Suab paj nruag kev kawm |

Lub hom phiaj thiab systematic. suab paj nruag kev loj hlob. kab lis kev cai, suab paj nruag peev xwm ntawm ib tug neeg, kev kawm nyob rau hauv nws lub siab lub ntsws teb rau suab paj nruag, kev nkag siab thiab kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus. M. v. muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib kis ntawm kev sib raug zoo-keeb kwm. kev paub suab paj nruag. kev ua ub no ntawm cov tiam tshiab, nws suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kev qhia ntawv thiab suab paj nruag. Owls. theory of suab paj nruag.-aesthetic. upbringing yog txawv los ntawm kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv muaj peev xwm ntawm tsim muses. muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv ntau hom neeg. M. xyoo pua, nqa tawm hauv kev kawm dav dav. tsev kawm ntawv, kindergarten thiab lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv sab nraud los ntawm kev hu nkauj. hu nkauj, ntaus suab paj nruag, mloog suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag. kev nyeem ntawv, pab tsim lub ntiaj teb kev pom, kos duab. views thiab saj, kev kawm ntawm kev xav thiab kev coj ncaj ncees zoo ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Soviet. Owl kev tshawb fawb. Cov kws kho mob hlwb (AN Leontiev, BM Teplov, GS Kostyuk, VN Myasishchev) tau pom tias kev tsim cov paj nruag nyiam nyob ntawm ntau yam. yam uas cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg. Ntawm lawv: cov yam ntxwv hnub nyoog, tus kheej typological. cov ntaub ntawv, uas twb muaj lawm kev xaav ntawm suab paj nruag. foob; social-demographic nta cuam tshuam nrog cov kev tshwj xeeb ntawm tus neeg nyob hauv ib puag ncig thaj chaw, nws txoj haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. M. v. muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm hauv kev kos duab, ua suab paj nruag. Kev siv qee yam suab paj nruag. intonation hloov raws sijhawm. Yog li ntawd, daim ntawv ntawm M. caug xyoo. nyob ntawm txhua hnub "suab paj nruag. cua” nyob ib puag ncig tus neeg mloog.

Txij thaum ancient sij hawm, suab paj nruag tau siv los qhia cov tub ntxhais hluas. Nws qhov tseem ceeb tau txiav txim siab los ntawm cov haujlwm dav dav ntawm kev kawm, uas tau muab tso rau hauv txhua lub sijhawm hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov menyuam yaus ntawm qee lub zej zog. chav kawm, vaj tse lossis pab pawg. Hauv Is Nrias teb, ib zaj dab neeg paub, tus phab ej uas nrhiav kev ua tiav lub yeeb koob thiab kev hlub tshua ntawm cov vajtswv, kawm kev kos duab ntawm kev hu nkauj los ntawm cov noog txawj ntse - "Tus phooj ywg ntawm Nkauj", txij li kev paub txog kev hu nkauj txhais tau tias tshem tawm. ntawm kev xav phem thiab kev ntshaw. Nyob rau hauv ancient Is Nrias teb, muaj views, raws li lub Crimean suab paj nruag thiab M. xyoo pua. pab txhawb rau kev ua tiav ntawm piety, wealth, muab kev zoo siab. Cov kev xav tau raug tsim los rau cov suab paj nruag tsim los cuam tshuam rau tib neeg ntawm qee lub hnub nyoog. Yog li, rau cov menyuam yaus, cov suab paj nruag zoo siab ntawm qhov nrawm tau suav hais tias muaj txiaj ntsig, rau cov hluas - qhov nruab nrab, rau cov neeg laus laus - hauv qhov qeeb, ntsiag to thiab solemn. Hauv cov suab paj nruag treatises ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm Ancient East, nws tau hais tias M. c. Nws yog hu ua kom sib npaug ntawm kev tsim txiaj, txhim kho tib neeg, kev ncaj ncees, kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev ncaj ncees rau tib neeg. M. cov lus nug nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thaum ub tau nyob rau hauv lub xeev txoj cai. txhais tau tias. qhov chaw lawv nyob hauv ethics. cov lus qhia ntawm lwm tus whales. philosopher Confucius (551-479 BC). Nws tau ua suab paj nruag rau kev tswj hwm nruj, txuas ntxiv mus rau M. v. lub xeev-kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev pom, txwv tsis pub kev ua suab paj nruag mus nrhiav lub hom phiaj uas tsis yog kev kawm ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees. Lub tswv yim no tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm Confucius - Mencius thiab Xunzi. hauv 4c. BC e. Confucian kev qhia txog suab paj nruag raug thuam los ntawm Utopian philosopher Mo-tzu, uas tawm tsam kev tawm tsam kev siv suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag.

Nyob rau hauv antique aesthetics yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev ywj pheej. Lub kaw lus ntawm kev kawm yog suab paj nruag, uas tau siv los ua kev sib haum xeeb. kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej. Cov lus nug M. century. hauv Dr. tim Nkij teb chaws tau muab cais tawm. Nco tseg: hauv Arcadia, txhua tus pej xeem hnub nyoog qis dua 30 xyoo yuav tsum tau kawm hu nkauj thiab seev cev; hauv Sparta, Thebes thiab Athens - kawm ua si aulos, koom nrog pawg hu nkauj (qhov no tau suav tias yog lub luag haujlwm dawb ceev). M. v. nyob rau hauv Sparta nws muaj ib tug pronounced tub rog siv cim. “Muaj qee yam ua siab loj rau hauv Spartan cov nkauj lawv tus kheej, ua rau muaj kev txaus siab thiab hu rau feats…” (Plutarch, Comparative Biography, St. Petersburg, 1892, Lycurgus, 144).

Nyob rau hauv Dr. Greece M. v. yog tus saib xyuas ntawm private music thiab gymnastics. tsev kawm ntawv. Kev kawm suab paj nruag them rau cov menyuam hnub nyoog 7 txog 16 xyoo; nws suav nrog kev kawm ntawv, kos duab, thiab kev tshawb fawb. Lub hauv paus ntawm M. xyoo pua. yog cov hu nkauj. hu nkauj, ntaus suab paj nruag, lyre thiab cithara. Kev hu nkauj tau zoo sib xws nrog kev tsim suab paj nruag thiab muaj ib txoj haujlwm ntawm kev npaj cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas hu nkauj rau kev koom tes hauv kev sib tw (agons) cuam tshuam nrog cov hnub so haujlwm. Cov Greeks tau tsim cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm "ethos", uas tau lees paub lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev kawm ntawm muses. foob. Nyob rau hauv Dr. Rome nyob rau hauv tus account. tsev kawm ntawv, hu nkauj thiab ntaus twj paj nruag tsis tau qhia. Qhov no tau suav hais tias yog ib qho teeb meem ntiag tug thiab qee zaum ntsib kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, uas qee zaum yuam cov neeg Loos los qhia suab paj nruag rau menyuam yaus hauv kev zais cia.

Muses. pedagogy ntawm cov neeg nyob ze thiab Middle East, raws li zoo raws li muses. kos duab, tsim nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam cov encroachments ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv Muslim txiv plig, uas tau sim nyob rau hauv vain los txwv cov kev ua ub no ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv no cheeb tsam ntawm artistic creativity thiab kev kawm ntawv.

Peb-xyoo pua. kev foob, nrog rau tag nrho Hnub Wednesday. kab lis kev cai, tsim nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm Tswv Yexus. pawg ntseeg. Cov tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub monasteries, qhov twg suab paj nruag nyob ib qho chaw tseem ceeb. Ntawm no cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev npaj theoretical thiab tswv yim. Churchmen (Clement of Alexandria, Basil the Great, Cyprian, Tertullian) ntseeg hais tias suab paj nruag, zoo li txhua yam kev kos duab, yuav tsum tau ua. hauj lwm. Nws lub hom phiaj yog los ua ib qho kev ntxias uas ua rau cov lus ntawm Vaj Lug Kub nyiam thiab siv tau. Qhov no yog ib sab ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub Koom Txoos. MV, leej twg tsis coj nar. suab paj nruag, uas tau lees paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hu nkauj. Los ntawm M. mus. cov khoom zoo nkauj yuav luag raug tshem tawm; qhov kev txaus siab ntawm lub suab paj nruag tau suav tias yog kev pom zoo rau qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th suab paj nruag tau tsim. Renaissance Pedagogy. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, kev txaus siab rau suab paj nruag. art-woo sawv ntawm lwm qhov kev thov ceev ntawm tus neeg tshiab. Cov chav kawm hauv suab paj nruag thiab paj huam, suab paj nruag thiab antique. lit-roy, suab paj nruag thiab painting txuas nrog tib neeg decomp. lub voj voog suav nrog hauv suab paj nruag thiab poetic. commonwealth – Academy. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv nto moo rau Zenflu (1530), M. Luther extolled suab paj nruag tshaj sciences thiab lwm yam txuj ci thiab muab tso rau hauv thawj qhov chaw tom qab kev ntseeg; suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai ntawm lub sij hawm no tau mus txog ib tug txhais tau tias. vam meej hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov tseem ceeb heev tau txuas nrog rau kev kawm hu nkauj. Tom qab ntawd, JJ Rousseau, pib los ntawm thesis txog kev phom sij ntawm kev vam meej, txaus siab rau kev hu nkauj ua qhov ua tiav tag nrho ntawm muses. kev xav uas txawm tias tus neeg siab phem muaj. Nyob rau hauv pedagogical tus tshiab "Emil" Rousseau hais tias kev kawm, incl. thiab suab paj nruag, los ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau thov los ntawm tus phab ej uas nws tus kheej tsim cov nkauj. Rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev hnov ​​lus, nws qhia kom meej meej hais cov lus. Tus kws qhia ntawv yuav tsum tau sim ua kom tus me nyuam lub suab txawm, hloov tau thiab sonorous, accustom lub pob ntseg mus rau lub suab paj nruag thiab sib haum xeeb. Txhawm rau ua kom cov lus suab paj nruag nkag mus rau cov neeg coob coob, Rousseau tau tsim lub tswv yim ntawm cov cim digital. Lub tswv yim no muaj cov thwjtim nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws (piv txwv li, P. Galen, E. Sheve, N. Pari - hauv Fabkis; LN Tolstoy thiab SI Miropolsky - hauv tebchaws Russia; I. Schultz thiab B. Natorp - hauv Tebchaws Yelemees). Pedagogical Rousseau cov tswv yim tau coj los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees. Lawv tau qhia txog kev kawm ntawm bunks rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv. nkauj, thiab tsis yog pawg ntseeg xwb. hu nkauj, qhia ntaus nkauj. instruments, them nyiaj mloog mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm arts. saj, etc.

Nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub 18-19 centuries. M.'s system of century. yog raws li cov chav kawm thiab kev xaiv vaj tse, hauv nws lub koom haum txhais tau tias. qhov chaw tau koom nrog kev pib ua haujlwm ntiag tug. Lub xeev officially nyob aloof los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub muses. kev kawm thiab kev loj hlob. Raws li txoj cai ntawm lub xeev lub cev, tshwj xeeb yog Min-va kev kawm, tsuas muaj ib cheeb tsam M. ntawm xyoo pua. thiab kev kawm - hu nkauj hauv kev kawm dav dav. tsev kawm ntawv. Hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem pib, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pej xeem, kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kev kawm tau coj tus cwj pwm thiab ua ke nrog kev ntseeg. kev kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm kev hu nkauj feem ntau yog cov regent. M. lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv. raug txo mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev txawj ntse uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus hu nkauj nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab lub tsev teev ntuj. hu nkauj. Yog li ntawd, kev tsom mus rau kev cob qhia ntawm pawg hu nkauj. hu nkauj. Kev hu nkauj tsis raug yuam hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab. program, thiab tau tsim nyob ntawm seb qhov kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv nws ntawm lub tsev kawm kev coj noj coj ua.

Nyob rau hauv noble kaw uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov poj niam, Mv muaj ib tug dav kev pab cuam, ntxiv rau choral (lub tsev teev ntuj thiab secular) thiab solo hu nkauj, ntawm no lawv qhia ntaus piano. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tau ua rau tus nqi thiab tsis tau ua txhua qhov chaw.

Hais txog M. v. raws li ib qho ntawm txoj kev zoo nkauj. kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub xeev teev, cov lus nug tsis tau tsa, txawm hais tias qhov xav tau ntawm qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cov muses. kab lis kev cai. Hu nkauj cov kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv nrhiav kom nthuav dav thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia thiab kev kawm los ntawm suab paj nruag. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm ntau yam luam tawm thaum lub sij hawm txheej txheem. cov txiaj ntsig.

Kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab. txoj kev xav ntawm M. xyoo pua. hais txog 60s. 19th century Societies. kev txav ntawm lub sijhawm no coj mus rau qhov sawv ntawm Rus. pedagogical science. Ib txhij los ntawm Petersburg. dawb suab paj nruag pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub conservatory. tsev kawm ntawv (1862) nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm. MA Balakireva thiab hu nkauj. conductor G. Ya. Lom zem. Hauv 60-80s. tshwm theoretical. tej hauj lwm uas nteg lub hauv paus. teeb meem suab paj nruag. pedagogy. Hauv phau ntawv. "Ntawm Kev Kawm Suab Nkauj ntawm Cov Neeg nyob hauv Russia thiab Western Europe" (2nd ed., 1882) SI Miropolsky tau ua pov thawj qhov tsim nyog thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm kev kos duab thoob ntiaj teb. Cov lus nug M. century. nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los yog lwm yam, ua hauj lwm los ntawm AN Karasev, PP Mironositsky, AI Puzyrevsky. Hauv phau ntawv. "Txoj kev ntawm tsev kawm ntawv choral hu nkauj nrog rau kev xyaum, xyoo 1" (1907) DI Zarin tau sau tseg tias kev hu nkauj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv, ntawm lawv txoj kev nco qab, kev nco, kev xav, ntawm lawv lub siab nyiam, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev. Nws ua raws los ntawm qhov no hais tias suab paj nruag (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hu nkauj) tuaj yeem ua ntau txoj hauv kev rau kev kawm, thiab nws lub hwj chim captures qhov tob tshaj plaws ntawm sab hauv. ntiaj teb neeg. Muaj ntau xim rau nkauj. VF Odoevsky tau mloog zoo rau kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj nyob rau hauv Russia taw tes hais tias M. v. yuav tsum tau raws li nyob rau hauv txhua txhua txoj kev ntawm lub suab paj nruag. kev xyaum, kev txhim kho kev hnov ​​​​lus sab hauv, kev sib koom tes ntawm kev hnov ​​​​lus thiab hu nkauj. Ntau pab tau rau M. xyoo pua. VV Stasov thiab AN Serov. DI Pisarev thiab LN Tolstoy thuam cov dogmatism thiab scholasticism uas dominates M. century. Tolstoy hais tias, "Yuav kom txoj kev qhia suab paj nruag tawm ntawm cov cim thiab tau txais kev txaus siab," Tolstoy hais tias, "yuav tsum tau qhia kev kos duab txij thaum pib, thiab tsis muaj peev xwm hu nkauj thiab ua si ..." (Sobr. soch., vol. 8, 1936, p. 121).

Ib qho kev nthuav dav hauv kev coj ua ntawm M. xyoo pua. Nyob rau hauv 1905-17, txoj hauj lwm ntawm VN Shatskaya tshwm nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam txoj hauj lwm colony "Zoo siab lub neej" thiab nyob rau hauv kindergarten ntawm lub "Children's Labor thiab so" Society. Cov me nyuam ntawm "Zoo siab lub neej" colony tau pab sau suab paj nruag. impressions, instilled thiab consolidated qhov xav tau kev sib txuas lus nrog cov lus thov, nkag siab nws essence.

Cov kev hloov pauv hauv M. xyoo pua. tshwm sim tom qab Lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917. Ua ntej lub Soviet. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau teeb tsa txoj haujlwm - tsis yog tsuas yog muab kev paub thiab qhia, tab sis kuj tseem qhia kev qhia thiab txhim kho kev xav zoo. Kev kawm ua haujlwm ntawm M. caug xyoo. intertwined nrog cov suab paj nruag thiab kev kawm, uas yog ntuj, txij li thaum nyob rau hauv thawj post-revolutionary xyoo nyob rau hauv orbit ntawm M. caug xyoo. koom nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm loj tshaj plaws.

Nws tau los ua qhov kev coj ua ntawm txoj haujlwm paub zoo ntawm K. Marx ntawm kev xav tau kev kos duab. ntiaj teb kev tshawb nrhiav. “Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kos duab…,” Marx tau sau hais tias, “tsim ib tug neeg uas nkag siab txog kev kos duab thiab muaj peev xwm txaus siab rau kev zoo nkauj” (K. Marx and F. Engels, On Art, vol. 1, 1967, p. 129). Marx piav txog nws txoj kev xav ntawm tus qauv suab paj nruag: “Tsuas yog suab paj nruag awakens lub suab paj nruag ntawm ib tug neeg; rau lub pob ntseg uas tsis yog suab paj nruag, cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj tshaj plaws tsis muaj qab hau, nws tsis yog khoom rau nws…” (ibid., p. 127). VI Lenin tsis tu ncua hais txog qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm tus noog tshiab. kab lis kev cai nrog cov cuab yeej cuab tam nplua nuj ntawm yav dhau los.

Los ntawm thawj xyoo ntawm Soviet M. lub hwj chim tsim los ntawm Lenin lub tswv yim ntawm loj kos duab. kev kawm ntawm cov neeg. VI Lenin, hauv kev sib tham nrog K. Zetkin, qhia meej meej txog cov haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab, thiab yog li ntawd, ntawm kev kos duab: "Art belongs rau cov neeg. Nws yuav tsum muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav tob tshaj plaws hauv qhov tob heev ntawm cov haujlwm dav dav. Nws yuav tsum to taub los ntawm cov pawg neeg no thiab hlub los ntawm lawv. Nws yuav tsum sib sau ua ke qhov kev xav, kev xav thiab lub siab nyiam ntawm cov neeg coob coob, tsa lawv. Nws yuav tsum tsa cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv lawv thiab txhim kho lawv” (K. Zetkin, los ntawm phau ntawv: “Memories of Lenin”, in collection: Lenin VI, On Literature and Art, 1967, p. 583).

Xyoo 1918, lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag tau tsim. Department of the People's Commissariat for Education (MUZO). Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kom paub cov neeg ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm muses. kab lis kev cai. Thawj thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsev kawm suab paj nruag tau suav nrog hauv tus account. txoj kev npaj “raws li qhov tsim nyog ntawm kev kawm dav dav ntawm cov menyuam yaus, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib npaug nrog rau txhua yam kev kawm” (Resolution of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Education of July 25, 1918). Ib tug account tshiab tau yug los. kev qhuab qhia thiab, tib lub sij hawm, ib tug tshiab system ntawm M. xyoo pua. Lub tsev kawm ntawv pib ua pej xeem, kiv puag ncig. nkauj, productions classics. Muaj nuj nqis loj hauv pawg M. qhov system ntawm xyoo pua. tau txuas nrog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev xaav ntawm cov suab paj nruag, muaj peev xwm nkag siab nws. Ib qho tshiab ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag thiab kev loj hlob tau pom, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm M. xyoo pua. suav nrog kev tsim tus cwj pwm zoo nkauj rau suab paj nruag. Hauv kev ua tiav lub hom phiaj no, ntau qhov kev saib xyuas tau them rau kev kawm ntawm muses. hnov, muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kev nthuav qhia. Ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm M. caug xyoo. yog zoo li muse. kev npaj, uas yuav cia analytical xaav ntawm suab paj nruag. Kev xa tawm M. century. lees qhov no, nrog Krom muses. kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia dav dav tau sib txuas ua ke. Kev hlub thiab kev txaus siab hauv suab paj nruag tsim tib lub sijhawm nyiam cov neeg mloog, thiab kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse tau pab kom nkag siab tob thiab paub txog nws cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab zus tau tej cov tsev kawm ntawv M. xyoo pua. pom kev qhia txog kev ywj pheej tiag tiag thiab siab humanistic. txoj cai ntawm owls. cov tsev kawm ntawv, uas qhov kev loj hlob ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm txhua tus me nyuam yog ib lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb. kev cai.

Ntawm cov duab nyob rau hauv daim teb ntawm M. xyoo pua. – BL Yavorsky, N. Ya. Bryusova, VN Shatskaya, NL Grodzenskaya, MA Rumer. Muaj ib qho kev txuas ntxiv ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los, lub hauv paus ntawm uas yog txheej txheem. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm VF Odoevsky, DI Zarin, SI Miropolsky, AA Maslov, AN Karasyov.

Ib tug ntawm thawj theorists ntawm M. caug xyoo. Yavorsky yog tus tsim ntawm lub kaw lus raws li kev txhim kho tag nrho ntawm txoj cai muaj tswv yim. Cov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm Yavorsky suav nrog kev ua kom nkag siab, ua suab paj nruag (choral hu nkauj, ua si hauv kev ntaus suab paj nruag), txav mus rau suab paj nruag, menyuam yaus suab paj nruag. tsim. “Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm me nyuam … suab paj nruag creativity yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kim. Rau nws tus nqi tsis yog nyob rau hauv "cov khoom" nws tus kheej, tab sis nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm mastering suab paj nruas hais lus" (Yavorsky B., Memoirs, cov khoom, ntawv, 1964, p. 287). BV Asafiev tau lees paub cov lus nug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab lub koom haum ntawm cov suab paj nruag; nws ntseeg hais tias suab paj nruag yuav tsum tau perceived nquag, consciously. Asafiev pom tus yuam sij rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev daws qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws rapprochement ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag "nrog rau pawg neeg, nqhis dej rau suab paj nruag" (Izbr. tsab xov xwm txog suab paj nruag thiab kev kawm, 1965, p. 18). Lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua kom tus neeg mloog lub rooj sib hais los ntawm ntau hom kev ua tau zoo (los ntawm kev koom tes nrog nws) khiav zoo li xov liab los ntawm ntau yam Asafiev cov haujlwm. Lawv kuj tham txog qhov yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv nrov txog suab paj nruag, hais txog kev ua suab paj nruag txhua hnub. Asafiev suav hais tias nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ib tug dav aesthetic. kev xaav ntawm suab paj nruag, uas, raws li nws, “… yog ib yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, tsim los ntawm ib tug neeg, thiab tsis yog ib tug scientific kev qhuab qhia uas tau kawm” (ibid., p. 52). Asafiev cov hauj lwm hais txog M. v. ua si tau zoo heev. lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub 20s Nws xav txog qhov yuav tsum tau rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruas creativity yog nthuav. kev tshwm sim ntawm cov menyuam yaus, hais txog qhov zoo uas tus kws qhia suab paj nruag yuav tsum muaj nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv, txog qhov chaw ntawm lub bunk. nkauj hauv M. v. me nyuam. Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau M. txoj kev lag luam. owls. cov me nyuam raug coj los ntawm NK Krupskaya. Xav txog M. xyoo pua. ntawm cov tiam tshiab uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, raws li ib tug txoj kev ntawm tag nrho cov-round txoj kev loj hlob, nws tau ua tib zoo mloog mus rau lub fact tias txhua yam ntawm cov txuj ci muaj nws tus kheej hom lus, uas yuav tsum tau mastered. cov menyuam yaus hauv cov chav kawm nruab nrab thiab cov laus ntawm kev kawm dav dav. tsev kawm ntawv. “… Suab paj nruag,” sau tseg NK Krupskaya, “pab kev sib koom ua ke… muaj txiaj ntsig zoo heev, thiab nws yuav tsum yog los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv tsev kawm ntawv” (Pedagogich. soch., vol. 3, 1959, p. 525- 26). Krupskaya tob tsim teeb meem ntawm cov communist. orientation ntawm kos duab thiab, tshwj xeeb, suab paj nruag. kev kawm. AV Lunacharsky txuas nrog qhov tseem ceeb rau tib qhov teeb meem. Raws li nws, art. upbringing yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus cwj pwm, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho-fledged upbringing ntawm ib tug neeg tshiab.

Ib txhij nrog kev txhim kho cov lus nug M. ntawm xyoo pua. nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm ntau heev tau them rau cov suab paj nruag. kev kawm. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm nrov suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg coob coob txiav txim siab qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm M. xyoo pua. nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag, thiab kuj tau qhia txog cov kev taw qhia thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej num ntawm cov muses tshiab tsim. tsev kawm ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo tom qab lub kaum hli ntuj revolutions raug tsim los ntawm cov neeg. music tsev kawm ntawv uas tsis muaj prof., tab sis ib tug enlightener. tus cwj pwm. Hauv pem teb 2. Xyoo 1918 hauv Petrograd tau qhib thawj qhov chaw. tsev kawm suab paj nruag. kev kawm, uas cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus raug lees txais. Tsis ntev, cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm hom no tau qhib hauv Moscow thiab lwm lub nroog. Xws li "nar. music schools", "schools of music. education", "nr. Conservatory ”, thiab lwm yam. aimed to muab listeners ib hom suab paj nruag. kev loj hlob thiab kev nyeem ntawv. Tsiaj txhu. ib feem ntawm M. century. cov tsev kawm ntawv no pib qhia suab paj nruag. kev xaav nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov tshooj lus ntawm lub thiaj li hu. mloog nkauj. Cov lus qhia suav nrog kev paub txog qee yam khoom. thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev muaj peev xwm paub txog suab paj nruag. Kev saib xyuas tau them rau kev ua suab paj nruag ua lub hauv paus ntawm M. xyoo pua. (feem ntau yog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov nkauj Lavxias teb sab). Lub ntsiab lus ntawm undertones, cov suab paj nruag yooj yim tshaj plaws, tau txhawb nqa. Qhov chaw thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov suab paj nruag tau hais meej meej, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas suab paj nruag.

Raws li cov dej num, cov kev cai rau cov kws qhia ntawv, uas tau raug hu los ua M. of art, hloov. Lawv yuav tsum nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. choirmasters, theorists, illustrators, organizers thiab educators. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, cov suab paj nruag thiab pedagogical department tau tsim. nyob rau hauv-koj, coj f-koj thiab departments nyob rau hauv muses. uch-shchah thiab conservatories. Taw qhia rau cov suab paj nruag thiab cov neeg laus sab nraum lub moj khaum ntawm prof. kev kawm kuj tau mus ntxiv thiab fruitful. Kev qhuab qhia dawb thiab kev hais kwv txhiaj tau npaj rau cov neeg mloog tsis tau npaj, kos duab kos duab ua haujlwm. amateur ua yeeb yam, suab paj nruag studios, chav kawm.

Nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm M. xyoo pua. nyiam tau muab rau cov neeg paub txog cov khoom uas ua rau muaj kev xav tob thiab muaj zog, kev xav thiab kev paub. Yog li, kev hloov pauv zoo uas txiav txim siab txog kev coj ntawm M. xyoo pua. nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, twb tau ua nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo caum ntawm lub Sov. tub ceev xwm. Kev loj hlob ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm M. of century. txuas ntxiv rau xyoo tom ntej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog nyob rau ntawm kev tsim ntawm ib tus neeg txoj kev coj ncaj ncees, nws txoj kev zoo nkauj. kev xav, art. xav tau. nto moo owl. xib fwb VA Sukhomlinsky ntseeg hais tias "kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv feem ntau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ua neej nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv zoo li cas nrog lub suab paj nruag. Ib yam li gymnastics straightens lub cev, ces suab paj nruag straightens tus ntsuj plig ntawm ib tug neeg” (Etudes on Communist Education, magazine “People's Education”, 1967, No. 6, p. 41). Nws hu kom pib M. xyoo pua. Tej zaum ua ntej - thaum yau yog, hauv nws txoj kev xav, lub hnub nyoog zoo. Kev txaus siab hauv suab paj nruag yuav tsum dhau los ua tus cwj pwm ntawm tus cwj pwm, tib neeg xwm txheej. Ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm M. caug xyoo. - Qhia kom hnov ​​kev sib txuas ntawm suab paj nruag nrog xwm: lub rustle ntawm ntoo qhib hav zoov, buzzing ntawm muv, zaj nkauj ntawm ib tug lark.

Tag nrho R. 70s lub M. xyoo pua system tsim los ntawm DB Kabalevsky tau txais kev faib tawm. Xav txog cov suab paj nruag raws li ib feem ntawm lub neej nws tus kheej, Kabalevsky cia siab rau ntau tshaj plaws thiab loj muses. Ib hom ntawv - nkauj, peb hlis ntuj, seev cev, uas muab kev sib txuas ntawm cov suab paj nruag zaj lus qhia thiab lub neej. Kev cia siab rau "peb whales" (suab paj nruag, lub peb hlis ntuj, seev cev) pab txhawb, raws li Kabalevsky, tsis tsuas yog rau kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruas kos duab, tab sis kuj mus rau tsim muses. xav. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ciam teb ntawm cov ntu uas tsim cov lus qhia raug tshem tawm: mloog nkauj, hu nkauj thiab suab paj nruag. daim ntawv kawm tiav. Nws dhau los ua holistic, uniting sib txawv. cov txheej txheem.

Muaj tshwj xeeb hauv xov tooj cua thiab TV studios. lub voj voog ntawm suab paj nruag-kev kawm. cov kev pab cuam rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus: "Ntawm cov hlua thiab cov yuam sij", "Rau cov menyuam yaus txog suab paj nruag", "Radio University of Culture". Daim ntawv ntawm kev sib tham ntawm nto moo composers yog dav: DB Kabalevsky, as well as AI Khachaturian, KA Karaev, RK Shchedrin, thiab lwm yam. cov hluas - ib tug series ntawm TV lectures-concerts "Suab paj nruag yav tsaus ntuj ntawm cov phooj ywg", lub hom phiaj yog kom paub txog tej hauj lwm zoo. suab paj nruag ua los ntawm cov suab paj nruag zoo tshaj plaws. Mass M. in. tau ua los ntawm cov suab paj nruag tawm hauv tsev kawm. pab pawg: hu nkauj, nkauj thiab seev cev pawg, cov koom haum ntawm cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag (cov menyuam yaus hu nkauj ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci. Kev Kawm ntawm Academy of Pedagogical Sciences ntawm USSR, tus thawj coj Prof. VG Sokolov; pab pawg hu nkauj ntawm Pioneer Studio, tus thawj coj G. A (Struve, Zheleznodorozhny, Moscow cheeb tsam; Ellerhain Choir, neeg xyuas pib X. Kalyuste, Estonian SSR; Orchestra ntawm Lavxias teb sab Folk Instruments, neeg xyuas pib NA Kapishnikov, Mundybash zos, Kemerovo cheeb tsam, thiab lwm yam). . M. v. — TS Babadzhan, NA Vetlugina (preschool), VN Shatskaya, DB Kabalevsky, NL Grodzenskaya, OA Apraksina, MA Rumer, E. Ya. Gembitskaya, NM Sheremetyeva, DL Lokshin, VK Beloborodova, AV Bandina (tsev kawm ntawv) M. cov lus nug nyob rau hauv lub USSR lub laboratory ntawm suab paj nruag thiab seev cev ntawm N.-i. lub koom haum ntawm Arts. kev kawm ntawm lub Academy of Pedagogics. sciences ntawm lub USSR, sectors ntawm N.-thiab. lub koom haum ntawm Pedagogy nyob rau hauv lub Union Republics, Laboratory of Aesthetic. Education Institute of preschool education of the Academ y ntawm pedagogical. Sciences ntawm lub USSR, commissions ntawm suab paj nruag thiab zoo nkauj. kev kawm ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas ntawm CK ntawm USSR thiab cov koom haum koom pheej. M. cov teeb meem hauv. xam los ntawm International ob-vom ntawm suab paj nruag. kev kawm (ISME). Lub 9th lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub zej zog, nyob rau hauv Moscow (tus thawj coj ntawm lub Soviet seem DB Kabalevsky), yog ib tug tseem ceeb kauj ruam nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm cov tswv yim hais txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm cov hluas.

M. v. in other socialist. lub teb chaws nyob ze rau Soviet. Hauv Czechoslovakia, kev qhia suab paj nruag hauv tsev kawm yog qhia hauv qib 1-9. Ntau yam suab paj nruag-kev kawm. kev ua hauj lwm yog nqa tawm sab nraum lub sij hawm kawm ntawv: tag nrho cov me nyuam kawm ntawv mus concerts 2-3 zaug ib xyoos. Lub koom haum Musical Youth (tsim nyob rau hauv 1952) npaj concerts thiab faib subscriptions ntawm tus nqi pheej yig. Nws siv cov kev paub dhau los ntawm Xib Fwb L. Daniel hauv kev qhia nyeem suab paj nruag los ntawm kev hu nkauj "cov nkauj txhawb nqa" uas pib nrog qee qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov ntsuas. Muaj xya zaj nkauj raws li cov kauj ruam. Lub kaw lus ua rau nws muaj peev xwm qhia cov me nyuam hu nkauj ntawm ib daim ntawv. Txoj kev hu nkauj. kev qhia los ntawm xib fwb F. Lisek yog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm cov tswv yim los tsim lub suab paj nruag ntawm tus me nyuam. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem yog tsim cov muses. hnov, los yog, nyob rau hauv Lisek lub terminology, "intonation zoo" ntawm tus me nyuam.

Hauv GDR, cov tub ntxhais kawm hauv kev kawm suab paj nruag kawm raws li ib qho kev kawm, lawv tau koom nrog pawg hu nkauj. hu nkauj. Qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb yog polygon. kev ua yeeb yam ntawm pej xeem cov nkauj tsis muaj accompaniment. Acquaintance nrog classics thiab niaj hnub. suab paj nruag tshwm sim nyob rau hauv parallel. Ib tsab ntawv tshwj xeeb yog luam tawm rau cov kws qhia ntawv. magazine "Musik in der Schule" ("Music in School").

Hauv NRB, cov haujlwm ntawm M. c. muaj nyob rau hauv nthuav dav cov suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai, kev loj hlob ntawm suab paj nruag thiab aesthetic. saj, kev kawm ntawm ib tug harmoniously tsim tus neeg. Cov kev qhia suab paj nruag hauv tsev kawm ntawv muaj nyob rau qib 1 txog qib 10. Suab paj nruag tawm tsev kawm ntawv yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv Bulgaria. kev kawm (cov menyuam hu nkauj "Bodra Smyana", tus thawj coj B. Bochev; cov lus dab neeg ntawm Sofia Palace ntawm Pioneers, tus thawj coj M. Bukureshtliev).

Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, lub ntsiab txoj kev ntawm M. caug xyoo. suav nrog ib pawg hu nkauj. hu nkauj, ua si me nyuam suab paj nruag. instruments (nruas, recorders, mandolins), music. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov me nyuam raws li txoj cai ntawm E. Jacques-Dalcroze thiab K. Orff. Muses. creativity yog xyaum nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm free improvisations ntawm tus kheej. poetic ntawv, rau ib tug muab atherosclerosis, tsim melodies rau paj huam thiab fairy tales. Ib txheej ntawm phono-nyeem ntawv tau tsim rau cov tsev kawm ntawv.

VNR M. century. feem ntau yog txuam nrog cov npe ntawm B. Bartok thiab Z. Kodaly, uas suav hais tias yog lub crown ntawm muses. foob ​​nar. suab paj nruag. Nws yog nws txoj kev kawm uas tau los ua ob qho tib si txhais tau tias thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm thawj M. xyoo pua. Hauv kev kawm sau cov nkauj los ntawm Kodai, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm M. v. yog ua tsis tu ncua. raws li lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai - pej xeem thiab kev tshaj lij. Kev hu nkauj choral yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kodai tsim txoj kev solfeggio tau txais los ntawm txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv lub tebchaws.

M. v. nyob rau hauv lub capitalist lub teb chaws yog heev heterogeneous. Ib tus neeg M. enthusiasts. thiab kev kawm txawv teb chaws tsim cov txheej txheem qub uas tau siv dav. Paub lub suab seev cev. gymnastics, los yog rhythmics, ib tug zoo Swiss. xib fwb-suab paj nruag E. Jacques-Dalcroze. Nws pom tias yuav ua li cas, txav mus rau lub suab paj nruag, cov menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus sau tau yooj yim dua. Qhov no tau ua rau nws tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev los ze zog ntawm tib neeg kev txav thiab kev sib dhos thiab suab paj nruag. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tawm dag zog tsim los ntawm nws, kev txav zoo tib yam - taug kev, khiav, dhia - tau zoo ib yam nrog lub suab ntawm lub suab paj nruag, nws cov tempo, atherosclerosis, kab lus, dynamics. Nyob rau ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Suab paj nruag thiab Rhythm, ua rau nws nyob rau hauv Hellerau (ze Dresden), cov tub ntxhais kawm kawm atherosclerosis thiab solfeggio. Ob qho no - kev txhim kho ntawm kev txav mus los thiab kev hnov ​​​​lus - tau muab qhov tseem ceeb heev. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sib dhos thiab solfeggio, M. v. Jacques-Dalcroze suav nrog kev kos duab zoo. gymnastics (plasticity), seev cev, hu nkauj. hu nkauj thiab suab paj nruag improvisation ntawm fp.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov menyuam yaus M. ntawm xyoo pua tau txais koob meej. K. Orff. Hauv Salzburg muaj lub koom haum ntawm Orff, qhov chaw ua haujlwm nrog menyuam yaus. Ua raws li phau ntawv 5-ntim ntawm M. century. “Schulwerk” (vols. 1-5, 2nd ed., 1950-54), sau los ntawm Orff ua ke. nrog G. Ketman, lub kaw lus koom nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm muses. creativity ntawm cov me nyuam, contributes rau cov me nyuam lub collective suab paj nruag ua. Orff cia siab rau lub suab paj nruag-rhythm. txav, ntaus suab paj nruag, hu nkauj thiab suab paj nruag. hais lus. Raws li nws, cov me nyuam txoj kev muaj tswv yim, txawm tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, cov me nyuam pom, txawm tias qhov kev coj ncaj ncees, yog kev ywj pheej. kev xav me nyuam yaus, txawm tias qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws, yog qhov ua rau muaj kev xyiv fab thiab txhawb kev tsim lub peev xwm muaj tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv 1961, ib tug thoob ntiaj teb hais txog-hauv "Schulverk".

MV yog ib qho kev tsim, dynamic txheej txheem. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm owls. M.'s systems of century. organically unite cov communist. ideology, haiv neeg, tiag. orientation thiab kev ywj pheej.

References: Cov lus nug ntawm suab paj nruag tom tsev kawm ntawv. Sat. cov ntawv, ed. I. Glebova (Asafyeva), L., 1926; Apraksina OA, Suab paj nruag kev kawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab, M.-L., 1948; Grodzenskaya NL, Kev kawm ua haujlwm hauv kev hu nkauj, M., 1953; nws, Cov menyuam kawm ntawv mloog suab paj nruag, M., 1969; Lokshin DL, Choral hu nkauj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pre-revolutionary thiab Soviet tsev kawm ntawv, M., 1957; Cov lus nug txog kev qhia hu nkauj hauv qib I-VI. (Sb. Articles), ed. MA Rumer, M., 1960 (Proceedings of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR, qhov teeb meem 110); Kev kawm suab paj nruag hauv tsev kawm. Sat. cov ntawv, ed. O. Apraksina, nr. 1-10, M., 1961-1975; Blinova M., Qee cov lus nug txog kev kawm suab paj nruag ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv …, M.-L., 1964; Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv qib I-IV, M.-L., 1965; Asafiev B., Fav. cov lus hais txog kev ua suab paj nruag thiab kev kawm, M.-L., 1965; Babadzhan TS, Suab paj nruag kev kawm ntawm cov menyuam yaus, M., 1967; Vetlugina HA, Suab paj nruag kev loj hlob ntawm tus me nyuam, M., 1968; Los ntawm cov kev paub ntawm kev kawm ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug me nyuam lub suab paj nruag tsev kawm ntawv, M., 1969; Gembitskaya E. Ya., Suab paj nruag thiab kev kawm zoo nkauj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau qib V-VIII ntawm lub tsev kawm tiav, M., 1970; Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv suab paj nruag los ntawm K. Orff, (sau cov ntawv, txhais los ntawm German), ed. LA Barenboim, L., 1970; Kabalevsky Dm., Hais txog peb whales thiab ntau ntxiv. Phau ntawv txog suab paj nruag, M., 1972; nws, Zoo nkauj awakens qhov zoo, M., 1973; Suab paj nruag kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub rooj sib tham IX ntawm International Society for Musical Education (ISME), M., 1973; (Rumer MA), Fundamentals of music education and education at school, in the book: Aesthetic education of schoolchildren, M., 1974, p. 171–221; Suab paj nruag, sau ntawv, cov tub ntxhais kawm. Sat. Suab paj nruag thiab pedagogical khoom, Sofia, 1967; Lesek F., Cantus choralis infantium, Brno, No 68; Bucureshliev M., Ua hauj lwm nrog Pioneer Folk Choir, Sofia, 1971; Sohor A., ​​​​Educational role of music, L., 1975; Beloborodova VK, Rigina GS, Aliyev Yu.B., Suab paj nruag kev kawm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv, M., 1975. (Saib cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm Musical education).

Yu. V. Aliev