Dawb style |

Dawb style, dawb sau

tsis muaj kev ywj pheej, harmonic counterpoint

1) Lub tswv yim uas ua ke rau hauv keeb kwm tag nrho polyphony, suab paj nruag (saib Polyphony) decomp. cov lus qhia muaj tswv yim, uas hloov cov qauv nruj - lub polyphony ntawm High Renaissance. Hauv musicology 19-pib. Lub xyoo pua 20th lub sij hawm "S. Nrog." polyphonic tau txiav txim siab. foob ​​17 – ser. 18 xyoo pua; mus rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th ib tug dav dav txhais ntawm lo lus "S. s”, uas tam sim no qhia txog tag nrho cov xwm txheej polyphonic txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. mus txog rau tam sim no.

Kev pom zoo ntawm S. tus qauv nrog. nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th yog txuam nrog ib tug ntse tig point nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov Western European. foob ​​los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm keeb kwm. yog vim li cas (saib Baroque, Renaissance). Cov qauv tshiab ntawm cov suab paj nruag tau txais cov duab: cov kws sau paj nruag pom nws qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau nyob rau hauv lub embodiment ntawm sab hauv. ntiaj teb neeg. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom muab ib tug meej chronology. ciam teb ntawm lub eras ntawm S. s. thiab nruj style. S. s. tau npaj los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov qub wok masters. polyphony, thiab qee yam ntawm nws cov creatures. nta (xws li, predominance ntawm loj thiab me, kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv instr. suab paj nruag) muaj nyob rau hauv ntau. prod. nruj style. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tus tswv ntawm S. s. siv cov kev paub thiab cov tswv yim ntawm lawv cov neeg ua ntej (piv txwv li, cov txheej txheem ua qauv, kev sib cav sib ceg, txoj hauv kev hloov cov khoom siv thematic). T. o., S. s. tsis tshem tawm cov style nruj, tab sis absorbs nws, hloov cov polyphony ntawm lub 15th-16th centuries. raws li art. lub sijhawm ua haujlwm.

S. s. qhia nws keeb kwm. kev ywj pheej feem ntau yog instrumental polyphony. Txawm hais tias rau qee lub sijhawm hauv instr. prod. Kev vam khom ntawm choral nruj style tseem nyob (nco ntsoov, piv txwv li, hauv kev ntxhib los mos ntawm J. Sweelinka lub cev ua haujlwm), cov kws sau nkauj tau pib siv cov suab paj nruag polyphonic uas lawv tau pom. cuab yeej muaj peev xwm. Dawb instr. lub caij txiav txim siab ardor ntawm muses. J. Frescobaldi cov lus hais hauv fugues rau cembalos, predetermines lub oratorical pathos ntawm lub cev op. D. Buxtehude, yog yooj yim twv nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb plasticity ntawm A. Vivaldi lub concertos. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev loj hlob polyphonic. instrumentalism 17-18 centuries. mus txog hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm JS Bach - hauv nws Op. rau solo nkauj laus ncas thiab nrog clavier, nyob rau hauv lub fugues ntawm lub Well-Tempered Clavier (vol. 1, 1722, vol. 2, 1744), uas yog strikingly ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nthuav qhia polyphony, muaj peev xwm ntawm cov twj paj nruag. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tswv ntawm S. s. wok ua. txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia tau enriched nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm instrumentalism; yog li cov style ntawm xws li, piv txwv li, op. raws li Gloria (Tsis muaj 4), Sanctus (Tsis muaj 20) lossis Agnus Dei (No 23) hauv Bach qhov loj hauv h-moll, qhov twg wok. tog, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsis txawv ntawm instrumental ones, lawv hu ua mixed wok.-instrumental.

Cov tsos ntawm S. s. feem ntau txiav txim siab lub suab paj nruag. Rau pawg hu nkauj polyphony ntawm kev sau nruj, lub suab ntim ntawm cov suab paj nruag raug txwv los ntawm ntau yam ntawm pawg hu nkauj. pov npav; melodies, rhythmically txiav txim thiab dawb los ntawm squareness, tau tsim los ntawm cov kab lus decomp. ntev; Lawv ntsuas kev xa tawm tau tswj hwm los ntawm kev txav mus los ntawm cov kauj ruam ntawm diatonic. scale, thaum lub suab zoo li overflow ib leeg rau lwm tus. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, hauv suab paj nruag ntawm S. s. (ob qho tib si hauv fugues thiab ntau hom non-fugue polyphony) qhov ntau ntawm cov suab yog qhov tseeb tsis txwv, txhua ntu ntu tuaj yeem siv hauv suab paj nruag, suav nrog. dhia mus rau qhov nyuaj-rau-lub suab dav thiab tsis sib haum xeeb. Kev sib piv ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm Op. Palestrina thiab los ntawm tej hauj lwm muaj feem xyuam rau S. s. qhia qhov sib txawv no:

Palestrina. Benedictus los ntawm pawg "O magnum misterium" (lub suab sab sauv).

C. Monteverdi. "Lub Coronation ntawm Poppea", 2nd act (lub ntsiab lus ntawm pawg hu nkauj ntawm tsev neeg).

D. Buxtehude. Organ chacona hauv C loj (lub suab bass).

A. Hauv Stanchinsky. Canon rau fp. (pib ntawm proposta)

Rau S.'s melodies nrog. Cov yam ntxwv los ntawm dependence rau harmonics. warehouse, uas yog feem ntau qhia nyob rau hauv daim duab (suav nrog sequential qauv); melody, txav yog qhia los ntawm hauv lub harmonica. ib ntus:

JS Bach. Suite No 3 for cello solo. Courant.

JS Bach. Fugue ntsiab lus G-dur los ntawm 2nd ntim ntawm Zoo-Tempered Clavier.

Qhov kev txav no qhia txog lub suab nkauj ntawm S. s. harmonic tag nrho sonority: nyob rau hauv melodies thiaj li hu. cov suab zais, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib haum xeeb yooj yim sawv tawm ntawm kev dhia hauv chord suab. ua ntu zus.

GF Handel. Trio Sonata g-moll op. 2 No 2, finale (qhov txuas txuas ntxiv tshem tawm).

JS Bach. Organ fugue a-moll, ntsiab lus.

Lub tswv yim sib haum xeeb ntawm kev zais suab hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cev fugue a-moll los ntawm JS Bach.

Cov suab zais "sau" hauv cov suab paj nruag tuaj yeem cuam tshuam (thiab hauv qhov piv txwv hauv qab no), qee zaum ua rau ntawm daim ntawv metric-reference kab (rau ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm Bach's fugues; saib b) thiab txawm tias imitation (c):

JS Bach. Partita No 1 for solo violin. Courant.

JS Bach. Fugue ntsiab Cis-dur los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm Zoo-Tempered Clavier.

WA Mozart. "Magic Flute", overture (pib ntawm Allegro).

Qhov puv ntawm lub suab zais cuam tshuam rau kev tsim ntawm 3- thiab 4-lub suab raws li tus qauv ntawm S. nrog .; yog nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm nruj style lawv feem ntau sau nyob rau hauv 5 los yog ntau lub suab, ces nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm S. nrog. Lub 5-lub suab kuj tsis tshua muaj (piv txwv li, ntawm 48 fugues ntawm Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier, tsuas muaj 2 tsib lub suab - cis-moll thiab b-moll los ntawm 1st ntim), thiab ntau lub suab yuav luag ib qho. kev zam.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau tsab ntawv nruj ntawm ilk nyob rau hauv cov qauv thaum ntxov ntawm S. s. pub dawb tso tseg tau siv, kho kom zoo nkauj cov duab, ntau yam syncopations. S. s. tso cai rau siv txhua lub sijhawm thiab hauv txhua qhov kev faib ua feem. Qhov tshwj xeeb kev siv ntawm cov kev cai no nyob ntawm metrorhythm. norms ntawm no suab paj nruag-keeb kwm. era. Kev txiav txim polyphony ntawm baroque thiab classicism yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm meej meej. kos duab nrog ib txwm (sib npaug) metric. Romantic. qhov immediacy ntawm nqe lus nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov-ve 19 - ntxov. 20th caug xyoo Nws kuj tau hais nyob rau hauv kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tso kawm ntawm accents txheeb ze rau barline, yam ntxwv ntawm lub polyphony ntawm R. Schumann, F. Chopin, R. Wagner. Rau polyphony ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. raug siv tsis tu ncua ntsuas ntsuas (qee zaum hauv ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm polymetric, piv txwv li, hauv cov suab paj nruag polyphonic ntawm IF Stravinsky), kev tsis lees paub ntawm cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, hauv qee qhov kev ua haujlwm polyphonic los ntawm cov kws sau nkauj ntawm Viennese tshiab) , siv cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm polyrhythm thiab polymetry (piv txwv li, O. Messiaen) thiab lwm yam metrorhythmic. kev tsim kho tshiab.

Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm S. s. - nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog Nar. hom suab paj nruag. Nar. suab paj nruag kuj pom siv nyob rau hauv lub polyphony ntawm nruj kev sau ntawv (piv txwv li, raws li cantus firmus), tab sis cov masters tau zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv no hwm. To Nar. nkauj tau hais los ntawm ntau tus kws sau nkauj ntawm 17th thiab 18th centuries (tsim, tshwj xeeb, polyphonic variations ntawm pej xeem cov ntsiab lus). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nplua nuj thiab ntau yam yog cov hom ntawv - German, Italian, Slavic - hauv Bach's polyphony. Cov kev sib txuas no yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom pom tseeb ntawm polyphonic. thematism ntawm S. s., lub clarity ntawm nws melodic. lus. Pob zeb polyphonic. cov hauv S. nrog. kuj tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev siv melodic-rhythmic, raug rau nws lub sijhawm. cov duab, intonational "formulas". Hauv kev nyob ze ntawm hom kev tshwj xeeb yog lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm S. s. - kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv nws lub moj khaum ntawm contrasting polyphony. Nyob rau hauv ib tug nruj style, muaj peev xwm ntawm contrasting polyphony raug txwv, nyob rau hauv S. s. nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, uas sharply distinguishes nws los ntawm nruj style. Contrasting polyphony yog yam ntxwv ntawm suab paj nruag. Bach's dramaturgy: piv txwv muaj nyob hauv org. kev npaj ntawm chorales, nyob rau hauv arias qhov twg ib tug chorale yog qhia, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm lub suab yuav tsum tau hais txog los ntawm lawv cov sib txawv ib hom ntawv nyeem (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv No. 1 los ntawm cantata No. 68, lub suab nkauj ntawm choral yog nrog ib tug orc. ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub cim ntawm Italian Siciliana); hauv dram. ntu, kev tawm tsam ntawm ob tog mus txog qhov txwv (piv txwv li, hauv No. 1, nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw ntawm No. 33 ntawm Matthew Passion). Tom qab ntawd, qhov sib piv polyphony tau siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam. (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv pawg operas los ntawm W. A. Mozart). Cov pov thawj ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov sib txawv polyphony hauv S. s. yog nyob rau hauv imitation. cov ntaub ntawv, cov kev tawm tsam plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug nrog, complementary suab. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm nruj style, tsis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm polyphony. cov ntsiab lus, concentrated nyob rau hauv ib lub suab, thiab polyphony yog tsim los ntawm successive. deployment kuj nruab nrab nyob rau hauv intonation. hais txog cov khoom siv. Ntau tus neeg hauv txhua qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm lub suab paj nruag S. s. yog ua raws li kev nyem, yooj yim pom lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua qhov kev nthuav qhia. Lub ntsiab lus yog intonationally yam ntxwv, muaj lub ntsiab. suab paj nruag xav, thesis yuav tsum tau tsim, pab raws li lub hauv paus ntawm polyphonic. prod. Nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm composers ntawm lub 17th-18th centuries. (lub ntsiab lus feem ntau yog fugue) 2 hom ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau tsim: homogeneous, raws li kev txhim kho ntawm ib lossis ntau qhov tsis sib xws thiab cov motifs zoo sib xws (piv txwv li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm c-moll fugues los ntawm 1st thiab 2nd ntim ntawm Bach's Well -Tempered Clavier ), thiab qhov sib txawv, raws li qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm kev sib txawv (piv txwv li, lub ntsiab lus ntawm g-moll fugue los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm tib lub voj voog). Nyob rau hauv sib piv cov ntsiab lus, nws yuav qhia ntau tshaj. tig thiab hnov ​​suab nrov. cov duab feem ntau nyob rau ntawm qhov pib, tsim melodic. lub ntsiab. Hauv kev sib piv thiab homogeneous ntxhais txhais tau tias.

IB Bach. Organ fugue hauv C loj, ntsiab lus.

Kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab lawv cov suab paj nruag. nyem ntawm composers ntawm 17th-18th centuries. Feem ntau nyob ntawm qhov tsis ruaj khov (feem ntau txo) lub sijhawm, uas yog qhov tshwm sim thaum pib ntawm kev tsim kho:

JS Bach. A-moll fugue ntsiab lus los ntawm 2nd ntim ntawm Zoo-Tempered Clavier.

JS Bach. Fugue ntsiab cis-moll los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm Zoo-Tempered Clavier.

JS Bach. Mass in h minor, Kyrie, No 3 (fugue ntsiab).

JS Bach. Matthew Passion, No 54 (lub ntsiab lus).

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug nruj style strttic kev nthuav qhia prevailed, ces tus composers ntawm lub 17th-18th centuries. lub ntsiab lus tau hais tag nrho nyob rau hauv ib lub suab, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd lub suab nrov nkag mus, thiab tus pib pib mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam. Lub semantic primacy ntawm lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb dua yog tias nws cov kev xav tau underlie tag nrho lwm cov ntsiab lus ntawm fugue - tawm tsam, interludes; qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub ncauj lus hauv S. s. teem tawm los ntawm interludes, uas tuav ib tug subordinate txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau kev coj ntawm lub ntsiab lus thiab feem ntau intonationally nyob ntawm nws.

Txhua yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm S. s. - melodic, harmonic nta, nta ntawm shaping - ua raws li los ntawm lub prevailing tonal system, feem ntau loj thiab me. Cov ntsiab lus, raws li txoj cai, yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev ua tiav tonal tseeb; deviations yog qhia melodic-chromatic. harmonic turnovers; dhau chromatisms pom nyob rau hauv lub polyphony ntawm ib tug tom qab lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv tus ntawm niaj hnub. harmonic tswv yim (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub piano fugue cis-moll op. 101 Tsis muaj 2 Glazunov). Cov kev taw qhia ntawm modulations nyob rau hauv cov ncauj lus yog txwv los ntawm cov tseem ceeb; modulation nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus rau hauv cov yuam sij nyob deb - qhov ua tiav ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub fugue los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 21, lub ntsiab lus pib nyob rau hauv C me nrog ib tug Dorian tinge, thiab xaus nyob rau hauv gis me). Ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim ntawm lub koom haum modal ntawm S. s. yog ib tug tonal teb, cov ntsiab cai uas twb tau txiav txim nyob rau hauv ricercar thiab thaum ntxov piv txwv ntawm fugue.

JS Bach. "Lub Art ntawm Fugue", Contrapunctus I.

JS Bach. Fugue Es-dur los ntawm 1st ntim ntawm Zoo-Tempered Clavier.

Modal system ntawm loj thiab me nyob rau hauv S. s. dominates, tab sis tsis yog tib tug. Composers tsis tso tseg qhov peculiar expressiveness ntawm ntuj diatonic. frets (saib, piv txwv li, lub fugue Credo No 12 los ntawm Bach lub loj nyob rau hauv h-moll, lub 3rd zog "nyob rau hauv der lydischer Tonart" ntawm L. Beethoven's quartet No 15, cim los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm ib tug nruj style). Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus siab rau lawv yog cov masters ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. (piv txwv li, fugue los ntawm Ravel's suite "Lub ntxa ntawm Couperin", ntau fugues los ntawm DD Shostakovich). Polyphonic khoom. yog tsim los ntawm lub hauv paus modal, yam ntxwv ntawm decomp. nat. suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai (piv txwv li, polyphonic ntu ntawm symphony rau cov hlua thiab timpani los ntawm EM Mirzoyan qhia txog Armenian lub teb chaws xim, piano thiab lub koom haum fugues los ntawm GA Muschel yog txuam nrog Uzbek lub teb chaws suab paj nruas kos duab). Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm ntau composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th lub koom haum ntawm loj thiab me yuav nyuaj, tshwj xeeb tonal ntaub ntawv tshwm sim (piv txwv li, tag nrho-tonal system ntawm P. Hindemith), ntau yam yog siv. hom poly- thiab atonality.

Composers ntawm lub 17th-18th centuries dav siv cov ntaub ntawv, ib feem tsim rov qab nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm nruj kev sau ntawv: motet, variations (xws li cov raws li ostinato), canzona, ricercar, decomp. yam imitation. choral cov ntawv. Ua tau S. nrog. suav nrog fugue thiab ntau. cov ntaub ntawv, uas polyphonic. kev nthuav qhia cuam tshuam nrog homophonic. Nyob rau hauv fugues ntawm 17th-18th centuries. nrog lawv cov kev sib raug zoo modal-functional, yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub polyphony ntawm S. s. - kaw qhov siab dependence ntawm lub suab, lawv harmonies. attraction rau ib leeg, lub siab xav mus ua ke rau hauv ib tug chord (qhov no sib npaug ntawm lub polyphonic ywj siab ntawm lub suab thiab lub harmonically tseem ceeb ntsug characterizes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov style ntawm JS Bach). Qhov no S. s. 17th-18th centuries txawv qhov txawv ntawm ob qho tib si los ntawm polyphony ntawm kev sau ntawv nruj (qhov chaw ua haujlwm tsis muaj zog txuas nrog lub suab ntsug yog sawv cev los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm ob peb khub ntawm cov suab tsis sib haum), thiab los ntawm cov polyphony tshiab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm shaping nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm 17th-18th centuries. - succession ntawm contrasting qhov chaw. Qhov no ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm keeb kwm ruaj khov ntawm lub voj voog ntawm prelude - fugue (qee zaus es tsis yog prelude - fantasy, toccata; qee zaum, ib qho peb feem yog tsim, piv txwv li, org. toccata, Adagio thiab Bach's C-dur fugue. ). Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev ua haujlwm tshwm sim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txuas ua ke (piv txwv li, hauv org. ua haujlwm. Buxtehude, hauv cov haujlwm ntawm Bach: peb feem org. fantasy G-dur, triple 5-voice org. fugue Es-dur yeej muaj ntau yam sib txawv-sib xyaw daim ntawv).

Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm Viennese classics, lub polyphony ntawm S. s. plays ib qho tseem ceeb heev, thiab tom qab ua hauj lwm ntawm Beethoven - ib tug thawj coj. Haydn, Mozart thiab Beethoven siv polyphony los qhia lub ntsiab lus thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm homophonic ntsiab lus, lawv koom nrog polyphony. nyiaj txiag nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm symphony. kev loj hlob; imitation, complex counterpoint dhau los ua cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm thematic. hauj lwm; nyob rau hauv Beethoven lub suab paj nruag, polyphony hloov tawm los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev yuam ua yeeb yam. nro (piv txwv li, lub fugato nyob rau hauv "Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj Kev Lom Zem" los ntawm 3rd symphony). Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Viennese classics yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm polyphonization ntawm kev ntxhib los mos, nrog rau qhov sib txawv ntawm homophonic thiab polyphonic. kev nthuav qhia. Polyphonization tuaj yeem ncav cuag li theem siab uas sib xyaw homophonic-polyphonic tsim. hom suab paj nruag, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug swarm yog noticeable txhais. polyphonic nro kab seem (lub thiaj li hu ua loj polyphonic daim ntawv). Polyphonic cov ntu "encrusted" rau hauv homophonic muaj pes tsawg leeg yog rov qab nrog tonal, contrapuntal, thiab lwm yam kev hloov pauv, thiab yog li tau txais kev kos duab. kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm tag nrho raws li ib daim ntawv, "counterpunctuating" homophonic ib (ib tug piv txwv classic yog qhov kawg ntawm Mozart's G-dur quartet, K.-V. 387). Loj polyphonic daim ntawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam variants yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub 19-20 centuries. (xws li, overture los ntawm Wagner's The Mastersingers ntawm Nuremberg, Myaskovsky's Symphony No. 21). Nyob rau hauv Beethoven txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm lig, ib tug complex hom ntawm polyphonized sonata allegro tau txhais, qhov twg homophonic kev nthuav qhia yog kiag li tsis tuaj kawm ntawv los yog tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov muses. warehouse (thawj qhov chaw ntawm lub pianoforte sonata No 32, 9th symphony). Qhov no Beethovenian kev lig kev cai ua raws li nyob rau hauv cais Op. I. Brahms; nws yog tag nrho reborn nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Cov khoom lag luam nyuaj tshaj plaws nyob rau xyoo pua 20th: nyob rau hauv qhov kawg choir No. 9 los ntawm cantata "Tom qab nyeem Ntawv Nkauj" los ntawm Taneyev, 1 feem ntawm lub suab paj nruag "Tus Artist Mathis" los ntawm Hindemith, 1 feem ntawm lub suab paj nruag No. 5 los ntawm Shostakovich. Lub polyphonization ntawm daim ntawv kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub koom haum ntawm lub voj voog; qhov kawg pib pom raws li qhov chaw ntawm polyphonic synthesis. cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev nthuav qhia yav dhau los.

Tom qab Beethoven, composers tsis tshua siv cov suab paj nruag ib txwm muaj. polyphonic. forms C. s., tab sis them nyiaj rau qhov no los ntawm kev siv tshiab ntawm polyphonic. cov nyiaj. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau cov qauv ntawm cov suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19. kom pom tseeb thiab zoo nkauj, fugue thiab fugato ua raws li cov dej num ntawm muses. figurativeness (piv txwv li, "Sib ntaus sib tua" thaum pib ntawm lub symphony "Romeo thiab Juliet" los ntawm Berlioz), tej zaum kuj txhais tau zoo heev. (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub opera Snow Maiden los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, lub fugato depicts ib tug loj hlob hav zoov; saib p. nr 253), comma. npaj (comic. fugue nyob rau hauv "Kev Sib Tw Scene" los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov thib 2 ntawm Wagner's "Mastersingers ntawm Nuremberg", lub grotesque fugue hauv qhov kawg ntawm Berlioz's "Zoo heev Symphony", thiab lwm yam). Muaj cov yam ntxwv tshiab complex hom ntawm 2nd pem teb. 19 nyob rau hauv. synthesis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv: piv txwv li, Wagner nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia rau lub opera Lohengrin combines cov yam ntxwv ntawm polyphonic. variations thiab fugues; Taneyev muab cov khoom ntawm fugue thiab sonata nyob rau hauv 1st ib feem ntawm lub cantata "John ntawm Damascus". Ib qho kev ua tiav ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th. yog symphonization ntawm fugue. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm fugue (kev maj mam, tsis muaj kev sib piv ntawm cov duab sib piv, kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov duab intonation. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus, tsom rau nws qhov kev pom zoo) tau hloov kho los ntawm Tchaikovsky nyob rau hauv 1st ib feem ntawm suite No 1. Hauv Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag, qhov kev lig kev cai no tau tsim los ntawm Taneyev (saib, piv txwv li, qhov kawg fugue los ntawm cantata "John ntawm Damascus"). Inherent hauv suab paj nruag. art-wu 19th caug xyoo. Qhov kev ntshaw rau qhov tshwj xeeb, originality ntawm daim duab coj mus rau polyphony ntawm S. nrog. mus rau kev siv dav ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv. Kev sib xyaw ntawm leitmotifs yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Wagner's dramaturgy; Muaj ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv tuaj yeem pom hauv Op. Lavxias teb sab composers (piv txwv li, "Polovtsian Dances" los ntawm opera "Prince Igor" los ntawm Borodin, "Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kerzhents" los ntawm opera "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm lub Invisible City ntawm Kitezh thiab lub Maiden Fevronia" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov, "Waltz. "los ntawm tus neeg dhia tes "Petrushka" los ntawm Stravinsky, thiab lwm yam. ). Txo tus nqi ntawm cov ntawv simulation hauv xyoo pua 19th suab paj nruag. balanced los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm polyphonic tshiab. txais tos (txhua qhov kev hwm dawb, tso cai rau kev hloov pauv ntawm tus lej pov npav). Ntawm lawv - polyphonic. "branching" ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug melodious xwm (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv etude XI gis-moll los ntawm Schumann's "Symphonic etudes", nyob rau hauv lub nocturne cis-moll op. 27 No 1 by Chopin); hauv qhov kev xav b. A. Zuckerman hais txog "lyric. polyphony” los ntawm Tchaikovsky, xa mus rau melodic. coloring lyric. cov ntsiab lus (piv txwv li, nyob rau sab ib feem ntawm 1 feem ntawm lub 4th symphony los yog thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab lub ntsiab ntawm lub qeeb zog ntawm lub 5th symphony); Tchaikovsky txoj kev lig kev cai tau txais los ntawm Taneyev (piv txwv li, qhov qeeb ntawm lub suab paj nruag hauv c-moll thiab hauv piano. quintet g-moll), Rachmaninoff (eg, piano. prelude Es-dur, qeeb ib feem ntawm paj huam "Lub Tswb"), Glazunov (lub ntsiab. cov ntsiab lus ntawm 1 feem ntawm concerto rau violin thiab orchestra). Kev txais tos tshiab polyphonic kuj yog "polyphony ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg", qhov twg counterpoint tsis cais. melodic suab, tab sis melodic thiab harmonic. complexes (piv txwv li, hauv etude II los ntawm Schumann's "Symphonic etudes"). Hom polyphonic fabrics tom qab tau txais ntau yam kev siv hauv suab paj nruag, nrhiav cov xim thiab xim. cov haujlwm (saib, piv txwv, fp. prelude "Lub Sunken Cathedral" los ntawm Debussy), thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub polyphony ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Suab nkauj kho siab. kev pov npav tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb tshiab rau C. nrog. txais tos, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19. nws yog siv ntau zaus thiab ntau txoj kev. Yog li, Wagner hauv txoj kev no ua tiav qhov tshwj xeeb polyphonic - melodic - ua tiav hauv qhov xaus. kev tsim kho ntawm Ch. Ib feem ntawm qhov overture mus rau opera "Tus Mastersingers ntawm Nuremberg" ( ntsuas 71 thiab seq.). Suab nkauj kho siab. Cov kab ke tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm decomp. kev xaiv lub suab nrov (piv txwv li, kev sib xyaw ntawm lub quarters thiab thib yim hauv kev taw qhia "Ocian-sea blue", kev sib xyaw ntawm orc. thiab hu nkauj. variants ntawm lub suab sab sauv thaum pib ntawm lub 4th scene ntawm lub opera epic "Sadko" los ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov). Qhov no feature yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog "kev sib txuas ntawm cov duab zoo sib xws" - cov txheej txheem uas tau txais kev txhim kho ci ntsa iab hauv suab paj nruag ntawm con. 19 – lus. 20 cc (eg

Niaj hnub no Lub "tshiab polyphony" muaj nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm humanistic, passionate, ethically sau art thiab kos duab, nyob rau hauv uas lub ntuj kev txawj ntse ntawm polyphony degenerates rau hauv rationality, thiab rationality rau rationalism. Polyphony S. S. nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th - lub ntiaj teb ntawm contradictory, feem ntau muaj kev sib nrig sib phenomena. Ib qho kev xav yog tias polyphony nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb thiab ruaj khov system ntawm muses. kev xav tsuas yog qhov tseeb xwb. Qee tus tswv ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th feem ntau tsis xav tias yuav tsum tau siv polyphonic. txhais tau tias (piv txwv li, K. Orff), thaum lwm tus, muaj lawv cov complex, nyob twj ywm "homophonic" composers (piv txwv li, SS Prokofiev); rau ntau tus tswv (piv txwv li, P. Hindemith), polyphony yog thawj tus, tab sis tsis yog tib qho xwb. txoj kev hais lus. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub suab paj nruag thiab muaj tswv yim tshwm sim ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. tshwm sim thiab txhim kho nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog polyphony. Yog li, piv txwv li, ib qho kev ua yeeb yam tsis tau pom dua. qhia nyob rau hauv lub symphonies ntawm Shostakovich, "tso tawm" ntawm lub zog ntawm lub 'meter' nyob rau hauv Stravinsky yog nyob ze rau polyphonic. qhov xwm ntawm lawv cov suab paj nruag. Ib txhia txhais tau tias. polyphonic khoom. Xyoo pua 20th txuam nrog ib qho ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm 1st pem teb. xyoo pua - neoclassicism nrog nws tsom mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub muses. cov ntsiab lus, qiv cov ntsiab lus ntawm shaping thiab cov tswv yim los ntawm polyphonists ntawm ib tug nruj style thiab baroque thaum ntxov ("Ludus tonalis" los ntawm Hindemith, ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm Stravinsky, xws li "Symphony of Psalms"). Qee cov tswv yim uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv daim teb ntawm polyphony yog siv rau hauv txoj kev tshiab hauv dodecaphony; pl. yam ntxwv ntawm suab paj nruag. hom lus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th txhais tau tias, xws li polytonality, complex forms of polymetry, lub thiaj li hu. tape voicing yog undoubted derivatives ntawm polyphony.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm polyphony ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. - Kev txhais tshiab ntawm dissonance, thiab niaj hnub. counterpoint feem ntau yog dissonant counterpoint. Cov style nruj yog raws li cov lus consonances: ib tug dissonance uas tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug dhau, auxiliary los yog ncua lub suab yog yeej surrounded los ntawm consonances ntawm ob sab. Qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm S. nrog. lus dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias dawb do dissonances yog siv ntawm no; lawv tsis xav tau kev npaj, txawm tias lawv yuav tsum nrhiav ib lossis lwm qhov kev tso cai, piv txwv li dissonance implies consonance nkaus xwb ntawm ib sab - tom qab nws tus kheej. Thiab, thaum kawg, hauv suab paj nruag pl. composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th dissonance yog siv raws nraim tib yam li consonance: nws tsis yog khi los ntawm tej yam kev mob ntawm tsis tsuas yog npaj, tab sis kuj tso cai, piv txwv li. muaj tshwm sim raws li ib tug ywj siab phenomenon ywj siab ntawm consonance. Dissonance mus rau qhov ntau dua lossis tsawg dua ua rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab tiv thaiv "kev sib sau" ntawm polyphonic. suab nyob rau hauv ib tug chord, mus rau hauv ib ntsug audible raws li ib tug kev sib sau. Chord-functional succession ceases coj lub zog ntawm lub ntsiab. Qhov no piav qhia txog kev ntxiv dag zog ntawm cov suab paj nruag-rhythmic (thiab tonal, yog lub suab paj nruag yog tonal) kev ywj pheej ntawm polyphonic. cov suab, qhov linear xwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm ntau lwm tus neeg. niaj hnub composers (nyob rau hauv uas nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus saib ib qho piv txwv nrog lub counterpoint ntawm lub era ntawm nruj kev sau ntawv). Piv txwv li, lub suab paj nruag (kab rov tav, linear) pib dominates ntau heev nyob rau hauv lub culminating ob canon los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm 1st zog ntawm lub 5th symphony (tus naj npawb 32) Shostakovich hais tias lub pob ntseg tsis pom lub harmonic, piv txwv li. ntsug kev sib raug zoo ntawm lub suab. Composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th siv cov tsoos. txhais tau tias polyphonic. yam lus, txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev luam tawm yooj yim ntawm cov txheej txheem paub zoo: theej, peb tab tom tham txog niaj hnub. intensification ntawm tsoos txhais tau tias, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas lawv tau txais ib tug tshiab zoo. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov lus hais saum toj no Shostakovich symphony, fugato thaum pib ntawm txoj kev loj hlob (tus naj npawb 17 thiab 18), vim hais tias nkag mus rau hauv ib tug octave octave, suab txawv txawv hnyav. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau txhais tau tias ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. ua "polyphony ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg", thiab cov qauv ntawm lub reservoir yuav ua tau infinitely complex. Yog li, ib txheej yog qee zaum tsim los ntawm kev sib luag lossis kev tawm tsam ntawm ntau lub suab (mus txog qhov tsim ntawm pawg), aleatoric cov tswv yim yog siv (piv txwv li, improvisation ntawm lub suab ntawm ib series) thiab sonoristics (rhythm. canon, piv txwv li, rau cov hlua ua si ntawm qhov muag), thiab lwm yam. Paub los ntawm cov suab paj nruag classic polyphonic. orc kev tawm tsam. pab pawg lossis cov cuab yeej siv hauv ntau tus neeg sau ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau hloov pauv mus rau "polyphony ntawm cov suab paj nruag" (piv txwv li, hauv kev taw qhia rau Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring) thiab coj mus rau qhov laj thawj. kawg, dhau los ua "polyphony ntawm sonorous teebmeem" (piv txwv li, hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm K. Penderecki). Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, kev siv cov suab paj nruag dodecaphonic ntawm kev ncaj qha thiab sab kev txav nrog lawv cov inversions los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm cov qauv nruj, tab sis kev siv lub cev, nrog rau kev xam qhov tseeb hauv lub koom haum ntawm tag nrho (tsis yog ib txwm nyiam. expressiveness) muab lawv qhov zoo sib txawv. Hauv polyphonic. suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th cov ntaub ntawv ib txwm raug hloov kho thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tau yug los, cov yam ntxwv ntawm uas yog inextricably txuas nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm thematism thiab lub koom haum suab nrov (piv txwv li, lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kawg ntawm symphony op.

Polyphony xyoo pua 20th tsim ib qho qauv tshiab. ib hom uas mus dhau lub tswvyim uas txhais los ntawm lo lus "S. Nrog." Cov kev txwv kom meej meej ntawm qhov "super-free" style ntawm 2nd pem teb. Lub xyoo pua 20th tsis muaj, thiab tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus lees paub rau nws cov lus txhais tsis tau (qee zaum lub ntsiab lus "tshiab polyphony ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th" yog siv).

S. kawm nrog. rau lub sij hawm ntev caum nkaus xwb. uch. cov hom phiaj (F. Marpurg, I. Kirnberger, thiab lwm yam). Tus kws tshaj lij. Kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab theoretical tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 19th. (X. Riemann). Generalizing tej hauj lwm tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. (piv txwv li, "Fundamentals of Linear Counterpoint" los ntawm E. Kurt), thiab tshwj xeeb. Kev zoo nkauj ua haujlwm ntawm niaj hnub polyphony. Muaj ntau yam ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab. lang., mob siab rau S. txoj kev tshawb fawb nrog. BV Asafiev rov hais dua lub ntsiab lus no; Los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm ib tug generalizing xwm, "Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Artistic Styles" los ntawm SS Skrebkov thiab "Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm Polyphony" los ntawm VV Protopopov sawv tawm. Cov teeb meem dav dav ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm polyphony kuj muaj nyob rau hauv ntau lwm tus. cov khoom ntawm polyphony composers.

2) Qhov thib ob, zaum kawg (tom qab nruj style (2)) ib feem ntawm chav kawm polyphony. Nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub USSR, polyphony yog kawm nyob rau hauv lub theoretical compositional theem thiab yuav ua tau los ntawm ib co. f-max; hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab. cov koom haum - tsuas yog nyob rau hauv keeb kwm-theoretical. chav haujlwm (ntawm cov chaw ua yeeb yam, kev paub nrog cov ntaub ntawv polyphonic suav nrog hauv chav kawm dav dav rau kev tshuaj xyuas cov suab paj nruag). Cov ntsiab lus ntawm chav kawm yog txiav txim los ntawm tus account. cov kev pab cuam pom zoo los ntawm Ministry of Culture ntawm lub USSR thiab lub koom pheej. min-koj. S.'s course with. suav nrog kev siv cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm ch. arr. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm fugue (canons, inventions, passacaglia, variations, ntau yam introductions, plays rau fugues, thiab lwm yam) kuj tsim. Lub hom phiaj ntawm chav kawm suav nrog kev tsom xam ntawm polyphonic. tej hauj lwm teej tug mus rau composers ntawm txawv eras thiab styles. Nyob rau hauv lub composer departments ntawm ib co uch. cov tsev kawm tau xyaum kev txhim kho cov txuj ci polyphonic. improvisation (saib "Cov teeb meem hauv Polyphony" los ntawm GI Litinsky); ntawm keeb kwm thiab theoretical f-max suab paj nruag. Cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm USSR tau tsim txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm polyphony hauv keeb kwm. yam. Rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia hauv owls. uch. Cov tsev kawm ntawv yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm polyphony nrog cov kev qhuab qhia ntsig txog - solfeggio (saib, piv txwv li, "Sau cov piv txwv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polyphonic. Rau 2, 3 thiab 4 lub suab solfeggio" los ntawm VV Sokolova, M.-L., 1933, "Solfeggio Piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv polyphonic” los ntawm A. Agazhanov thiab D. Blum, Moscow, 1972), suab paj nruag keeb kwm, thiab lwm yam.

Kev qhia polyphony muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los ntev pedagogical. kab lig kev cai. Nyob rau hauv lub 17-18 centuries. yuav luag txhua tus kws sau ntawv yog tus kws qhia ntawv; Nws yog ib txwm ua kom dhau qhov kev paub dhau los rau cov tub ntxhais hluas tshuab raj sim lawv txhais tes ntawm kev sau. S. kev qhia nrog. suav tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb los ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj loj tshaj plaws. Uch. kev coj noj coj ua tawm ntawm JP Sweelinck, JF Rameau. JS Bach tau tsim ntau yam ntawm nws cov haujlwm zoo heev. - inventions, "Zoo-Tempered Clavier", "Lub Art ntawm Fugue" - raws li ib tug tswv yim. cov lus qhia hauv kev sau thiab ua cov polyphonic. prod. Ntawm cov uas qhia S. s. -J. Haydn, S. Frank, J. Bizet, A. Bruckner. Cov teeb meem ntawm polyphony tau txais kev saib xyuas hauv tus account. coj P. Hindemith, A. Schoenberg. Kev loj hlob ntawm polyphonic kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab thiab owls. suab paj nruag tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau nkauj NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, SI Taneev, RM Glier, AV Aleksandrov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky. Ntau phau ntawv kawm tau raug tsim los ua kom cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhia S. s. nyob rau hauv lub USSR.

References: Tanev S. I., Introduction, nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv: Movable counterpoint ntawm nruj kev sau ntawv, Leipzig, 1909, M., 1959; (Tanev S. I.), Ob peb tsab ntawv rau S. THIAB. Taneyev ntawm suab paj nruag thiab theoretical teeb meem, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: S. THIAB. Taneev, Cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv, vol. 1, M., 1952; ib. Tanev S. I., Los ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam scientific thiab pedagogical, M., 1967; Asafiev B. AT. (Igor Glebov), Hais txog polyphonic art, hais txog kab lis kev cai hauv nruab nrog cev thiab suab paj nruag niaj hnub. L., 1926; ib. nws tus kheej, Musical form as a process, (book. 1-2), M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; Skrebkov C. S., Polyphonic tsom xam, M.-L., 1940; nws tus kheej, Phau ntawv ntawm polyphony, M.-L., 1951, M., 1965; nws, Artistic hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag, M., 1973; Pavlyuchenko S. A., A Guide to the Practtical Analysis of the Foundations of Inventive Polyphony, M., 1953; Protopopov V. V., Keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. (Vol. 1) - Lavxias teb sab classical thiab Soviet suab paj nruag, M., 1962; nws, keeb kwm ntawm polyphony nyob rau hauv nws cov phenomena tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. (Vol. 2) - Western European classics ntawm XVIII-XIX centuries, M., 1965; Los ntawm Renaissance mus rau lub Twentieth Century. (Sb.), M., 1963; Tyulin Yu. N., Art of counterpoint, M., 1964; Renaissance. Baroque. Classicism. Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv hauv Western European kos duab ntawm XV-XVII centuries. (Sb.), M., 1966; Hermit kuv. Ya., Movable counterpoint and free sau, L., 1967; Kushnarev X. S., O polyphony, M., 1971; Stepanov A., Chugaev A., Polyphony, M., 1972; Polyphony. Hnub Saturday Art., sib. thiab ed. TO. Yuzhak, M., 1975; Rameau J.-Ph., Traitй de l'harmonie…, P., 1722; Marpurg Fr. W., treatise on the fugue, vol. 1-2, V., 1753-54, Lpz., 1806; Kirnberger J. Ph., kos duab ntawm ntshiab muaj pes tsawg leeg hauv suab paj nruag, vols. 1-2, B.-Kцnigsberg, 1771-79; Albrechtsberger J. G., Cov lus qhia ntxaws txog kev muaj pes tsawg leeg, Lpz.., 1790, 1818; Dehn S., Theory of counterpoint, the canon and the fugue, В., 1859, 1883; Tus txiav txim E F. E., Phau ntawv ntawm kev yooj yim thiab ob chav counterpoint, Lpz., 1872 (рус. ib. — Richter E. F., Phau ntawv ntawm qhov yooj yim thiab ob chav counterpoint, M.-Leipzig, 1903); Bussler L., Kontrapunkt und Fuge im freien modernen Tonsatz, V., 1878, 1912 (rus. ib. - Bussler L., Dawb style. Phau ntawv ntawm counterpoint thiab fugue, M., 1885); Jadasson S., Lehrbuch des einfachen, doppelten, drei- und vierfachen Contrapunkts, Lpz., 1884, nyob rau hauv lub npe: Musikalische Kompositionslehre, Tl 1, Bd 2, 1926; Rout E., Counterpoint, L., 1890; nws, Ob chav counterpoint thiab canon, L., 1891, 1893; nws, Fugue, L., 1891 (rus. ib. – Prayt E., Fuga, M., 1900); nws tus kheej, Fugal tsom xam, L., 1892 (rus. ib. – Prout E., Analysis of fugues, M., 1915); Riemann H. Geschichte der Musiktheorie kuv IX. — XIX. Century, Lpz., 1898, Hildesheim, 1961; Kurth E., Basics of linear counterpoint…, Bern, 1917 (рус. ib. – Kurt E., Fundamentals of linear counterpoint, M., 1931); Hindemith P., Unterweisung im Tonsatz, Bd 1-3, Mainz, 1937-70; Krenek E., Studies in counterpoint, N.

VP Frayonov