Paul Hindemith |

Paul Hindemith

Peb txoj hmoo yog lub suab paj nruag ntawm tib neeg tsim thiab mloog ntsiag to rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Summon the minds of deb generations Rau ib pluag mov ntawm sab ntsuj plig. G. Hesse

P. Hindemith yog tus kws sau nkauj German loj tshaj plaws, yog ib qho kev lees paub ntawm cov suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Ua tus cwj pwm ntawm thoob ntiaj teb teev (tus neeg coj, viola thiab viola d'amore ua yeeb yam, suab paj nruag theorist, publicist, kws sau paj lug - tus sau cov ntawv ntawm nws tus kheej tej hauj lwm) - Hindemith yog ib yam nkaus li universal nyob rau hauv nws composing kev ua si. Tsis muaj ib hom suab paj nruag thiab hom suab paj nruag uas yuav tsis raug them los ntawm nws txoj haujlwm - nws yog ib qho kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj lossis kev ua yeeb yam rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv preschool, suab paj nruag rau kev sim siv hluav taws xob lossis cov khoom siv rau cov hlua qub. Tsis muaj cov cuab yeej zoo li no uas yuav tsis tshwm sim hauv nws cov haujlwm ua tus soloist thiab nws tsis tuaj yeem ua si nws tus kheej (rau, raws li kev kawm, Hindemith yog ib qho ntawm ob peb tus kws sau nkauj uas tuaj yeem ua tau yuav luag txhua qhov hauv nws cov qhab nia orchestral, yog li ntawd. - ruaj khov rau nws lub luag haujlwm ntawm "txhua tus neeg ntaus suab paj nruag" - Tag nrho-round-musiker). Tus kws sau suab paj nruag nws tus kheej, uas tau nqus ntau yam kev sim ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, kuj tau cim los ntawm kev muaj siab rau kev sib koom ua ke. thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm tas li maj mus rau lub hauv paus pib - mus rau JS Bach, tom qab - rau J. Brahms, M. Reger thiab A. Bruckner. Hindemith txoj kev muaj tswv yim yog txoj hauv kev ntawm kev yug los ntawm ib qho tshiab classic: los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov hluas mus rau qhov kev xav loj thiab kev xav ntawm nws cov credo artistic.

Qhov pib ntawm Hindemith txoj haujlwm ua ke nrog rau xyoo 20s. - ib daim kab xev ntawm kev tshawb fawb hnyav hauv European kos duab. Cov kev qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov xyoo no (cov yeeb yaj kiab The Killer, Kev Cia Siab ntawm Cov Poj Niam, raws li cov ntawv sau los ntawm O. Kokoschka) kuj sai sai muab txoj hauv kev rau cov lus tshaj tawm txog kev hlub. Grotesque, parody, caustic ridicule ntawm tag nrho cov pathos (opera Xov xwm ntawm lub hnub), kev koom tes nrog jazz, lub suab nrov thiab rhythms ntawm lub nroog loj (piano suite 1922) - txhua yam tau koom ua ke raws li cov lus tshaj tawm - "down with romanticism. ” Cov tub ntxhais hluas composer qhov kev pab cuam ntawm kev txiav txim yog unequivocally reflected nyob rau hauv nws tus sau cov lus, zoo li ib tug uas nrog rau qhov kawg ntawm lub viola Sonata op. 21 #1: “Lub pace yog frantic. Kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub suab yog qhov tseem ceeb thib ob. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tom qab ntawd neoclassical orientation dominated nyob rau hauv lub complex spectrum ntawm kev tshawb fawb stylistic. Rau Hindemith, neoclassicism tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam kev coj ua, tab sis saum toj no tag nrho cov txheej txheem muaj tswv yim, kev tshawb fawb rau "daim ntawv muaj zog thiab zoo nkauj" (F. Busoni), qhov xav tau los tsim cov qauv kev xav ruaj khov thiab txhim khu kev qha, yos rov qab. mus rau cov qub tswv.

Los ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 20s. Thaum kawg tsim tus kheej style ntawm tus composer. Qhov hnyav ntawm Hindemith lub suab paj nruag muab qhov laj thawj los piv nws rau "cov lus ntawm cov ntoo engraving." Kev taw qhia txog cov suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm Baroque, uas tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm Hindemith's neoclassical passions, tau qhia nyob rau hauv dav siv txoj kev polyphonic. Fugues, passacaglia, cov txheej txheem ntawm linear polyphony saturate compositions ntawm ntau yam. Ntawm lawv yog lub suab hu ua "Lub Neej ntawm Mary" (ntawm R. Rilke qhov chaw nres tsheb), nrog rau kev ua yeeb yam "Cardillac" (raws li zaj dab neeg luv luv los ntawm TA Hoffmann), qhov uas tus nqi ntawm cov suab paj nruag txoj cai ntawm kev loj hlob yog. Pom tau tias yog qhov sib npaug rau Wagnerian "suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam". Nrog rau lub npe ua haujlwm rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsim ntawm Hindemith ntawm 20s. (Yog, tej zaum, thiab feem ntau, nws qhov kev tsim zoo tshaj plaws) suav nrog cov voj voog ntawm cov suab paj nruag chamber - sonatas, ensembles, concertos, qhov twg tus composer lub ntuj predisposition los xav nyob rau hauv purely suab paj nruas tswv yim pom lub feem ntau fertile av.

Hindemith txoj haujlwm ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov cuab yeej cuab tam yog sib cais los ntawm nws cov duab ua yeeb yam. Raws li ib tug violist thiab cov tswv cuab ntawm lub npe nrov L. Amar quartet, tus kws sau nkauj tau muab concerts hauv ntau lub teb chaws (xws li USSR xyoo 1927). Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo ntawd, nws yog tus organizer ntawm lub festivals ntawm tshiab chamber suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv Donaueschingen, tshwm sim los ntawm cov novelties uas suab nyob rau ntawd thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm txhais cov huab cua ntawm lub festivals raws li ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub suab paj nruag avant-garde.

Hauv 30s. Hindemith txoj hauj lwm gravitates mus rau ntau dua clarity thiab stability: lub ntuj tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm "sludge" ntawm kev sim tam sim no uas tau seething txog tam sim no tau ntsib los ntawm tag nrho cov European suab paj nruag. Rau Hindemith, cov tswv yim ntawm Gebrauchsmusik, suab paj nruag ntawm lub neej txhua hnub, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm no. Los ntawm ntau hom kev nyiam ua suab paj nruag, tus kws sau nkauj tau npaj los tiv thaiv kev poob ntawm cov neeg mloog los ntawm kev muaj tswv yim niaj hnub no. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev tuav pov hwm tus kheej tam sim no tsis yog nws qhov kev thov thiab kev qhia ntawv xwb. Cov tswv yim ntawm kev sib txuas lus thiab kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo raws li suab paj nruag tsis tawm ntawm German tus tswv thaum tsim cov ntsiab lus ntawm "high style" - ib yam li txog thaum kawg nws tuav txoj kev ntseeg ntawm kev zoo siab ntawm cov neeg nyiam kos duab, uas "cov neeg phem muaj. tsis muaj zaj nkauj” (“Bose Menschen haben keine Lleder”).

Kev tshawb nrhiav lub hom phiaj ntawm lub hauv paus rau kev tsim suab paj nruag, muaj lub siab xav ua kom nkag siab thiab ua pov thawj txoj cai nyob mus ib txhis ntawm suab paj nruag, vim nws lub cev, kuj tau coj mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib haum xeeb, cov lus sib npaug ntawm Hindemith. Qhov no yog li cas "Cov Lus Qhia rau Kev Sau" (1936-41) tau yug los - cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Hindemith, tus kws tshawb fawb thiab kws qhia ntawv.

Tab sis, tej zaum, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog vim li cas rau tus kws sau ntawv tawm ntawm qhov kev txaus siab ntawm tus kheej qhov kev xav ntawm lub xyoo thaum ntxov yog cov haujlwm tshiab muaj tswv yim super. Hindemith txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig tau txhawb nqa los ntawm huab cua ntawm 30s. - qhov teeb meem nyuaj thiab txaus ntshai ntawm fascist lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas yuav tsum tau tus kws ua yeeb yam los txhawb nqa txhua yam kev coj ncaj ncees. Nws tsis yog coincidence uas lub opera The Painter Mathis (1938) tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, kev ua yeeb yam sib sib zog nqus uas tau pom los ntawm ntau tus neeg ncaj qha nrog qhov tshwm sim (kev sib koom siab tau tshwm sim, piv txwv li, los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov kub hnyiab ntawm qhov chaw. Lutheran cov phau ntawv ntawm lub khw square hauv Mainz). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm nws tus kheej zoo li cuam tshuam - tus kws kos duab thiab tib neeg, tsim los ntawm cov lus dab neeg ntawm Mathis Grunewald. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas Hindemith's opera raug txwv los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm fascist thiab tsis ntev nws pib nws lub neej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug symphony ntawm tib lub npe (3 feem ntawm nws yog hu ua cov paintings ntawm lub Isenheim Altarpiece, pleev xim rau los ntawm Grunewald: "Concert of Angels" , “Lub Entombment”, “Lub Temptations ntawm St. Anthony”).

Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb nrog fascist dictatorship tau los ua qhov laj thawj rau tus kws sau ntawv ntev thiab tsis tuaj yeem tsiv teb tsaws chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau ntau xyoo nyob deb ntawm nws lub tebchaws (tsuas yog hauv Switzerland thiab Asmeskas), Hindemith tseem muaj tseeb rau cov kev cai qub ntawm German suab paj nruag, nrog rau nws txoj kev xaiv tus kws sau nkauj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom qab tsov rog, nws tau txuas ntxiv muab qhov nyiam rau cov cuab yeej cuab tam (Symphonic Metamorphoses ntawm Weber's Themes, Pittsburgh thiab Serena symphonies, sonatas tshiab, ensembles, thiab concertos tau tsim). Hindemith txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm xyoo tas los no yog lub suab nkauj "Harmony of the World" (1957), uas tau tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm tib lub npe (uas qhia txog kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm tus astronomer I. Kepler thiab nws txoj hmoo nyuaj) . Cov muaj pes tsawg leeg xaus nrog ib tug majestic passacaglia, depicting ib puag ncig seev cev ntawm saum ntuj ceeb tsheej lub cev thiab symbolizing kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub ntug.

Kev ntseeg hauv qhov kev sib haum xeeb-txawm tias muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm lub neej tiag tiag-ua rau tag nrho cov neeg sau ua haujlwm tom qab. Cov lus qhuab qhia-tiv thaiv kab mob suab hauv nws ntau thiab ntau insistently. Nyob rau hauv Lub Ntiaj Teb Composer (1952), Hindemith tshaj tawm kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm niaj hnub "kev lom zem kev lag luam" thiab, ntawm qhov tod tes, ntawm cov elitist technocracy ntawm qhov tseeb avant-garde suab paj nruag, sib npaug sib ntaus sib tua, hauv nws lub tswv yim, rau lub siab tiag tiag ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. . Hindemith txoj kev saib xyuas tau pom tseeb cov nqi. Nws cov suab paj nruag style yog los ntawm 50s. qee zaum fraught nrog kev kawm qib siab; tsis pub dawb los ntawm didactics thiab kev tawm tsam tseem ceeb ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Thiab tseem, nws yog qhov tseeb hauv qhov kev ntshaw rau kev sib haum xeeb, uas tab tom ntsib - ntxiv rau, hauv Hindemith tus kheej lub suab paj nruag - lub zog loj ntawm kev tawm tsam, uas lub ntsiab kev coj ncaj ncees thiab zoo nkauj " paj hlwb" ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsim ntawm tus tswv German lus dag. Ntawm no nws tseem ua raws li Bach zoo, teb tib lub sijhawm rau tag nrho cov lus nug "mob" ntawm lub neej.

T. sab laug

• Opera ua hauj lwm ntawm Hindemith →