Art of troubadours: suab paj nruag thiab paj huam

Lo lus "troubadour" yog txhais los ntawm Provençal lus li "nrhiav", "invent", vim hais tias suab paj nruag thiab nkauj yog ib hom kev nrhiav thiab inventions. Feem ntau troubadours - mus ncig teb chaws musicians - ua lawv tus kheej zaj nkauj thiab tsuas yog ob peb tug, tau tsim ib zaj nkauj, tso siab rau lawv cov kev ua yeeb yam rau ib tug juggler.

Lub zog troubadour tau tshwm sim hauv Provence, thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm "keeb kwm" ntawm Fabkis, tab sis dhau sijhawm nws pib kis mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Fabkis (qhov chaw lawv tom qab hu ua trouvères), thiab tseem nyob hauv Ltalis thiab Spain. Keeb kwm tau khaws cia cov npe ntawm thawj (txheej xwm) troubadours - cov no yog cov tswv xws li Guiraut Riquier, Goselm Fedi, Guiraut de Borneil, Peyre Vidal.

Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb pom zoo tias thawj tus neeg sawv cev hauv daim duab no yog lub npe hu ua "Troubadour". Ua tsaug rau nws cov keeb kwm aristocratic, nws tau txais kev kawm zoo rau lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab, ntseeg nws lossis tsis ntseeg, thaum muaj yim xyoo nws tuaj yeem nyeem, sau ntawv thiab sib txuas lus hauv Latin.

Raws li kev kawm, Guillaume thawj zaj paj huam tau sau thaum muaj hnub nyoog 10, thiab txij li thaum ntawd muse tau nrog rau yav tom ntej tus kws sau paj huam thiab tus hu nkauj zoo. Txawm hais tias tsis txawv los ntawm kev ua tau zoo hauv kev ua tub rog, Duke muaj peev xwm ua si suab paj nruag thiab nyiam seev cev thiab ua yeeb yam. Lub Duke qhov kev mob siab rau zaum kawg coj nws mus rau hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog pawg ntseeg (peb tab tom tham txog lub sijhawm nruab nrab).

Cov kws tshawb fawb sau tseg qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv ntawm nws cov paj huam, thiab yog li ntawd nws ntseeg tau tias nws yog Guillaume uas tau muab lub zog rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm tsis yog cov paj huam ntawm cov troubadours nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog European paj huam.

Nws yog qhov xav paub tias Occitan (hauv lwm lo lus, Provençal) cov lus, uas cov troubadours tau tsim lawv cov haujlwm, tsuas yog cov lus sau nyob hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm Ltalis thiab Spain hauv lub sijhawm nruab nrab.

Leej twg tuaj yeem dhau los ua troubadour?

Ntawm cov troubadours muaj ntau tus neeg kawm ntawv zoo. Feem ntau, troubadours dhau los ua cov neeg txo hwj chim uas tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm - cov thawj coj loj feudal. Cov tswv nto moo thiab cov poj niam ntawm Provence thiab Languedoc tau nrhiav kev txhawb nqa cov neeg txawj ntse uas tau txawj ntse hauv kev kos duab ntawm troubadours. Cov kws ntaus nkauj hauv tsev hais plaub thaum lub sijhawm ntawd yuav tsum muaj cov txuj ci hauv qab no:

• ua si tej twj paj nruag;
• sau paj huam impromptu rau cov neeg siab dua;
• khaws cov xov xwm tshiab kawg ntawm lub tsev hais plaub.

Lwm cov npe nrov troubadours

Ntxiv rau qhov uas twb tau hais lawm Guillaume Aquinas, Cov Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab Tebchaws Europe tau muab tso rau ntau lub npe ntawm cov neeg nto moo troubadours:

• - ib tug troubadour, uas nws paj huam yog tag nrho ntawm sensuality thiab adventurism, ib tug nto moo improviser ntawm kev hlub canzones thiab nom tswv sirvents (cov no yog cov hom ntawm troubadour creativity).
• - Fabkis trouvere uas tau koom nrog Crusades. Tsuas yog qee qhov ntawm nws cov paj huam tau muaj sia nyob - feem ntau hauv tsev hais plaub canzones, cov nkauj nyob hauv camp thiab satires.
• - tus tub ntawm ib tug tub qhe zoo tib yam, uas tau los ua ib tug kws sau paj huam nto moo ntawm nws lub sij hawm (XII caug xyoo), nyob rau hauv nws cov paj huam nws hu nkauj ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab kev hlub raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws.

Nto moo troubadours tsis yog txiv neej nkaus xwb; Hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog tseem muaj cov poj niam kws sau paj huam - tam sim no muaj 17 tus poj niam paub txog poj niam troubadours. Lub npe ntawm thawj ntawm lawv yog

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv kev kos duab ntawm troubadours

Nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, lub thiaj li hu ua courtly paj huam ntawm cov troubadours tshwm sim - knightly paj huam, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug hlub, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm coj cwj pwm coj ncaj ncees rau ib tug poj niam yog cultivated. Nws tau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus xws li ib qho zoo tagnrho, piv rau cov duab ntawm Madonna, tib lub sij hawm peb tab tom tham txog ib tug poj niam ntawm lub siab uas yuav tsum tau qhuas thiab hlub nrog kev hlub platonic.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm xws li ib tug poj niam ntawm lub siab yog feem ntau ua si los ntawm ib tug poj niam sib yuav, thiab feem ntau ntev chanting ntawm tus poj niam zoo nkauj yog qhov tseeb prelude rau intimacy, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev cai thiab lub moj khaum; kev sib tham ntev hauv cov ntsiab lus kab lis kev cai no txhais tau tias muaj xwm txheej siab rau tus neeg foob.

Kev ntseeg ntawm tus poj niam zoo nkauj tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau tus cwj pwm ntawm cov poj niam, vim hais tias ua ntej lub tsev teev ntuj tau nthuav tawm cov poj niam txiv neej tsuas yog qhov chaw yug me nyuam rau kev txhaum thiab kev ua phem. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua tsaug rau kev coj noj coj ua, kev hlub kev sib yuav pib tshwm sim.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm troubadour art rau suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai

Kev kos duab ntawm troubadours tiag tiag cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm European kab lis kev cai hauv kev dav dav thiab suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb. Cov suab paj nruag tsim los ntawm troubadours cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob Minnezaga - German knightly paj huam. Thaum xub thawj, cov minnesingers tsuas yog npog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov troubadours, thiab me ntsis tom qab hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees lawv tsim ib hom suab paj nruag creativity - minnesang (cov lus no txhais tau tias "kev hlub song")

Koj yuav tsum paub txog qee yam tshwj xeeb uas tau tsim hauv cov suab paj nruag ntawm troubadours:

• pastoral - qhov no yog ib hom nkauj, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nkauj no feem ntau yog unpretentious: ib tug tub rog hais lus nrog tus tswv yug yaj yooj yim, thiab, tsis zoo li cov paj huam hais lus, tsis tuaj yeem hais lus siab; nyob rau hauv lub guise ntawm flirting, tsuas yog cov teeb meem ntawm "kev hlub ntawm lub cev nqaij daim tawv" yog tham.
• Alba yog ib zaj nkauj uas qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov neeg nyiam sib koom thaum sawv ntxov yog poeticized: lawv yuav tsum koom nrog, tej zaum mus ib txhis (tus tub rog tuaj yeem tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua) nrog kev tuaj txog ntawm kaj ntug.
• lub canzona - ib zaj nkauj hlub hais rau ib tug ntxhais, tab sis qee zaum lub suab nkauj ntawm canzona tsuas yog qhia txog kev hwm rau tus thawj tswj hwm, ntxhais lossis phooj ywg; Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub canzona yuav ua tau los ntawm ob peb knights ib zaug.