Theodor W. Adorno |
Theodor W. Adorno
German philosopher, sociologist, musicologist thiab composer. Nws kawm sau ntawv nrog B. Sekles thiab A. Berg, piano nrog E. Jung thiab E. Steuermann, nrog rau keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag ntawm University of Vienna. Nyob rau hauv 1928-31 nws yog tus editor ntawm Viennese suab paj nruag magazine "Anbruch", nyob rau hauv 1931-33 nws yog ib tug pab xibfwb ntawm University of Frankfurt. Raug ntiab tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv los ntawm Nazis, nws tsiv mus rau Askiv (tom qab 1933), los ntawm 1938 nws nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas, xyoo 1941-49 - hauv Los Angeles (tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb). Tom qab ntawd nws rov qab mus rau Frankfurt, qhov chaw nws yog ib tug xibfwb hauv tsev kawm ntawv, yog ib tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb.
Adorno yog ib tug kws tshaj lij thiab tshaj tawm. Nws philosophical thiab sociological tej hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub kuj musicological kev tshawb fawb. Twb tau nyob rau hauv Adorno cov ntawv thaum ntxov (lig 20s) ib qho kev xav txog kev sib raug zoo tau hais meej meej, uas yog qhov nyuaj, txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo. Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo ntawm Asmeskas kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, qhov kawg ntawm sab ntsuj plig loj hlob ntawm Adorno tuaj, nws cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj tau tsim.
Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv T. Mann ntawm tus kws kho mob tshiab Faustus, Adorno yog nws tus pab thiab tus kws pab tswv yim. Cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov kab ke ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab nws cov lus thuam hauv tshooj 22 ntawm qhov tshiab, nrog rau cov lus hais txog L. Beethoven cov lus suab paj nruag, yog raws li Adorno cov kev tshuaj ntsuam.
Lub tswv yim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev ua yeeb yam suab paj nruag muab tso rau hauv Adorno, kev tsom xam ntawm Western European kab lis kev cai yog devoted rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab sau cov khoom: "Essay on Wagner" (1952), "Prisms" (1955), "Dissonances" (1956), "Introduction to Musical Sociology" (1962) thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lawv, Adorno tshwm raws li ib tug ntse kws tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nws cov kev ntsuam xyuas, uas, txawm li cas los, los rau pessimistic xaus txog txoj hmoo ntawm Western European suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai.
Lub voj voog ntawm cov npe muaj tswv yim hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Adorno yog txwv. Nws tsom ntsoov rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. Schoenberg, A. Berg, A. Webern, tsis tshua hais txog cov neeg sau ntawv tseem ceeb sib npaug. Nws qhov kev tsis lees paub txuas mus rau txhua tus kws sau nkauj hauv txhua txoj kev txuas nrog kev xav ib txwm muaj. Nws tsis kam muab qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo ntawm kev muaj tswv yim txawm tias cov kws sau ntawv loj xws li SS Prokofiev, DD Shostakovich, P. Hindemith, A. Honegger. Nws qhov kev thuam kuj tseem raug coj mus rau tom qab tsov rog avant-gardists, uas Adorno liam rau kev poob ntawm naturalness ntawm cov suab paj nruag thiab cov organic xwm ntawm daim duab kos duab, cohesion ntawm kev suav lej, uas nyob rau hauv kev xyaum ua rau lub suab chaos.
Nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntau dua, Adorno tawm tsam lub npe hu ua "mas" kos duab, uas, hauv nws txoj kev xav, ua haujlwm rau tib neeg kev ua qhev ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Adorno ntseeg tias kev kos duab tiag tiag yuav tsum muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog rau ob qho tib si ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov cuab yeej ntawm lub xeev lub hwj chim uas tswj hwm thiab tswj hwm kev coj noj coj ua. Txawm li cas los xij, kos duab, uas tawm tsam qhov kev tswj hwm, hloov tawm, hauv Adorno txoj kev nkag siab, ua kom nqaim elitist, tragically cais, tua cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj tswv yim hauv nws tus kheej.
Qhov kev tawm tsam no nthuav tawm qhov kev kaw thiab kev cia siab ntawm Adorno lub tswv yim zoo nkauj thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Nws lub tswv yim ntawm kab lis kev cai muaj kev sib txuas nrog lub tswv yim ntawm F. Nietzsche, O. Spengler, X. Ortega y Gasset. Qee qhov ntawm nws cov kev cai tau tsim los ua ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau demagogic "kab lis kev cai txoj cai" ntawm National Socialists. Lub schematism thiab paradoxical xwm ntawm Adorno lub tswvyim tau qhia meej meej hauv nws phau ntawv The Philosophy of New Music (1949), ua los ntawm kev sib piv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. Schoenberg thiab I. Stravinsky.
Schoenberg's expressionism, raws li Adorno, ua rau lub disintegration ntawm lub suab paj nruag daim ntawv, mus rau lub tsis kam ntawm tus composer los tsim ib tug "tiav opus". Ib qho holistic kaw ua hauj lwm ntawm kos duab, raws li Adorno, twb distorts kev muaj tiag los ntawm nws cov orderliness. Los ntawm qhov kev xav no, Adorno thuam Stravinsky's neoclassicism, uas tau liam tias muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej thiab tib neeg, hloov kev kos duab rau hauv kev ntseeg cuav.
Adorno suav hais tias absurd kos duab yog ntuj, ua pov thawj nws lub neej los ntawm inhumanity ntawm lub zej zog uas nws tshwm sim. Kev ua haujlwm tseeb ntawm kev kos duab hauv kev muaj tiag niaj hnub no, raws li Adorno, tuaj yeem tsuas yog qhib "seismogram" ntawm kev poob siab, tsis nco qab impulses thiab tsis meej pem ntawm tus ntsuj plig.
Adorno yog ib txoj cai tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Western suab paj nruag zoo nkauj thiab sociology, ib tug staunch anti-fascist thiab thuam ntawm bourgeois kab lis kev cai. Tab sis, thuam bourgeois kev muaj tiag, Adorno tsis lees txais cov tswv yim ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, lawv tseem yog neeg txawv teb chaws rau nws. Tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau kev ua suab paj nruag ntawm USSR thiab lwm lub tebchaws socialist tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv ntau qhov kev ua yeeb yam los ntawm Adorno.
Nws qhov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam tus qauv tsim thiab kev lag luam ntawm sab ntsuj plig lub neej zoo li ntse, tab sis qhov pib zoo ntawm Adorno lub tswv yim zoo nkauj thiab kev coj noj coj ua yog qhov tsis muaj zog, tsis muaj kev ntseeg ntau dua li qhov pib tseem ceeb. Tsis lees paub ob qho tib si niaj hnub bourgeois ideology thiab socialist ideology, Adorno pom tsis muaj txoj hauv kev tawm ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm niaj hnub bourgeois kev muaj tiag thiab, qhov tseeb, tseem nyob hauv kev tuav ntawm lub tswv yim thiab kev xav txog kev xav txog "peb txoj kev", txog qee yam. "lwm yam" social reality.
Adorno yog tus kws sau suab paj nruag: kev sib hlub thiab kev hu nkauj (rau cov ntawv sau los ntawm S. George, G. Trakl, T. Deubler), tej daim rau orchestra, kev npaj ntawm Fabkis pej xeem nkauj, instrumentation ntawm piano pieces los ntawm R. Schumann, thiab lwm yam.
