Alexander Sergeevich Dargomyzhsky |

Alexander Dargomyzhsky

Dargomyzhsky. "Old Corporal" (Spanish: Fedor Chaliapin)

Kuv tsis xav txo...suab nkauj lom zem. Kuv xav kom lub suab hais ncaj qha rau lo lus. Kuv xav tau qhov tseeb. A. Dargomyzhsky

Thaum pib ntawm xyoo 1835, ib tug tub hluas tau tshwm sim hauv lub tsev ntawm M. Glinka, uas tau los ua ib tus neeg nyiam suab paj nruag. Luv luv, outwardly unremarkable, nws kiag li hloov ntawm lub piano, zoo siab rau cov neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm nws nrog kev ua si dawb thiab zoo heev nyeem ntawv ntawm ib daim ntawv. Nws yog A. Dargomyzhsky, nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej tus loj tshaj plaws sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab classical suab paj nruag. Biography ntawm ob composers muaj ntau yam sib xws. Dargomyzhsky thaum yau thaum yau tau siv rau ntawm nws txiv lub cuab yeej cuab tam tsis deb ntawm Novospassky, thiab nws tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm tib qho xwm txheej thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb txoj kev ntawm lub neej zoo li Glinka. Tab sis nws tuaj rau St. Petersburg thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntxov (tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau lub peev thaum nws muaj 4 xyoos), thiab qhov no tau tso nws lub cim rau kev nyiam ua yeeb yam thiab txiav txim siab nws nyiam suab paj nruag hauv nroog lub neej.

Dargomyzhsky tau txais ib tug homely, tab sis dav thiab ntau yam kev kawm, nyob rau hauv uas paj huam, ua yeeb yam, thiab suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 7 xyoo, nws raug qhia ntaus piano, violin (tom qab ntawd nws tau kawm hu nkauj). Qhov kev ntshaw rau kev sau suab paj nruag tau pom thaum ntxov, tab sis nws tsis tau txhawb nqa los ntawm nws tus kws qhia ntawv A. Danilevsky. Dargomyzhsky ua tiav nws txoj kev kawm pianistic nrog F. Schoberlechner, ib tug tub kawm ntawm tus naas ej I. Hummel, kawm nrog nws nyob rau hauv 1828-31. Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo no, nws feem ntau ua ib tug pianist, koom nyob rau hauv quartet yav tsaus ntuj thiab pom ib tug zuj zus txaus siab nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no Dargomyzhsky tseem yog ib tug amateur. Tsis muaj kev paub txog kev ntseeg txaus, tsis tas li ntawd, tus tub hluas tau plunged taub hau mus rau hauv lub dab ntxwg nyoog ntawm lub neej ntiaj teb, "nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm cov hluas thiab nyob rau hauv claws ntawm pleasures." Muaj tseeb tiag, txawm tias thaum ntawd tsis muaj kev lom zem xwb. Dargomyzhsky mus kawm suab paj nruag thiab sau ntawv yav tsaus ntuj nyob rau hauv lub salons ntawm V. Odoevsky, S. Karamzina, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov kws sau paj lug, artist, artist, musicians. Txawm li cas los xij, nws paub nrog Glinka tau ua tiav kev hloov pauv hauv nws lub neej. "Kev kawm tib yam, tib txoj kev hlub rau kev kos duab tam sim ntawd coj peb los ze zog ... tsis ntev peb tau sib koom ua ke thiab ua phooj ywg nrog siab. ... Rau 22 xyoo ua ke peb tau nyob tas li nyob rau hauv luv luv, feem ntau tus phooj ywg kev sib raug zoo nrog nws, "Dargomyzhsky sau nyob rau hauv ib tug autobiographical sau ntawv.

Nws yog thaum ntawd Dargomyzhsky thawj zaug yeej ntsib cov lus nug ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm composer lub creativity. Nws yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub hnub yug ntawm thawj classical Lavxias teb sab opera "Ivan Susanin", koom nyob rau hauv nws cov theem rehearsals thiab pom nrog nws tus kheej ob lub qhov muag hais tias suab paj nruag yog npaj tsis tsuas yog rau kev zoo siab thiab lom zem. Ua suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub salons raug tso tseg, thiab Dargomyzhsky pib sau nyob rau hauv lub qhov khoob ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag thiab theoretical paub. Rau lub hom phiaj no, Glinka muab Dargomyzhsky 5 phau ntawv uas muaj cov lus qhuab qhia los ntawm German theorist Z. Dehn.

Nyob rau hauv nws thawj qhov kev sim muaj tswv yim, Dargomyzhsky twb pom kev ywj pheej zoo nkauj. Nws tau ntxim nyiam los ntawm cov duab ntawm "kev txaj muag thiab kev txaj muag", nws nrhiav kev rov tsim dua tshiab hauv suab paj nruag ntau yam ntawm tib neeg cov cim, ua rau lawv sov siab nrog nws txoj kev khuv leej thiab kev khuv leej. Tag nrho cov no cuam tshuam qhov kev xaiv ntawm thawj zaj dab neeg opera. Nyob rau hauv 1839 Dargomyzhsky ua tiav lub Opera Esmeralda rau Fabkis libretto los ntawm V. Hugo raws li nws tshiab Notre Dame Cathedral. Nws qhov premiere tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1848, thiab "cov no yim xyoo Kev tos tsis muaj nuj nqis," sau Dargomyzhsky, "ntev lub nra hnyav rau tag nrho kuv cov kev ua yeeb yam."

Qhov tsis ua hauj lwm kuj nrog rau cov hauj lwm tseem ceeb tom ntej - lub cantata "Lub Triumph ntawm Bacchus" (nyob rau ntawm St. A. Pushkin, 1843), reworked nyob rau hauv 1848 rau hauv ib tug opera-ballet thiab staged tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1867. "Esmeralda", uas yog lub Thawj zaug sim ua kom muaj lub siab xav ua yeeb yam "cov neeg me", thiab "Lub Triumph ntawm Bacchus", qhov twg nws tau tshwm sim thawj zaug ua ib feem ntawm kev ua haujlwm loj ntawm cua nrog ingenious Pushkin cov paj huam, nrog rau tag nrho cov imperfections. kauj ruam loj mus rau "Mermaid". Ntau yam romances kuj tau taug kev mus rau nws. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no hom ntawv uas Dargomyzhsky tej yam yooj yim thiab ib txwm mus txog rau sab saum toj. Nws nyiam ua suab paj nruag ua suab paj nruag, mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej nws tau koom nrog pedagogy. "… Tsis tu ncua hais nyob rau hauv lub tuam txhab ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj thiab cov neeg hu nkauj, kuv xyaum tswj kawm ob lub zog thiab khoov ntawm tib neeg lub suab, thiab kev kos duab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam hu nkauj," Dargomyzhsky sau. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, tus composer feem ntau them tribute rau salon lyrics, tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv nws thaum ntxov romances nws los rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub ntsiab ntawm nws ua hauj lwm. Yog li lub suab nkauj vaudeville "Kuv lees txim, txiv ntxawm" (Art. A. Timofeev) cia siab tias yuav muaj cov nkauj zoo nkauj-sketches tom qab; Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm tib neeg txoj kev xav yog embodied nyob rau hauv lub ballad "Vaj Huam Sib Luag" (Art. A. Timofeev), thiaj li hlub tom qab los ntawm VI Lenin. Thaum ntxov 40s. Dargomyzhsky tig mus rau Pushkin cov paj huam, tsim xws li masterpieces xws li romances "Kuv hlub koj", "Cov tub hluas thiab hluas nkauj", "Hmo ntuj marshmallow", "Vertograd". Pushkin cov paj huam tau pab kov yeej cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov style salon rhiab heev, txhawb kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua suab paj nruag ntau dua. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus thiab suab paj nruag tau los ze zog dua, yuav tsum tau rov ua dua tshiab ntawm txhua txoj kev, thiab thawj zaug, suab paj nruag. Lub suab paj nruag intonation, kho qhov nkhaus ntawm tib neeg hais lus, pab ua kom muaj lub ntsej muag tiag tiag, ua neej nyob, thiab qhov no ua rau muaj ntau yam kev sib hlub hauv Dargomyzhsky lub chamber suab ua haujlwm - lyrical-psychological monologues ("Kuv tu siab", ". Ob leeg dhuav thiab tu siab” ntawm St. M. Lermontov), ​​​​theatrical ib hom ntawv nyeem-txhua hnub romances-sketches ("Melnik" ntawm Pushkin chaw nres tsheb).

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm muaj tswv yim ntawm Dargomyzhsky tau ua si los ntawm kev mus txawv tebchaws thaum kawg ntawm 1844 (Berlin, Brussels, Vienna, Paris). Nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog qhov xav tau tsis tuaj yeem "sau hauv Lavxias", thiab xyoo dhau los qhov kev ntshaw no tau dhau los ua kom pom tseeb ntawm kev sib raug zoo, echoing cov tswv yim thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub sijhawm. Cov kev hloov pauv hauv cov teb chaws Europe, nruj ntawm kev tawm tsam kev nom kev tswv hauv Russia, kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis sib haum xeeb, kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm siab heev ntawm Lavxias teb sab, kev txaus siab rau pej xeem lub neej nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov tshwm sim - tag nrho cov no pab mus rau loj hloov nyob rau hauv lub neej. Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, qhov twg los ntawm nruab nrab 40s. lub thiaj li hu ua "natural school" tau tsim. Nws lub ntsiab feature, raws li V. Belinsky, yog "nyob ze thiab ze dua rapprochement nrog lub neej, nrog kev muaj tiag, nyob rau hauv ntau dua thiab ntau dua nyob ze rau kev loj hlob thiab manhood." Cov ntsiab lus thiab cov phiaj xwm ntawm "lub tsev kawm ntawv ntuj" - lub neej ntawm cov chav kawm yooj yim hauv nws lub neej txhua hnub, kev xav ntawm tus neeg me - tau zoo heev nrog Dargomyzhsky, thiab qhov no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm sim hauv Opera "Mermaid", accusatory. romances ntawm lig 50s. ("Npaj", "Titular Advisor", "Old Corporal").

Mermaid, uas Dargomyzhsky ua hauj lwm intermittently los ntawm 1845 mus 1855, qhib ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab opera kos duab. Qhov no yog ib zaj yeeb yaj kiab-kev puas siab puas ntsws txhua hnub, nws cov nplooj ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog txuas ntxiv cov yeeb yaj kiab, qhov twg tib neeg cov cim nkag mus rau hauv kev sib raug zoo tsis sib haum xeeb thiab tau tshwm sim nrog lub zog txaus ntshai. Thawj qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm The Mermaid thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 4, 1856 hauv St. Petersburg tau txhawb cov pej xeem txaus siab, tab sis cov neeg siab tsis hwm lub opera nrog lawv cov kev saib xyuas, thiab cov thawj coj ntawm lub imperial theaters tau kho nws unkindly. Qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv hauv nruab nrab-60s. Rov pib ua raws li kev coj ntawm E. Napravnik, "Mermaid" yog qhov kev vam meej tiag tiag, tau sau tseg los ntawm cov neeg thuam ua lub cim qhia tias "cov kev xav ntawm pej xeem ... tau hloov pauv loj heev." Cov kev hloov pauv no tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab ntawm tag nrho cov huab cua hauv zej zog, kev ywj pheej ntawm txhua yam ntawm pej xeem lub neej. Tus cwj pwm ntawm Dargomyzhsky tau txawv. Xyoo kaum xyoo dhau los, nws txoj cai hauv lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag tau nce ntau, nyob ib puag ncig nws koom ua ke ib pawg tub ntxhais hluas sau los ntawm M. Balakirev thiab V. Stasov. Tus kws sau suab paj nruag thiab kev sib raug zoo kuj tseem muaj zog. Thaum kawg ntawm 50s. Nws koom nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub satirical magazine "Iskra", txij li thaum 1859 nws tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg ntawm lub RMO, koom nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub charter ntawm lub St. Petersburg Conservatory. Yog li ntawd, thaum nyob rau hauv 1864 Dargomyzhsky tau txais ib tug tshiab mus txawv tebchaws txawv teb chaws pej xeem nyob rau hauv nws tus neeg txais tos ib tug loj sawv cev ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai.

Nyob rau hauv lub 60s. nthuav dav ntau yam ntawm kev muaj tswv yim nyiam ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Lub symphonic plays Baba Yaga (1862), Cossack Boy (1864), Chukhonskaya Fantasy (1867) tau tshwm sim, thiab lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov kho hom kev ua yeeb yam tau muaj zog dua. Nws qhov kev siv yog Opera Lub Pob Zeb Guest, uas Dargomyzhsky tau ua hauj lwm rau ob peb xyoos dhau los, feem ntau radical thiab zoo ib yam embodiment ntawm artistic txoj cai tsim los ntawm tus composer: "Kuv xav kom lub suab hais ncaj qha lo lus." Dargomyzhsky renounces ntawm no lub keeb kwm tsim opera cov ntaub ntawv, sau suab paj nruag rau tus thawj cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Pushkin qhov xwm txheej. Lub suab-hais lus intonation plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev ua yeeb yam no, yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev qhia cov cim thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim suab paj nruag. Dargomyzhsky tsis muaj sijhawm los ua kom tiav nws qhov kawg opera, thiab raws li nws lub siab nyiam, nws tau ua tiav los ntawm C. Cui thiab N. Rimsky-Korsakov. "Kuchkists" txaus siab rau txoj haujlwm no. Stasov tau sau txog nws li "kev ua haujlwm txawv tshaj plaw uas dhau mus dhau tag nrho cov kev cai thiab los ntawm tag nrho cov piv txwv," thiab hauv Dargomyzhsky nws pom tus kws sau ntawv ntawm "extraordinary novelty thiab hwj chim, uas tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov suab paj nruag ... thiab Pushkinian. " M. Mussorgsky hu ua Dargomyzhsky yog "tus kws qhia ntawv zoo ntawm suab paj nruag qhov tseeb".

O. Averyanova