Alexey Nikolaevich Verstovsky |

Alexey Verstovsky

Ib tug txawj ntse Lavxias teb sab tshuab raj, composer thiab ua yeeb yam daim duab A. Verstovsky yog tib lub hnub nyoog li Pushkin thiab ib tug laus kawm ntawm Glinka. Xyoo 1862, tom qab tus kws sau nkauj tuag, tus kws tshaj lij suab paj nruag A. Serov tau sau tias "nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev muaj koob meej, Verstovsky overpowers Glinka," hais txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws, Askold's Grave.

Tau nkag mus rau hauv suab paj nruas teb nyob rau hauv lub lig 1810s, Verstovsky yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub suab paj nruag thiab theatrical lub neej ntawm Russia rau ntau tshaj 40 xyoo, nquag koom nyob rau hauv nws ob qho tib si raws li ib tug muaj txiaj ntsim composer thiab raws li ib tug influential ua yeeb yam thawj coj. Tus kws sau ntawv tau paub zoo nrog ntau cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev coj noj coj ua. Nws yog "ntawm koj" nrog Pushkin, Griboyedov, Odoevsky. Kev phooj ywg thiab kev sib koom tes ua haujlwm txuas nrog nws nrog ntau tus kws sau ntawv thiab tus kws sau nkauj - feem ntau A. Pisarev, M. Zagoskin, S. Aksakov.

Kev sau ntawv thiab kev ua yeeb yam ib puag ncig muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev tsim ntawm tus kws sau nkauj zoo nkauj. Qhov sib thooj rau cov duab ntawm Lavxias teb sab romanticism thiab Slavophiles tau cuam tshuam ob qho tib si hauv Verstovsky txoj kev cog lus rau Lavxias teb sab qub txeeg qub tes, thiab nyob rau hauv nws attraction rau "dab ntxwg nyoog" fantasy, rau ntawv tseeb, bizarrely ua ke nrog ib tug hlub kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub teb chaws lub neej, tiag tiag keeb kwm cov neeg thiab xwm txheej.

Verstovsky yug hauv Seliverstovo thaj av hauv Tambov xeev. Tus kws sau ntawv txiv yog tus tub tsis raug cai ntawm General A. Seliverstov thiab tus poj niam Turkish raug ntes, thiab yog li ntawd nws lub xeem lub npe - Verstovsky - tau tsim los ntawm ib feem ntawm tsev neeg lub npe, thiab nws tus kheej tau raug xa mus rau cov nom tswv ua ib haiv neeg ntawm "Polish. gentry." Lub suab paj nruag kev loj hlob ntawm tus tub tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw zoo. Tsev neeg ntaus suab paj nruag ntau, kuv txiv muaj nws tus kheej serf orchestra thiab lub tsev qiv ntawv suab paj nruag loj rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Txij li thaum muaj hnub nyoog 8 xyoo, yav tom ntej composer pib ua nyob rau hauv amateur concerts raws li ib tug pianist, thiab tsis ntev nws penchant rau suab paj nruag sau ntawv kuj tshwm sim nws tus kheej.

Nyob rau hauv 1816, los ntawm lub siab nyiam ntawm nws niam nws txiv, tus tub hluas raug xa mus rau lub koom haum ntawm lub Corps ntawm Railway Engineers nyob rau hauv St. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kawm nyob ntawd tsuas yog ib xyoos xwb, nws tawm hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab nkag mus rau hauv kev ua haujlwm pej xeem. Tus tub hluas uas muaj txiaj ntsig tau raug ntes los ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub peev, thiab nws txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev kawm suab paj nruag raws li kev taw qhia ntawm cov kws qhia nto moo tshaj plaws Petersburg. Verstovsky coj piano zaj lus qhia los ntawm D. Steibelt thiab J. Field, ntaus nkauj violin, kawm suab paj nruag txoj kev xav thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev sau ntawv. Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, ib tug mob siab rau kev ua yeeb yam yog yug los thiab loj hlob, thiab nws yuav nyob twj ywm ib tug mob siab rau txhawb nws mus tas li ntawm nws lub neej. Nrog nws tus cwj pwm ardor thiab temperament, Verstovsky koom nyob rau hauv amateur ua yeeb yam raws li ib tug actor, txhais lus Fabkis vaudevilles rau Lavxias teb sab, thiab composes suab paj nruag rau theatrical ua yeeb yam. Cov neeg paub zoo yog tsim nrog cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua yeeb yam, kws sau paj huam, ntaus suab paj nruag, ua yeeb yam. Ntawm lawv yog cov tub ntxhais sau ntawv N. Khmelnitsky, venerable playwright A. Shakhovskoy, critic P. Arapov, thiab composer A. Alyabyev. Ntawm nws cov neeg paub kuj yog N. Vsevolozhsky, tus tsim ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev nom kev tswv zej zog "Green Teeb", uas suav nrog ntau lub neej yav tom ntej Decembrists thiab Pushkin. Verstovsky kuj tau mus koom cov rooj sib tham no. Tej zaum nyob rau lub sij hawm no nws thawj acquaintance nrog tus poj kws sau paj lug coj qhov chaw.

Xyoo 1819, tus kws sau nkauj hnub nyoog nees nkaum xyoo tau nto moo rau nws qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm vaudeville "Grandmother's Parrots" (raws li Khmelnitsky cov ntawv nyeem). Kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev ua tiav, Verstovsky txiav txim siab muab nws tus kheej rau kev ua haujlwm rau nws tus kheej kos duab. Thawj vaudeville tau ua raws li "Quarantine", "thawj qhov debut ntawm tus actress Troepolskaya", "Crazy House, los yog ib tug txawv txawv tshoob", thiab lwm yam. Vaudeville, pauv los ntawm Fabkis theem thiab remade rau Lavxias teb sab kev lis kev cai, ua ib tug ntawm cov nyiam. hom ntawm cov pej xeem Lavxias ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub ntsej muag thiab zoo siab, tag nrho ntawm lub neej-saib kev cia siab, nws maj mam nqus cov kab lig kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab comic opera thiab txhim kho los ntawm kev lom zem ua si nrog suab paj nruag rau hauv vaudeville opera, uas suab paj nruag plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Contemporaries muaj nuj nqis heev Verstovsky, tus sau ntawm vaudeville. Griboedov, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sib koom ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub vaudeville "Leej twg yog tus kwv, leej twg yog tus muam, los yog Deception tom qab deception" (1823), tau sau ntawv mus rau lub composer: "Kuv tsis muaj kev xyiv fab txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm koj suab paj nruag thiab ua kev zoo siab rau kuv tus kheej ua ntej. ntawm nws." Kev nruj nruj ntawm kev kos duab siab V. Belinsky tau sau tias: Qhov no tsis yog suab paj nruag sib tham, tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus, tab sis ib yam dab tsi los ntawm lub neej ntawm lub peev xwm muaj zog. Verstovsky muaj suab paj nruag rau ntau tshaj 30 vaudevilles. Thiab txawm hais tias qee tus ntawm lawv tau sau nrog kev koom tes nrog lwm tus kws sau nkauj, nws yog tus uas tau lees paub tias yog tus tsim ntawm hom ntawv no hauv tebchaws Russia, tus tsim, raws li Serov tau sau, ntawm "ib hom kev cai ntawm vaudeville music."

Lub ci ntsa iab pib ntawm Verstovsky cov kev ua ub no tau ntxiv dag zog los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm pabcuam. Nyob rau hauv 1823, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub sij hawm mus rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub Moscow tub rog Governor-General D. Golitsyn, tus hluas composer tsiv mus rau Moscow. Nrog nws lub zog thiab kev txaus siab, nws koom nrog Moscow theatrical lub neej, ua rau cov neeg paub tshiab, phooj ywg thiab muaj tswv yim sib cuag. Rau 35 xyoo, Verstovsky tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Moscow ua yeeb yam chaw ua haujlwm, tswj ob qho tib si repertory thiab tag nrho cov koom haum thiab kev lag luam, qhov tseeb, mus rau lub koom haum ua yeeb yam thiab ua yeeb yam troupe ntawm Bolshoi thiab Maly theaters. Thiab nws tsis yog coincidence uas nws contemporaries hu ua lub sij hawm ntev ntawm nws cov kev pab cuam mus rau lub theatre "lub era ntawm Verstovsky." Raws li kev nco qab ntawm ntau tus neeg uas paub nws, Verstovsky yog tus cwj pwm zoo heev, sib txuas cov txuj ci siab ntawm tus kws ntaus nkauj nrog lub siab lub zog ntawm tus neeg ua haujlwm - kev coj ua ntawm kev lag luam ua yeeb yam. Txawm hais tias nws muaj ntau lub luag haujlwm, Verstovsky txuas ntxiv sau ntau yam. Nws yog tus sau tsis tau tsuas yog ua yeeb yam, tab sis kuj ntawm ntau yam nkauj thiab romances, uas tau ua tiav nyob rau theem thiab tau ua kom ruaj khov hauv lub neej hauv nroog. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv maj mam ntawm intonations ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem thiab txhua hnub nkauj-romance, tso siab rau cov nkauj nrov thiab seev cev, kev nplua nuj, thiab tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab suab paj nruag. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev muaj tswv yim zoo ntawm Verstovsky yog nws txoj kev xav kom muaj lub siab xav, muaj zog, lub siab lub ntsws. Ci ntsa iab temperament thiab tshwj xeeb vitality txawv nws tej hauj lwm los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm feem ntau ntawm nws contemporaries, pleev xim rau mas nyob rau hauv elegiac tones.

Cov txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Verstovsky tau tshwm sim hauv nws cov nkauj ballad, uas nws tus kheej hu ua "cantatas". Cov no yog Dub Shawl tsim nyob rau hauv 1823 (ntawm Pushkin Chaw Nres Tsheb), Peb Zaj Nkauj thiab Tus Neeg Ua Yeeb Yam Tsis Zoo (ntawm V. Zhukovsky Chaw Nres Tsheb), uas qhia txog tus neeg sau lub siab nyiam rau kev ua yeeb yam, kev txhais lus ntawm kev sib hlub. Cov "cantatas" no kuj tau ua nyob rau hauv ib tug staged daim ntawv - nrog scenery, nyob rau hauv costumes thiab nrog orchestral accompaniment. Verstovsky kuj tsim cov cantatas loj rau soloists, hu nkauj thiab orchestra, nrog rau ntau yam suab paj nruag thiab orchestras "nyob rau lub sijhawm", thiab kev ua yeeb yam dawb huv choral. Suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam tseem yog qhov nyiam tshaj plaws.

Muaj 6 operas nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm Verstovsky. Thawj ntawm lawv - "Pan Tvardovsky" (1828) - tau sau hauv libre. Zagoskin raws li nws "zaj dab neeg txaus ntshai" ntawm tib lub npe, raws li West Slavic (Polish) version ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm Faust. Qhov thib ob opera, Vadim, los yog lub Awakening ntawm kaum ob tsaug zog Maidens (1832), raws li nyob rau hauv Zhukovsky lub ballad Thunderbolt, los yog kaum ob pw tsaug zog Maidens, yog raws li ib tug zajlus los ntawm lub neej ntawm Kievan Rus. Nyob rau hauv ancient Kyiv, qhov kev txiav txim yuav tshwm sim thiab qhov thib peb - ​​nto moo tshaj plaws opera Verstovsky - "Askold's Grave" (1835), raws li keeb kwm thiab romantic zaj dab neeg ntawm tib lub npe los ntawm Zagoskin.

Cov neeg tuaj saib zoo siab tos txais qhov tshwm sim ntawm thawj peb qhov kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm Verstovsky, uas xav kom tsim ib lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab opera raws li keeb kwm thiab mythological txheej xwm los ntawm cov nyob deb ib nrab-legendary yav dhau los thiab embodying lub siab ncaj ncees thiab ci ntsa iab lub teb chaws sab ntawm pej xeem tus cwj pwm. Kev tsim tawm romanticized ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm nthuav tawm tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov duab ntxaws ntxaws ntawm pej xeem lub neej, nrog nws cov kab ke, nkauj, thiab seev cev, sib haum rau kev nyiam ua yeeb yam ntawm Romantic era. Romantic thiab contrasting lub neej tiag tiag ntawm heroes los ntawm cov neeg thiab gloomy dab dab dab neeg. Verstovsky tsim ib hom ntawm Lavxias teb sab nkauj opera, nyob rau hauv uas lub hauv paus ntawm cov yam ntxwv yog lub Lavxias teb sab-Slavic nkauj-duab, elegiac romance, ua yeeb yam ballad. Vocalism, zaj nkauj lyricism, nws suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kom muaj lub neej zoo, nthuav qhia cov cim thiab piav qhia txog tib neeg txoj kev xav. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhov zoo heev, khawv koob-dab ntsuj plig ntu ntawm nws cov operas yog embodied los ntawm orchestral txhais tau tias, nrog rau kev pab los ntawm melodrama, uas yog heev yam ntxwv ntawm lub sij hawm (ie, recitation tiv thaiv keeb kwm ntawm orchestral accompaniment). Xws li yog qhov "txaus ntshai" ntu ntawm kev sau ntawv, kev ua khawv koob, qhov tshwm sim ntawm "kev phem" dab phem. Kev siv melodrama yog qhov ntuj tsim nyob rau hauv Verstovsky's operas, txij li thaum lawv tseem yog ib hom kev sib xyaw suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam, uas suav nrog kev sib tham sib tham. Nws yog noteworthy tias nyob rau hauv "Vadim" lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb rau lub nto moo tragedian P. Mochalov yog kiag li ua yeeb yam.

Cov tsos ntawm "Ivan Susanin" los ntawm Glinka, tau ua ib xyoos tom qab "Askold's Grave". (1836), cim qhov pib ntawm ib theem tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, overshadowing txhua yam uas tau ua ntej nws thiab thawb Verstovsky's naive-romantic operas rau yav dhau los. Tus kws sau paj huam tau mob siab rau kev poob ntawm nws qhov chaw qub. "Ntawm tag nrho cov ntawv uas kuv tau lees paub tias yog koj li, Kuv pom qhov ua tiav rau kuv tus kheej, zoo li kuv tsis muaj nyob ..." nws sau rau Odoevsky. - "Kuv yog thawj tus qhuas ntawm Glinka cov txuj ci zoo nkauj tshaj plaws, tab sis kuv tsis xav tau thiab tsis tuaj yeem tso tseg txoj cai ntawm primacy."

Tsis xav ua raws li kev poob ntawm nws txoj cai, Verstovsky txuas ntxiv mus sau operas. Nws tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm kawg ntawm nws lub neej, lub opera raws li ib tug zajlus los ntawm niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lub neej Longing for the Homeland (1839), lub fairy taleas-magic opera A Dream in Reality, los yog Churova Valley (1844) thiab loj legendary- Zoo heev opera Lub Stormbreaker (1857) - ua tim khawv rau kev tshawb fawb muaj tswv yim ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau operatic ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab nyob rau hauv lub stylistic sphere. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qee qhov kev pom zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov kawg opera "Gromoboy", cim los ntawm Verstovsky tus yam ntxwv Lavxias teb sab-Slavic tsw, tus composer tseem ua tsis tau tejyam rov qab mus rau nws lub qub koob meej.

Nyob rau hauv 1860, nws tau tawm ntawm qhov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv Moscow ua yeeb yam chaw ua hauj lwm, thiab nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 17, 1862, muaj sia nyob Glinka rau 5 xyoo, Verstovsky tuag. Nws lub ntsiab lus kawg yog cantata "Lub Koobtsheej ntawm Peter lub Great" ntawm cov nqe lus ntawm nws tus kws sau paj huam - AS Pushkin.

T. Korzhenyants