tsam ntawm kev saj, kev ua kom zoo nkauj sib txawv, yam tsis muaj kev xyaum ua yeeb yam yog qhov xav tsis thoob, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov kos duab. Nws yog lub sijhawm poob qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hauv tebchaws, uas yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws los ntawm cov neeg nyiam ntawm Italian kos duab. Verdi xav li no: “Art belongs rau txhua haiv neeg. Tsis muaj leej twg ntseeg qhov no ruaj khov dua li kuv ua. Tab sis nws txhim kho tus kheej. Thiab yog tias cov neeg German muaj kev xyaum ua yeeb yam txawv dua li peb ua, lawv cov duab kos yog qhov txawv ntawm peb li. Peb tsis tuaj yeem sau zoo li Germans ”…

Xav txog txoj hmoo yav tom ntej ntawm Italian suab paj nruag, xav tias muaj lub luag haujlwm loj rau txhua kauj ruam tom ntej, Verdi tau teeb tsa txog kev siv lub tswv yim ntawm opera Othello (1886), uas tau dhau los ua ib qho txuj ci tseeb. "Othello" yog ib qho kev txhais tsis zoo ntawm Shakespearean zaj dab neeg nyob rau hauv hom kev ua yeeb yam, ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yeeb yam suab paj nruag thiab kev puas siab puas ntsws, tsim los ntawm tus kws sau nkauj mus tag nrho nws lub neej.

Qhov kawg ua hauj lwm ntawm Verdi - comic opera Falstaff (1892) - surprises nrog nws zoo siab thiab impeccable txawj; nws zoo nkaus li qhib nplooj ntawv tshiab hauv cov neeg sau ua haujlwm, uas, hmoov tsis, tsis tau txuas ntxiv. Verdi tag nrho lub neej yog illuminated los ntawm ib tug sib sib zog nqus kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntawm txoj kev xaiv: "Raws li kev kos duab yog hais txog, kuv muaj kuv tus kheej xav, kuv tus kheej convictions, meej heev, meej heev, uas kuv ua tsis tau, thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob, tsis kam." L. Escudier, ib tug ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv, tau piav qhia nws zoo heev: “Verdi tsuas muaj peb lub siab nyiam xwb. Tab sis lawv tau mus txog lub zog loj tshaj plaws: kev hlub rau kev kos duab, kev xav hauv tebchaws thiab kev phooj ywg. Kev txaus siab rau kev mob siab rau thiab ua haujlwm tseeb ntawm Verdi tsis muaj zog. Rau cov tiam tshiab ntawm cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag, nws tsis tas yuav yog tus qauv classic uas sib xyaw kom pom tseeb ntawm kev xav, kev tshoov siab ntawm kev xav thiab suab paj nruag zoo meej.

A. Zolotykh

• Txoj kev muaj tswv yim ntawm Giuseppe Verdi →
• Italian suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX →

Opera yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Verdi txoj kev nyiam ua yeeb yam. Thaum ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, hauv Busseto, nws tau sau ntau yam cuab yeej ua haujlwm (lawv cov ntawv sau tau ploj lawm), tab sis nws yeej tsis rov qab mus rau hom ntawv no. Qhov tshwj xeeb yog txoj hlua quartet ntawm 1873, uas tsis yog los ntawm tus kws sau nkauj rau pej xeem kev ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo hluas, los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm raws li ib tug organist, Verdi tsim suab paj nruag dawb ceev. Txog rau qhov kawg ntawm nws txoj haujlwm - tom qab Requiem - nws tau tsim ntau yam haujlwm ntawm qhov no (Stabat mater, Te Deum thiab lwm tus). Ob peb romances kuj yog rau lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim thaum ntxov. Nws mob siab rau tag nrho nws lub zog rau kev ua yeeb yam rau ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo pua, los ntawm Oberto (1839) mus rau Falstaff (1893).

Verdi tau sau nees nkaum rau operas, rau ntawm lawv nws tau muab rau hauv ib qho tshiab, hloov kho tau zoo. (Los ntawm kaum xyoo, cov hauj lwm no tau muab tso rau hauv qab no: lig 30s - 40s - 14 operas (+1 nyob rau hauv tsab tshiab), 50s - 7 operas (+1 nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsab), 60s - 2 operas (+2 nyob rau hauv lub tshiab edition), 70s – 1 opera, 80s – 1 opera (+2 nyob rau hauv lub tshiab tsab), 90s – 1 opera.) Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej ntev, nws tseem muaj tseeb rau nws cov tswv yim zoo nkauj. Verdi tau sau xyoo 1868 tias "Kuv yuav tsis muaj zog txaus kom ua tiav qhov kuv xav tau, tab sis kuv paub tias kuv tabtom ua dab tsi," Verdi tau sau rau xyoo XNUMX. Tab sis nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, lub artistic lub tswv yim ntawm lub composer tau ua ntau txawv, thiab nws cov txuj ci tau ua zoo meej, honed.

Verdi nrhiav kev ua yeeb yam "muaj zog, yooj yim, tseem ceeb." Xyoo 1853, sau La Traviata, nws tau sau tias: "Kuv npau suav txog qhov tshiab loj, zoo nkauj, ntau yam, cov phiaj xwm loj, thiab cov uas ua siab tawv heev ntawm qhov ntawd." Hauv lwm tsab ntawv (ntawm tib lub xyoo) peb nyeem: "Muab ib zaj dab neeg zoo nkauj, thawj zaug, nthuav, nrog cov xwm txheej zoo kawg nkaus, kev mob siab rau - saum toj no txhua yam kev mob siab rau! .. ”

Qhov tseeb thiab embossed ua yeeb yam xwm txheej, sharply txhais cov cim - uas, raws li Verdi, yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv ib tug opera zajlus. Thiab yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm thaum ntxov, romantic lub sij hawm, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov xwm txheej tsis yeej ib txwm pab mus rau ib tug zoo xws li kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov cim, ces nyob rau hauv lub 50s tus composer pom tau hais tias qhov tob ntawm qhov kev twb kev txuas yog lub hauv paus rau tsim ib tug tseem ceeb qhov tseeb. suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam. Tias yog vim li cas, tau tuav txoj hauv kev ntawm kev muaj tiag, Verdi rau txim rau niaj hnub Italian opera rau monotonous, monotonous plots, cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub. Rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm kev qhia txog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub neej, nws kuj tau rau txim rau nws cov ntawv sau yav dhau los: “Lawv muaj cov xwm txheej uas txaus siab heev, tab sis tsis muaj ntau haiv neeg. Lawv cuam tshuam rau ib sab - sublime, yog tias koj nyiam - tab sis ib txwm zoo ib yam.

Hauv Verdi txoj kev nkag siab, opera yog qhov xav tsis thoob yam tsis muaj qhov kawg ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg. Cov xwm txheej ua yeeb yam, tus kws sau nkauj tau hais tias, yuav tsum nthuav tawm tib neeg txoj kev mob siab rau hauv lawv tus cwj pwm, tus kheej daim ntawv. Yog li ntawd, Verdi tau tawm tsam txhua lub sijhawm hauv libretto. Nyob rau hauv 1851, pib ua hauj lwm ntawm Il trovatore, Verdi sau: "Lub freer Cammarano (tus librettist ntawm lub opera.— MD) yuav txhais daim ntawv, qhov zoo rau kuv, qhov ntau txaus siab kuv yuav. Ib xyoos ua ntej, tau xeeb tub ua yeeb yam raws li zaj dab neeg ntawm Shakespeare's King Lear, Verdi tau hais tias: "Lear yuav tsum tsis txhob ua yeeb yam hauv daim ntawv lees paub. Nws yuav tsim nyog los nrhiav ib daim ntawv tshiab, ib qho loj dua, tsis muaj kev ntxub ntxaug. "

Cov phiaj xwm rau Verdi yog ib qho kev qhia tau zoo ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Tus composer lub neej yog permeated nrog rau kev tshawb fawb rau tej zajlus. Pib nrog Ernani, nws pheej nrhiav qhov chaw sau ntawv rau nws cov tswv yim ua haujlwm. Ib tug zoo heev connoisseur ntawm Italian (thiab Latin) cov ntaub ntawv, Verdi tau zoo versed nyob rau hauv German, Fabkis, thiab lus Askiv dramaturgy. Nws nyiam sau ntawv yog Dante, Shakespeare, Byron, Schiller, Hugo. (Hais txog Shakespeare, Verdi tau sau xyoo 1865: "Nws yog kuv tus kws sau ntawv nyiam, uas kuv paub thaum yau thiab nyeem tas li." Nws tau sau peb zaj yeeb yaj kiab ntawm Shakespeare cov phiaj xwm, ua npau suav txog Hamlet thiab Tempest, thiab rov qab mus ua haujlwm plaub zaug King Lear ”(hauv 1847, 1849, 1856 thiab 1869); ob qhov kev ua yeeb yam raws li cov phiaj xwm ntawm Byron (cov phiaj xwm tsis tiav ntawm Cain), Schiller – plaub, Hugo – ob (txoj kev npaj ntawm Ruy Blas”).

Verdi lub tswv yim muaj tswv yim tsis txwv rau qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov phiaj xwm. Nws nquag saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm librettist. "Kuv yeej tsis tau sau ntawv operas rau cov librettos npaj ua los ntawm ib tus neeg ntawm sab," tus kws sau ntawv hais tias, "Kuv tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem nkag siab tias tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem yug tau leej twg tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov kuv tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv opera." Verdi cov ntawv xov xwm dav dav muaj cov lus qhia muaj tswv yim thiab cov lus qhia rau nws cov neeg sau ntawv. Cov lus qhia no feem ntau cuam tshuam rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm txoj kev npaj ua yeeb yam. Tus kws sau ntawv xav tau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov phiaj xwm kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, thiab rau qhov no - txo qis ntawm sab kab ntawm intrigue, compression ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm zaj yeeb yaj kiab.

Verdi tau sau ntawv rau nws cov neeg ua haujlwm cov lus hloov nws xav tau, lub suab ntawm cov nqe lus thiab cov lus uas xav tau rau lub suab paj nruag. Nws tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau cov lus "qhov tseem ceeb" hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm libretto, tsim los qhia meej cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb lossis tus cwj pwm. "Nws tsis muaj teeb meem txawm hais tias lo lus no lossis lo lus ntawd yog, ib kab lus xav tau uas yuav zoo siab, zoo nkauj," nws tau sau xyoo 1870 rau tus kws sau ntawv ntawm Aida. Txhim kho lub libretto ntawm "Othello", nws tshem tawm qhov tsis tsim nyog, hauv nws lub tswv yim, cov lus thiab cov lus, thov kom muaj kev sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, rhuav tshem "smoothness" ntawm nqe lus, uas cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag, ua tiav qhov kev nthuav qhia siab tshaj plaws thiab cov ntsiab lus.

Verdi lub tswv yim bold tsis tau txais ib qho kev qhia tsim nyog los ntawm nws cov neeg sau ntawv. Yog li, txaus siab rau lub libretto ntawm "Rigoletto", tus kws sau ntawv sau tseg cov nqe lus tsis muaj zog hauv nws. Ntau yam tsis txaus siab rau nws hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Il trovatore, Sicilian Vespers, Don Carlos. Tsis tau ua tiav qhov kev ntseeg siab thiab kev sau ntawv ntawm nws lub tswv yim tshiab hauv libretto ntawm King Lear, nws raug yuam kom tso tseg qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov ua yeeb yam.

Hauv kev sib zog ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg sau ntawv, Verdi thaum kawg matured lub tswv yim ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws feem ntau pib suab paj nruag tsuas yog tom qab tsim cov ntawv sau tiav ntawm tag nrho opera.

Verdi tau hais tias qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws rau nws yog "sau nrawm txaus los qhia lub tswv yim suab paj nruag hauv kev ncaj ncees uas nws tau yug los hauv lub siab." Nws nco qab tias: “Thaum kuv tseem hluas, kuv nquag ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua txij li plaub teev sawv ntxov txog rau xya yav tsaus ntuj.” Txawm tias thaum muaj hnub nyoog dhau los, thaum tsim cov qhab nia ntawm Falstaff, nws tam sim ntawd ntsuas cov nqe lus loj uas ua tiav, raws li nws tau " ntshai tsis nco qab qee qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke."

Thaum tsim cov suab paj nruag, Verdi tau xav txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm nws cov theem embodiment. Txuas mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab-50s nrog ntau lub chaw ua yeeb yam, nws feem ntau daws tau qee yam teeb meem ntawm kev ua yeeb yam suab paj nruag, nyob ntawm qhov ua tau zoo uas pab pawg tau muab pov tseg. Ntxiv mus, Verdi xav tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub suab zoo ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj. Nyob rau hauv 1857, ua ntej lub premiere ntawm "Simon Boccanegra", nws taw qhia: "Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Paolo yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, nws yog tsim nyog los nrhiav ib tug baritone uas yuav ua tau ib tug zoo actor." Rov qab rau xyoo 1848, nrog rau kev npaj tsim tawm ntawm Macbeth hauv Naples, Verdi tsis lees paub tus neeg hu nkauj Tadolini tau muab rau nws, vim nws lub suab thiab lub peev xwm theem tsis haum rau lub luag haujlwm: "Tadolini muaj lub suab zoo kawg nkaus, meej, pob tshab, lub suab muaj zog, thiab II xav tau ib lub suab rau ib tug poj niam, lag ntseg, hnyav, tsaus muag. Tadolini muaj ib yam dab tsi Angelic nyob rau hauv nws lub suab, thiab kuv xav tau ib yam dab tsi diabolical nyob rau hauv tus poj niam lub suab.

Nyob rau hauv kev kawm nws operas, txoj cai mus rau Falstaff, Verdi coj ib tug active ib feem, intervening nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg xyuas pib, them nyiaj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg hu nkauj, ua tib zoo mus los ntawm cov feem nrog lawv. Yog li, tus neeg hu nkauj Barbieri-Nini, uas ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm Poj Niam Macbeth ntawm lub premiere ntawm 1847, ua tim khawv tias tus composer rehearsed ib tug duet nrog nws mus txog 150 lub sij hawm, ua tiav lub suab hais lus nws xav tau. Nws ua hauj lwm raws li xav tau thaum muaj hnub nyoog 74 nrog tus naas ej tenor Francesco Tamagno, uas ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Othello.

Verdi tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev txhais lus ntawm lub opera. Nws cov ntawv xov xwm muaj ntau nqe lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb meem no. "Txhua lub zog ntawm theem muab kev nthuav qhia zoo heev," sau Verdi, "thiab tsis yog kev xa suab paj nruag ntawm cavatinas, duets, zaum kawg, thiab lwm yam." Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau zus tau tej cov Force of Destiny nyob rau hauv 1869, nws yws yws txog cov neeg thuam, uas tau sau tsuas yog hais txog lub suab ntawm tus neeg ua yeeb yam: lawv hais ...". Kev ceeb toom txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam, tus kws sau nkauj tau hais tias: "Opera - nkag siab kuv kom raug - uas yog, stage music ua yeeb yam, tau muab heev mediocrely. Nws tawm tsam qhov no coj cov suab paj nruag tawm ntawm theem thiab Verdi tau tawm tsam: koom nrog hauv kev kawm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov haujlwm, nws tau thov qhov tseeb ntawm kev xav thiab kev ua haujlwm ob qho tib si hauv kev hu nkauj thiab hauv kev txav mus los. Verdi tau sib cav tias tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib koom ua yeeb yam ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev ntawm cov suab paj nruag theem qhia tuaj yeem ua tiav kev ua yeeb yam.

Yog li, pib los ntawm kev xaiv cov phiaj xwm hauv kev ua haujlwm nyuaj nrog tus librettist, thaum tsim cov suab paj nruag, thaum lub sij hawm nws cov theem embodiment - nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov theem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv opera, los ntawm lub conception mus rau staging, tus tswv imperious yuav tshwm sim nws tus kheej, uas ntseeg siab coj Italian. kos duab nyob rau hauv nws siab. kev muaj tiag.

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Verdi cov tswv yim ua haujlwm tau tsim los ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ua haujlwm, kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab kev tshawb nrhiav tsis tu ncua. Nws paub zoo txog lub xeev ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam hauv Tebchaws Europe. Siv sijhawm ntau nyob txawv teb chaws, Verdi tau paub nrog cov pab pawg zoo tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe - los ntawm St. Petersburg mus rau Paris, Vienna, London, Madrid. Nws tau paub txog cov operas ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws tam sim no. (Tej zaum Verdi hnov ​​Glinka's operas nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Nyob rau hauv tus kheej lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Italian composer muaj ib tug clavier ntawm "Lub Pob Zeb Guest" los ntawm Dargomyzhsky.). Verdi tau soj ntsuam lawv nrog tib theem ntawm kev thuam uas nws mus txog nws txoj haujlwm. Thiab feem ntau nws tsis zoo li ntau yam kev ua yeeb yam ua tiav ntawm lwm haiv neeg kab lis kev cai, tab sis ua tiav lawv txoj hauv kev, kov yeej lawv lub hwj chim.

Qhov no yog li cas nws kho cov suab paj nruag thiab theem kab lig kev cai ntawm Fabkis ua yeeb yam: lawv tau paub zoo rau nws, yog tias tsuas yog vim peb ntawm nws tej hauj lwm ("Sicilian Vespers", "Don Carlos", qhov thib ob tsab ntawm "Macbeth") tau sau. rau Parisian theem. Tib yam yog nws tus cwj pwm ntawm Wagner, uas nws cov operas, feem ntau ntawm lub sijhawm nruab nrab, nws paub, thiab qee tus ntawm lawv nyiam heev (Lohengrin, Valkyrie), tab sis Verdi muaj tswv yim sib cav nrog Meyerbeer thiab Wagner. Nws tsis tau saib tsis taus lawv qhov tseem ceeb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Fabkis lossis German suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, tab sis tsis lees paub qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev ua qhev ntawm lawv. Verdi tau sau tias: "Yog tias cov neeg German, taug kev los ntawm Bach, mus txog Wagner, ces lawv ua zoo li cov neeg German tiag. Tab sis peb, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Palestrina, ua raws li Wagner, tab tom ua txhaum kev ua suab paj nruag, tsim kev kos duab tsis tsim nyog thiab tsim kev puas tsuaj. "Peb xav txawv," nws hais ntxiv.

Cov lus nug ntawm Wagner lub hwj chim tau mob tshwj xeeb hauv Ltalis txij li xyoo 60s; ntau cov tub ntxhais hluas composers succumbed rau nws (Cov neeg mob siab tshaj plaws ntawm Wagner hauv Ltalis yog Liszt tus tub ntxhais kawm, tus kws sau ntawv J. Sgambatti, tus neeg xyuas pib G. Martucci, A. Boito (thaum pib ntawm nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim, ua ntej ntsib Verdi) thiab lwm tus.). Verdi tau sau tseg tias: "Peb txhua tus - cov kws sau nkauj, cov neeg thuam, cov pej xeem - tau ua txhua yam ua tau kom tso tseg peb haiv neeg suab paj nruag. Ntawm no peb nyob ntawm qhov chaw ntsiag to ... ib kauj ruam ntxiv, thiab peb yuav yog Germanized hauv qhov no, zoo li txhua yam. Nws yog qhov nyuaj thiab mob heev rau nws hnov ​​​​los ntawm daim di ncauj ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas thiab qee cov neeg thuam cov lus uas nws cov qub operas tau dhau los, tsis ua raws li cov kev cai niaj hnub no, thiab cov tam sim no, pib nrog Aida, ua raws li Wagner footsteps. "Yuav ua li cas hwm, tom qab plaub caug xyoo muaj tswv yim ua haujlwm, kom mus txog qhov xav tau!" Verdi exclaimed chim.

Tab sis nws tsis tsis lees paub tus nqi ntawm Wagner's artistic conquests. Tus kws sau nkauj German ua rau nws xav txog ntau yam, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub suab paj nruag hauv opera, uas tau kwv yees los ntawm Italian composers ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX (xws li Verdi nws tus kheej thaum ntxov ntawm nws txoj haujlwm), txog nce qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb (thiab qhov tseem ceeb no txhais tau tias ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag tsis saib xyuas los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv ntawm Italian opera) thiab, thaum kawg, hais txog kev txhim kho cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kawg-rau-kawg txoj kev loj hlob kom kov yeej lub dismemberment ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus lej qauv.

Txawm li cas los xij, rau tag nrho cov lus nug no, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev ua yeeb yam suab paj nruag ntawm Opera ntawm ib nrab xyoo pua, Verdi pom. lawv kev daws teeb meem uas tsis yog Wagner's. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau piav qhia lawv txawm tias ua ntej nws tau paub txog cov haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv German zoo nkauj. Piv txwv li, kev siv "timbre dramaturgy" nyob rau hauv lub scene ntawm lub apparition ntawm ntsuj plig nyob rau hauv "Macbeth" los yog nyob rau hauv lub depiction ntawm ib tug ominous thunderstorm nyob rau hauv "Rigoletto", kev siv ntawm divisi hlua nyob rau hauv ib tug siab sau npe nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia rau lub xeem. Kev ua ntawm "La Traviata" los yog trombones nyob rau hauv lub Miserere ntawm "Il Trovatore" - cov no yog bold, ib tug neeg txoj kev instrumentation yog pom tsis hais Wagner. Thiab yog hais tias peb tham txog leej twg lub hwj chim ntawm lub Verdi orchestra, ces peb yuav tsum es muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab Berlioz, uas nws zoo siab txais tos thiab cov uas nws yog tus phooj ywg nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub 60s.

Verdi tsuas yog ib qho kev ywj pheej hauv nws txoj kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib xyaw ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm zaj nkauj-ariose (bel canto) thiab declamatory (parlante). Nws tau tsim nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb "kev sib xyaw" (stilo misto), uas yog lub hauv paus rau nws los tsim cov ntawv dawb ntawm monologue lossis dialogic scenes. Rigoletto's aria "Courtesans, fiend of vice" lossis sab ntsuj plig duel ntawm Germont thiab Violetta kuj tau sau ua ntej kev paub nrog Wagner's operas. Tau kawg, kev paub nrog lawv tau pab Verdi ua siab loj tsim cov hauv paus ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, uas tshwj xeeb cuam tshuam rau nws cov lus sib haum xeeb, uas tau dhau los ua nyuaj thiab yoog raws. Tab sis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsiab cai muaj tswv yim ntawm Wagner thiab Verdi. Lawv pom meej meej hauv lawv tus cwj pwm rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub suab hauv lub opera.

Nrog rau tag nrho cov xim uas Verdi them rau lub orchestra nyob rau hauv nws lub xeem compositions, nws pom tau hais tias lub suab thiab melodic yam tseem ceeb ua. Yog li, hais txog kev ua yeeb yam thaum ntxov los ntawm Puccini, Verdi tau sau xyoo 1892: "Nws zoo li kuv tias txoj cai symphonic yeej muaj nyob ntawm no. Qhov no nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej tsis phem, tab sis ib tug yuav tsum tau ceev faj: ib tug opera yog ib tug opera, thiab ib tug symphony yog ib tug symphony.

Verdi hais tias, "Lub suab thiab suab paj nruag," rau kuv ib txwm yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Nws ardently tiv thaiv txoj hauj lwm no, ntseeg hais tias lub teb chaws tus yam ntxwv ntawm Italian suab paj nruag pom qhia nyob rau hauv nws. Hauv nws txoj haujlwm rau kev hloov kho ntawm pej xeem kev kawm, nthuav tawm rau tsoomfwv xyoo 1861, Verdi tau tawm tswv yim rau lub koom haum ntawm cov tsev kawm hu nkauj thaum yav tsaus ntuj, rau txhua qhov kev txhawb nqa suab paj nruag hauv tsev. Kaum xyoo tom qab, nws tau thov rau cov tub ntxhais hluas sau ntawv los kawm cov ntawv sau suab paj nruag Italian, suav nrog cov haujlwm ntawm Palestrina. Nyob rau hauv lub assimilation ntawm peculiarities ntawm kev hu nkauj kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg, Verdi pom tus yuam sij rau kev vam meej kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai ntawm suab paj nruas kos duab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus uas nws tau nqis peev hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm "melody" thiab "melodiousness" hloov.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo ntawm muaj tswv yim loj hlob, nws tawm tsam cov neeg uas txhais cov ntsiab lus no ib sab. Xyoo 1871, Verdi tau sau tias: “Ib tug tsis tuaj yeem ua suab paj nruag xwb! Muaj ib yam dab tsi ntau dua li suab paj nruag, dua li kev sib haum xeeb - qhov tseeb - suab paj nruag nws tus kheej! ..“. Los yog hauv tsab ntawv los ntawm 1882: "Melody, kev sib haum xeeb, recitation, passionate hu nkauj, orchestral teebmeem thiab xim tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis txhais tau tias. Ua suab paj nruag zoo nrog cov cuab yeej no! .. " Nyob rau hauv lub tshav kub ntawm qhov kev sib cav, Verdi txawm hais txog cov kev txiav txim uas suab tsis zoo nyob rau hauv nws lub qhov ncauj: "Melodies tsis yog tsim los ntawm scales, trills los yog groupetto ... Muaj, piv txwv li, suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv bard. hu nkauj (los ntawm Bellini's Norma.— MD), kev thov Vajtswv ntawm Mauxes (los ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm Rossini.— MD), thiab lwm yam, tab sis lawv tsis nyob rau hauv lub cavatinas ntawm Lub Barber ntawm Seville, Tus Thieving Magpie, Semiramis, thiab lwm yam. — Nws yog dab tsi? "Txhua yam koj xav tau, tsis yog suab paj nruag" (los ntawm tsab ntawv xyoo 1875.)

Dab tsi ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam hnyav tawm tsam Rossini lub suab nkauj ua suab nrov los ntawm tus neeg txhawb nqa zoo ib yam thiab tus kws tshaj lij ntawm lub teb chaws suab paj nruag kab lig kev cai ntawm Ltalis, uas yog Verdi? Lwm cov hauj lwm uas tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm nws operas. Hauv kev hu nkauj, nws xav hnov ​​"kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov laus nrog kev rov hais dua tshiab", thiab hauv kev ua yeeb yam - kev sib sib zog nqus thiab ntau yam kev qhia txog tus kheej ntawm cov duab tshwj xeeb thiab cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai. Qhov no yog qhov nws tau mob siab rau, hloov kho cov qauv intonational ntawm Italian suab paj nruag.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm Wagner thiab Verdi rau cov teeb meem ntawm operatic dramaturgy, ntxiv rau lub teb chaws sib txawv, lwm yam style artistic kev taw qhia. Pib raws li kev nyiam romantic, Verdi tau tshwm sim los ua tus tswv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tiag tiag, thaum Wagner yog thiab tseem muaj kev hlub, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm ntawm ntau lub sij hawm muaj tswv yim cov yam ntxwv ntawm realism tshwm sim ntau dua los yog tsawg dua. Qhov no thaum kawg txiav txim siab qhov txawv ntawm cov tswv yim uas zoo siab rau lawv, cov ntsiab lus, cov duab, uas yuam Verdi tawm tsam Wagner's "suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam"koj nkag siab"suab paj nruag stage drama".

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Tsis yog txhua tus neeg kawm paub txog qhov zoo ntawm Verdi txoj kev muaj tswv yim zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees rau kev ntseeg tias feem ntau ntawm cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag Italian nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1834 tau nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm Wagner. Verdi muaj nws cov neeg txhawb nqa thiab cov phooj ywg hauv kev tawm tsam rau kev ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws. Nws cov laus niaj hnub Saverio Mercadante kuj tseem ua haujlwm ntxiv, raws li tus neeg ua raws Verdi, Amilcare Ponchielli (1886-1874, qhov zoo tshaj plaws opera Gioconda - 1851; nws yog Puccini tus kws qhia ntawv) tau ua tiav qhov tseem ceeb. Lub galaxy ci ntsa iab ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj tau txhim kho los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Verdi: Francesco Tamagno (1905-1856), Mattia Battistini (1928-1873), Enrico Caruso (1921-1867) thiab lwm yam. Tus thawj coj zoo Arturo Toscanini (1957-90) tau coj los ntawm cov haujlwm no. Thaum kawg, nyob rau xyoo 1863, ntau tus tub ntxhais hluas Italian composers tuaj ua ntej, siv Verdi cov kev cai ntawm lawv tus kheej. Cov no yog Pietro Mascagni (1945-1890, Opera Rural Honour - 1858), Ruggero Leoncavallo (1919-1892, opera Pagliacci - 1858) thiab cov neeg txawj ntse tshaj plaws ntawm lawv - Giacomo Puccini (1924-1893; thawj qhov kev vam meej yog thawj zaug. Opera “Manon”, 1896; cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws: “La Boheme” – 1900, “Tosca” – 1904, “Cio-Cio-San” – XNUMX). (Lawv tau koom nrog Umberto Giordano, Alfredo Catalani, Francesco Cilea thiab lwm tus.)

Cov hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev thov rau lub ntsiab lus niaj hnub, uas txawv ntawm Verdi, uas tom qab La Traviata tsis tau muab cov ntsiab lus ncaj qha ntawm cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub.

Lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas suab paj nruag yog kev sau ntawv ntawm 80s, coj los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Giovanni Varga thiab hu ua "verismo" (verismo txhais tau tias "qhov tseeb", "qhov tseeb", "kev ntseeg" hauv Italian). Nyob rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm, verists feem ntau piav txog lub neej cov neeg ua liaj ua teb puas (tshwj xeeb yog sab qab teb ntawm Ltalis) thiab cov neeg pluag hauv nroog, uas yog, cov neeg txom nyem hauv zej zog qis, tsoo los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm peev. Nyob rau hauv qhov tsis muaj kev hlub tshua ntawm qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub neej bourgeois, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm verists tau tshwm sim. Tab sis kev quav yeeb quav tshuaj rau "ntshav" cov phiaj xwm, kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sijhawm sensually sensual, raug rau lub cev nqaij daim tawv, zoo tshaj plaws ntawm ib tug neeg coj mus rau naturalism, mus rau depleted depiction ntawm kev muaj tiag.

Rau qee qhov, qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no kuj yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm verist composers. Verdi tsis tuaj yeem ua siab ntev rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm naturalism hauv lawv cov operas. Rov qab rau xyoo 1876, nws tau sau tias: "Nws tsis yog qhov phem rau kev ua raws li qhov tseeb, tab sis nws tseem zoo dua los tsim kev muaj tiag ... Los ntawm kev luam nws, koj tsuas yog ua tau ib daim duab xwb, tsis yog duab." Tab sis Verdi pab tsis tau tab sis zoo siab tos txais cov neeg sau ntawv hluas kom ua siab ncaj rau cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm Italian opera tsev kawm ntawv. Cov ntsiab lus tshiab lawv tig mus thov lwm txoj kev qhia thiab cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua yeeb yam - ntau zog, ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab, ntxhov siab, tsis muaj zog.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm verists, kev txuas ntxiv nrog cov suab paj nruag ntawm Verdi tau pom meej meej. Qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Puccini.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab theem, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm ib tug txawv lub ntsiab lus thiab lwm cov phiaj xwm, lub siab heev humanistic, kev ywj pheej lub tswv yim ntawm tus poj Italian genius illuminated txoj kev rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm Lavxias teb sab opera kos duab.

M. Druskin

Cov khoom xyaw:

Ua yeeb yam - Oberto, suav ntawm San Bonifacio (1833-37, staged nyob rau hauv 1839, La Scala Theatre, Milan), King rau ib teev (Un giorno di regno, tom qab hu ua Imaginary Stanislaus, 1840, muaj cov), Nebuchadnezzar (Nabucco, 1841, Staged in 1842, ibid), Lombards in the First Crusade (1842, staged in 1843, ibid; 2nd edition, under the title Jerusalem, 1847, Grand Opera Theatre, Paris), Ernani (1844, theatre La Fenice, Venice), Ob. Foscari (1844, theatre Argentina, Rome), Jeanne d'Arc (1845, theatre La Scala, Milan), Alzira (1845, theatre San Carlo, Naples), Attila (1846, La Fenice Theatre, Venice), Macbeth (1847, Pergola Theatre, Florence; 2nd edition, 1865, Lyric Theatre, Paris), Robbers (1847, Haymarket Theatre, London), Corsair (1848, Teatro Grande, Trieste), Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Legnano (1849, Teatro Argentina, Rome; nrog kho libretto, lub npe The Siege of Harlem, 1861), Louise Miller (1849, Teatro San Carlo, Naples), Stiffelio (1850, Grande Theatre, Trieste; 2nd edition, under the title Garol d, 1857, Tea tro Nuovo, Rimini), Rigoletto (1851, Teatro La Fenice, Venice), Troubadour (1853, Teatro Apollo, Rome), Traviata (1853, Teatro La Fenice, Venice), Sicilian Vespers (Fabkis libretto los ntawm E. Scribe thiab Ch. Duveyrier, 1854, staged hauv 1855, Grand Opera, Paris; 2nd edition hu ua "Giovanna Guzman", Italian libretto los ntawm E. Caimi, 1856, Milan), Simone Boccanegra (libretto los ntawm FM Piave, 1857, Teatro La Fenice, Venice; 2nd edition, libretto revised los ntawm A Boito, 1881, La Scala , Milan), Un ballo in maschera (1859, Apollo Theatre, Rome), The Force of Destiny (libretto by Piave, 1862, Mariinsky Theatre, Petersburg, Italian troupe; 2nd edition, libretto revised by A. Ghislanzoni, 1869, Teatro alla Scala, Milan), Don Carlos (Fabkis libretto los ntawm J. Mery thiab C. du Locle, 1867, Grand Opera, Paris; 2nd edition, Italian libretto, revised A. Ghislanzoni, 1884, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Aida (1870 , staged in 1871, Opera Theatre, Cairo), Otello (1886, staged in 1887, La Scala Theatre, Milan), Falstaff (1892, staged in 1893, ibid.), rau hu nkauj thiab piano - Suab, trumpet (lus los ntawm G. Mameli, 1848), Anthem of the Nations (cantata, lo lus los ntawm A. Boito, ua rau xyoo 1862, Covent Garden Theatre, London), sab ntsuj plig tej hauj lwm - Requiem (rau 4 soloists, choir thiab orchestra, ua nyob rau hauv 1874, Milan), Pater Noster (ntawv nyeem los ntawm Dante, rau 5-lub suab hu nkauj, ua nyob rau hauv 1880, Milan), Ave Maria (ntawv nyeem los ntawm Dante, rau soprano thiab hlua orchestra , ua yeeb yam hauv 1880, Milan), Plaub Daim Ntawv Dawb Huv (Ave Maria, rau 4-lub suab hu nkauj; Stabat Mater, rau 4-lub suab hu nkauj thiab orchestra; Le laudi alla Vergine Maria, rau 4- suab poj niam hu nkauj; Te Deum, rau kev hu nkauj thiab orchestra ; 1889-97, ua yeeb yam hauv 1898, Paris); rau lub suab thiab piano - 6 romances (1838), Exile (ballad for bass, 1839), Seduction (ballad for bass, 1839), Album – rau romances (1845), Stornell (1869), thiab lwm yam; instrumental pawg ntseeg - hlua quartet (e-moll, ua nyob rau hauv 1873, Naples), thiab lwm yam.