Suab paj nruag kev kawm |

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub txog kev txawj ntse, kev txawj ntse thiab lub peev xwm tsim nyog rau kev ua suab paj nruag, nrog rau tag nrho cov kev paub thiab cov kev txawj ntse thiab peev xwm tau txais los ntawm kev cob qhia. Hauv qab M. o. feem ntau nkag siab txog qhov system ntawm lub koom haum ntawm muses. kev kawm. Txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm kev tau txais M. o. - kev npaj raws li kev taw qhia ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv, feem ntau nyob rau hauv tus account. lub koom haum. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tuaj yeem ua los ntawm kev kawm tus kheej, nrog rau kev sib xyaw ntawm kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm prof. xyaum ntaus suab paj nruag los yog koom rau hauv cov kev ua ub ua no. ua suab paj nruag. Distinguish M. txog. dav dav, uas muab kev paub, kev txawj ntse thiab kev muaj peev xwm mus rau qhov uas yuav tsum tau muaj rau kev ua ub ua no lossis tsuas yog rau kev nkag siab ntawm suab paj nruag, thiab M. o. tshwj xeeb, npaj rau prof. kev ua haujlwm (composing, ua, scientific, pedagogical). M. o. tuaj yeem yog thawj (qis), nruab nrab thiab siab dua, kev txiav hauv yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws yog qhov tshwj xeeb. tus cwj pwm. General didactic. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev kawm kuj tseem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau M. o. thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus, txoj hauv kev thiab cov ntaub ntawv koom haum. General thiab tshwj xeeb M. o. qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag thiab suab paj nruag. kev kawm: tsis yog tus kws qhia suab paj nruag nkaus xwb. cov tsev kawm ntawv, qhia cov menyuam yaus thiab muab kev kawm suab paj nruag rau lawv, qhia lawv los ntawm kev siv suab paj nruag thiab ua rau nws nkag siab, tab sis tus kws qhia ntawv prof. suab paj nruag tsev kawm ntawv ntawm txhua qib, qhia lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm suab paj nruag. daim duab rau kev paub tshwj xeeb thiab kev txawj ntse, tib lub sij hawm tsim nws tus cwj pwm - lub ntiaj teb saib, zoo nkauj thiab kev coj ncaj ncees lub tswv yim, yuav thiab tus cwj pwm.

M. o. - qeb ntawm keeb kwm, thiab nyob rau hauv ib pawg neeg zej zog - chav kawm keeb kwm. Lub hom phiaj, cov ntsiab lus, theem, txoj hauv kev thiab kev koom ua ke. M. cov ntaub ntawv hais txog. txiav txim los ntawm kev hloov thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm muses. kab lis kev cai, kev sib raug zoo, nat. tshwj xeeb, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm suab paj nruag. art-va nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm no haiv neeg, muz.-aesthetic. views, suab paj nruag style. creativity, uas twb muaj lawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm suab paj nruag. kev ua ub no, kev ua haujlwm ua los ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag, tseem ceeb pedagogical. tswv yim thiab theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm muses. pedagogy. M. tus cwj pwm txog. kuj yog vim lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm, nws lub peev xwm, hom suab paj nruag. kev ua si uas lawv tab tom npaj nws, thiab ntau lwm tus. lwm yam suab paj nruag. Kev qhia ntawm tus menyuam yog tsim txawv ntawm tus neeg laus, thiab kev ua si, hais tias, lub violin txawv dua li kev ua si piano. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv niaj hnub ua suab paj nruag. Pedagogy (rau tag nrho cov incalculable sib txawv nyob rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab txoj kev) yog ob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: general M. o. tsis tuaj yeem thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob hloov los ntawm ib qho tshwj xeeb (qhov tseem ceeb feem ntau muab tso rau hauv kev qhia txuj ci, kev paub txog suab paj nruag-theoretical cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lwm yam); suab paj nruag. upbringing thiab kev cob qhia yog lub hauv paus uas yuav tsum tau tsim tshwj xeeb. M. o.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg lub neej, thaum tsis muaj tshwj xeeb muaj nuj nqi ntawm ib tug tshuab raj thiab tag nrho cov tswv cuab ntawm pab pawg neeg pawg lawv tus kheej tsim primitive production-magic. dej khov ua thiab ua lawv tus kheej, muses. cov txuj ci, pom meej, tsis tau qhia tshwj xeeb, thiab lawv tau txais los ntawm cov hluas los ntawm cov txwj laus. Yav tom ntej, suab paj nruag thiab khawv koob. kev ua haujlwm tau raug coj los ntawm shamans thiab pawg thawj coj, yog li tso lub hauv paus rau kev sib cais hauv lub sijhawm tom ntej ntawm syncretic. kos duab. profession, nyob rau hauv uas lub tshuab raj yog nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. dancer thiab lyricist. Thaum art. kab lis kev cai, txawm nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm pre-class haiv neeg, tau mus txog ib tug kuj high theem, yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb. kev kawm. Qhov no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov tseeb hais txog cov zej zog. lub neej ntawm Indians ntawm North. Amelikas ua ntej nws colonization los ntawm Europeans: ntawm cov haiv neeg ntawm North. Teb Chaws Asmeskas, muaj nqi rau kev qhia cov nkauj tshiab (los ntawm lub suab); Cov neeg qub qub hauv Mexico tau kawm suab paj nruag. cov tsev kawm rau kev qhia nkauj thiab seev cev, thiab cov neeg Peruvians thaum ub tau qhia melodious recitation ntawm epich. dab neeg. Kwv yees li ntawm lub sij hawm thaum nyob rau hauv lub civilizations ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no lub ritual-cult, palace, tub rog pib kom meej meej faib. thiab pomegranate suab paj nruag thiab thaum tsim dec. hom suab paj nruag sawv ntawm ntau theem sib txawv (lub tuam tsev suab paj nruag coj los ntawm ib tug pov thawj-tus hu nkauj; palace musicians qhuas tus vajtswv- huab tais; tub rog. cua thiab percussion tshuab raj, qee zaum ntawm cov tub rog qib siab; Thaum kawg, cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag, feem ntau mus ncig, hu nkauj thiab ua si thaum lub bunks. kev ua koob tsheej thiab kev ua koob tsheej rau tsev neeg), suav nrog thawj cov ntaub ntawv sib cais ntawm M. hais txog. Cov laus tshaj plaws nyob rau tim lyiv teb chaws, qhov twg thaum kawg ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm lub qub Kingdom (c. 2500 BC. e.) adv. Cov neeg hu nkauj tau txais kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb, thiab tom qab ntawd, thaum lub sijhawm XII dynasty ntawm Middle Kingdom (2000-1785), cov pov thawj, txiav txim siab los ntawm cov duab tseem muaj sia nyob, ua raws li cov kws qhia ntawv uas tau qhia hu nkauj rau zither, npuaj teg thiab ntaus. . Nws tau xav tias Memphis yog lub sijhawm ntev ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tau kawm txog kev ntseeg thiab kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv ancient Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub 11th-3rd centuries. BC er thaum lub sijhawm Zhou. txog., to-roe xa tshwj xeeb. palace department nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ntawm huab tais, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej ntawm tib neeg thiab suav nrog ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. hais tias cov tub hluas tau raug qhia hu nkauj, ntaus twj paj nruag thiab seev cev. Tim Nkij teb chaws yog ib lub tebchaws thawj zaug uas lawv tau txuas nrog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. sab ntawm suab paj nruag, nws "ethos" thiab qhov twg muses. kev cob qhia qhib ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua. kawm ntawv. cov hom phiaj. Nws feem ntau lees paub tias lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Greek M. hais txog. tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov kob ntawm Crete, qhov twg cov tub hluas ntawm cov chav kawm dawb kawm hu nkauj, instr. suab paj nruag thiab gymnastics, uas tau suav hais tias yog ib hom kev sib sau. Hauv 7 in. BC er Lwm lub tebchaws Greek, Lesvos, yog "kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua." Ntawm no, coj los ntawm Terpander, uas ua tiav lub kithara, lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kitfareds tau tsim thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev kos duab ntawm prof. kyfaristics, ua muaj peev xwm recitatively pronounce cov ntawv nyeem, hu nkauj thiab nrog. Cov kos duab ntawm aeds (singers-narrators), uas yog ib feem ntawm rhiav ntawm artisans nyob rau hauv ancient Greece thiab yog tus tuav ntawm tej yam kev cai ntawm qhov ncauj, tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. M hais txog. Lub aeda muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias tus xib fwb (feem ntau yog leej txiv) qhia tus tub mus ua si cithara, ntsuas melodic recitation, thiab cov cai ntawm paj huam. versification thiab dhau mus rau nws ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov nkauj uas tus kws qhia ntawv nws tus kheej los yog uas tau nqis los rau nws los ntawm kev lig kev cai. Hauv Sparta, nrog nws txoj kev ua neej nyob thiab lub xeev. saib xyuas kev kawm ntawv, hu nkauj. Kev hu nkauj tau suav tias yog ib qho tsim nyog ntawm kev kawm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, uas ib ntus yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv zej zog thiab kev ua koob tsheej. Nyob rau hauv Athens, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub thiaj li hu. kev kawm suab paj nruag, cov tub hluas kawm nrog lwm tus. cov kev kawm thiab suab paj nruag, thiab kev qhia tau zoo sib xws nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Greek. ntawv nyeem thiab didactic. paj huam. Feem ntau, mus txog rau hnub nyoog 14 xyoos, cov tub hluas tau koom nrog kev ua si cithara hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntiav thiab tau paub txog kev kos duab ntawm citharistics. Ib qho monochord tau siv los kho cov ntu ntu thiab pitches. tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau suab paj nruag. Kev cob qhia hauv tebchaws Greece tau ua los ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag thiab kev zoo nkauj. thiab pedagogical views ntawm Plato thiab Aristotle. Plato ntseeg tias "kev kawm suab paj nruag" muaj rau txhua tus tub ntxhais hluas thiab yuav tsum tsis muaj thiab tsis tuaj yeem yog cov lus nug ntawm tus tub ntxhais kawm suab paj nruag lossis tsis yog suab paj nruag. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog M. hais txog. hauv Dr. Rome muaj tsawg heev. T. vim Rome ua nom tswv. center nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 2nd. BC e., thaum lub sij hawm Heyday ntawm Hellenistic. kev vam meej, ces cov suab paj nruag Roman. kab lis kev cai thiab, thaj, Roman M. hais txog. tsim nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov ntawm Hellenism. Suab paj nruag, txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau tau suav tias yog kev tshawb fawb. kev qhuab qhia, sab nraud ntawm nws txoj kev sib txuas ncaj qha nrog lub neej, thiab qhov no tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev kawm. Niam Hlob Siab Zoo. paj, M. hais txog.

Kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag, uas yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov Greeks thaum ub, tau txais kev saib xyuas tsawg dua thaum lub sij hawm Roman faj tim teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thaum ntxov thiab classical medieval suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai yog tsim los ntawm cov nuj nqis uas sawv ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev sib raug zoo hierarchy: musicians-theorists thiab musicians-practitioners (cantors thiab instrumentalists, feem ntau organists) txuam nrog lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cult suab paj nruag, trouvers, troubadours thiab minnesingers, adv. musicians, bards-narrators, roob. cua instrumentalists, vagants thiab goliards, spielmans thiab minstrels, thiab lwm yam. Cov ntau haiv neeg, feem ntau antagonistic, pab pawg ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag (nrog rau cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj, raws li lawv cov muses. kev npaj, qee zaum tsis qis dua rau cov kws tshaj lij) tau paub txog kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse hauv ntau txoj kev: qee qhov - hauv kev hu nkauj. tsev kawm ntawv (chap. sij hawm tuaj txog. nyob rau hauv monasteries thiab cathedrals), thiab pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. thiab hauv cov khau khau siab, lwm tus - hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm muses. khw kev cob qhia thiab hauv kev xyaum ncaj qha. kis kab lig kev cai los ntawm tus tswv mus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm. Nyob rau hauv lub monasteries, uas nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog yog hotbeds ntawm Greco-Roman kev kawm ntawv, lawv kawm, nrog rau cov Greek. thiab lat. lus thiab lej, suab paj nruag. Monastic, thiab me ntsis tom qab, cathedral choristers. cov tsev kawm ntawv yog foci prof. M o., thiab feem ntau ntawm cov tseem ceeb muses tau tawm ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv no. cov duab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Ib tug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hu nkauj. cov tsev kawm ntawv yog "Schola Cantorum" ntawm lub tsev hais plaub papal hauv Rome (piv txwv li. 600, reorganized nyob rau hauv 1484), uas yog ib tug qauv rau accounting. cov chaw ua haujlwm zoo sib xws. ntaus hauv lub nroog Zap. Teb chaws Europe (ntau ntawm lawv mus txog qib siab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv Soissons thiab Metz). Txoj kev qhia hu nkauj. hu nkauj cia siab rau lub assimilation ntawm chants los ntawm pob ntseg. Tus kws qhia ntawv siv txoj hauv kev ntawm cheironomy: kev txav ntawm lub suab nce thiab nqis tau qhia los ntawm kev txav ntawm tes thiab ntiv tes. Yuav kom paub cov ntaub ntawv theoretical muaj tshwj xeeb. peb. Phau ntawv sau ntawv, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib tham ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv thiab ib tug tub kawm ntawv (piv txwv li, phau ntawv. "Kev sib tham de musica" - "Kev sib tham txog suab paj nruag", ntaus nqi rau O. von Saint-Maur); lawv feem ntau tau kawm los ntawm lub siab. Txhawm rau kom pom tseeb, cov duab thiab cov ntxhuav tau siv. Raws li nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, lub monochord ua hauj lwm los piav qhia lub sij hawm ntawm lub suab. Cov txheej txheem suab paj nruag. kev kawm underwent ib co kev hloov tom qab kev hloov kho ntawm Guido d'Arezzo (11th caug xyoo), uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub. sau nkauj; nws qhia ib tug plaub-kab stave, tsab ntawv xaiv tus yuam sij, nrog rau cov npe syllabic. cov kauj ruam ntawm rau lub kauj ruam fret. Los ntawm 10th c. monastic tsev kawm ntawv tsom ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. nyob rau hauv kev xyaum ntawm ritual chanting thiab poob kev txaus siab rau suab paj nruag thiab science. kev kawm. Txawm hais tias lawv tseem tuav txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv pawg ntseeg suab paj nruag rau ntau xyoo tom ntej. enlightenment, maj teg num nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev loj hlob muses. kab lis kev cai, tshwj xeeb o., mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv cathedral. Ntawm no, ib qho kev nce ntxiv (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th) tau hais txog kev sib txuas suab paj nruag-theoretical. kev kawm nrog kev xyaum, ua thiab sau. Ib qho ntawm cov xibfwb qhia ntawv ntawm hom no yog lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Cathedral of Notre Dame (Paris), uas tau ua tus qauv rau yav tom ntej metris. Hauv nees. 12 nyob rau hauv. nyob rau hauv Paris, "university corporation" ntawm cov masters thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm tau sawv, uas tau tsim lub hauv paus rau University of Paris (lub ntsiab. 1215). Nyob rau hauv nws, ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm kos duab, nrog rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj suab paj nruag. Lub neej txhua hnub tau kawm nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm "xya free arts" thiab suab paj nruag. Raws li cov kev xav uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov xyoo no nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, lub siab tshaj plaws yog them rau scientific thiab theoretical. sab, xam nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm theological, abstract rationalism. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tswv cuab ntawm lub koom haum hauv tsev kawm ntawv, qee zaum tsis yog cov kws ntaus nkauj theoretical xwb, tab sis kuj yog cov kws tshaj lij (cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov kws sau nkauj), tau nyob ze nrog cov suab paj nruag txhua hnub. Qhov no kuj cuam tshuam cov suab paj nruag. kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv lub 12-14 centuries. siab tawv khau boots, nyob rau hauv uas suab paj nruag tau kawm. kev tshawb fawb, tshwm sim hauv lwm lub nroog Western European: hauv Cambridge (1129), Oxford (1163), Prague (1348), Krakow (1364), Vienna (1365), Heidelberg (1386). Nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm lawv, suab paj nruag-theoretical. cov kev xeem yuav tsum muaj rau bachelor's thiab master's degrees. Tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv loj tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm no yog kuv. Muris, kev paub txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm leej twg tau ntau xyoo tau suav tias yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua hauv Tebchaws Europe. un-tah Rau Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. M hais txog. kuj yog yam ntxwv: loj, tsis muaj txhais tau tias amateurish, suab paj nruag. kev cob qhia, uas feem ntau tau txais cov tub ntxhais hluas knightly, hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm monasteries thiab Catholic. cov tuam tsev, ntawm cov tsev hais plaub, nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev paub thaum mus ncig thiab kev sib tw nrog cov muses txawv teb chaws. kab lis kev cai; kev cob qhia tswv yim ntawm instrumentalists (ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. trumpeters, trombonists thiab violists) nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas tau tsim los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th. craft corporations ntawm tshuab raj, qhov twg qhov xwm thiab lub sij hawm ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nrog yav tom ntej ua yeeb yam tau txiav txim los ntawm tshwj xeeb rhiav kev cai tsim ntau xyoo lawm; kev cob qhia cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag instrumentalists thiab cathedral organists (cov txheej txheem ntawm lub tom kawg yog generalized nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th.

Nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance, thawj muses. cov duab tawm tsam scholasticism hauv suab paj nruag txoj kev xav thiab hauv suab paj nruag. kev kawm, saib lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag hauv kev xyaum. suab paj nruag-ua (hauv kev sau suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam), sim ua kom sib haum xeeb kev xav thiab kev xyaum hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm muses. kev paub thiab nrhiav tau cov txuj ci, lawv tab tom nrhiav rau hauv suab paj nruag nws tus kheej thiab hauv suab paj nruag. kawm muaj peev xwm los ua ke kom zoo nkauj. thiab kev coj ncaj ncees pib (ib txoj cai qiv los ntawm kev zoo nkauj thaum ub). Hais txog kab lus dav dav ntawm muses. Pedagogy kuj muaj pov thawj los ntawm cov tswv yim taw qhia ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm uch. cov phau ntawv luam tawm hauv con. 15 – lus. 16th centuries (ntxiv rau cov hais treatise Pauman), - tej hauj lwm ntawm Fabkis. tus kws tshawb fawb N. Vollik (sib koom nrog nws tus kws qhia M. Schanpecher), German – I. Kohleus, uas tiv thaiv ntau cov ntawv, Swiss – G. Glarean, thiab lwm yam.

Kev loj hlob ntawm M. hais txog. Lub kaw lus ntawm qhov tseeb thiab tib lub sijhawm hloov pauv suab paj nruag, uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv Renaissance, thiab qhov pib ntawm cov suab paj nruag tau pab txhawb rau qhov no. Reformed suab paj nruag. sau ntawv thiab luam tawm suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov phau ntawv nrog cov qauv suab paj nruag tau tsim cov kev xav tau ua ntej uas txhawb nqa muses. qhia thiab xa suab paj nruag. kev paub ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Kev siv suab paj nruag. pedagogy tau tsom mus rau tsim ib hom tshiab ntawm cov tshuab raj, maj mam tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm ua suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai, - ib tug txawj ntse tshuab raj, uas txhim kho nyob rau hauv lub hu nkauj txij thaum yau. hu nkauj, ua si lub cev, thiab lwm yam. ice instruments (puas tau nce ntxiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li xyoo pua 16th, tus nqi ntawm instr. suab paj nruag cuam tshuam kev kawm), hauv suab paj nruag. kev tshawb xav thiab kos duab-ve los sau suab paj nruag thiab to-ry tom qab txuas ntxiv mus koom nrog ntau yam prof. dej khov kev ua si. Nqaim tshwj xeeb hauv niaj hnub. kev nkag siab, raws li txoj cai, tsis yog: tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag, ntawm qhov tsim nyog, yuav tsum muaj peev xwm txav los ntawm ib hom kev ua si mus rau lwm qhov, thiab cov khoom siv ntawm kev sau nkauj thiab improvisation nyob rau hauv lub xyoo thaum sau tsis ywj pheej. kev ua haujlwm, txhua tus tau txais M. hais txog. Kev tsim ntawm ib hom tshiab ntawm cov tshuab raj ntawm qhov dav dav coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv suab paj nruag. txuj ci, tib lub sij hawm cov tsev kawm ntawv lawv tus kheej coj los ntawm txoj kev. dej khov tus kheej tau pab tsim cov kws ntaus nkauj. Cov tsev kawm ntawv tus kheej no, muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm keeb kwm sib txawv thiab hauv ntau lub tebchaws txawv. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv lub koom haum, feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov chaw loj, qhov twg muaj cov xwm txheej rau kev cob qhia thiab siv tau. kev ua ub no ntawm cov tub ntxhais suab paj nruag. Hauv qee lub tsev kawm ntawv, qhov tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv encyclopedia. suab paj nruag theorist kev kawm thiab kev sau ntawv, nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th) - ntawm kev ua yeeb yam (ntawm vocalists, piv txwv li, thiab nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm virtuoso txawj). Ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj tseem ceeb uas tau tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv no muaj ntau lub npe los ntawm G. Dufai, X. Isaka, Orlando Lasso, A. Willart thiab J. Tsarlino (15th-16th centuries) rau J. B. Martini, F. E. Baha, N. Porpora thiab J. Tartini (XVIII caug xyoo). Cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag. professionalism raug tsim nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog ib tug los yog lwm yam nat. dej khov kab lis kev cai, txawm li cas los xij, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tebchaws no. tsev kawm ntawv rau suab paj nruag pedagogy dr. lub teb chaws tseem ceeb heev. Feem ntau ua haujlwm, piv txwv li, niderl. cov kws qhia ntawv tau mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, German - hauv Fabkis, thiab Fabkis., Niderl. los yog nws. cov tub ntxhais suab paj nruag ua tiav M. hais txog. hauv Ltalis lossis Switzerland, thiab lwm yam. hais txog. kev ua tiav ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tau los ua pan-European. haiv neeg. Lub koom haum suab paj nruag. kev kawm tau tshwm sim hauv ntau hom. Ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws (tsuas yog hauv Fabkis thiab Netherlands) yog metriza. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm hu nkauj no nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev Catholic systematically. qhia cov tub hluas nkauj (hu nkauj, ua si lub cev, kev xav) thiab tib lub sijhawm. Cov kev kawm dav dav tau tswj hwm txij thaum yau. Txhais tau hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws polyphonic masters ntawm lub 15th-17th centuries. tau txais M. hais txog. nyob rau hauv metriza, uas muaj mus txog rau lub Great Fabkis. kiv puag ncig (tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Fabkis ces approx. 400 m). Cov tsev kawm ntawv zoo sib xws kuj muaj nyob hauv lwm lub tebchaws (piv txwv li, lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Seville Cathedral). Nyob rau hauv ltalis, los ntawm cov chaw zov me nyuam (conservatorio), qhov chaw uas muaj suab paj nruag cov tub hluas (Naples) thiab cov ntxhais (Venice) raug coj, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th. muaj dej khov tshwj xeeb peb. cov chaw ua haujlwm (saib Conservatory). Ntxiv rau cov chaw zov menyuam ntsuag "nrog rau kev ua suab paj nruag" hauv Ltalis, lwm tus tau tsim. tsev kawm suab paj nruag. Cov kws tshaj lij tau qhia hauv qee qhov chaw khaws cia thiab tsev kawm ntawv (A. Scarlatti, ib. Vivaldi thiab lwm tus). Hauv 18 in. Txhua-European koob meej tau txaus siab los ntawm Philharmonic Academy hauv Bologna (saib. Bologna Philharmonic Academy), ib tug tswv cuab thiab tus thawj coj tiag tiag ntawm swarm yog J. B. Martini. Nkauj Nkauj. kev cob qhia txuas ntxiv hauv cov khau tawv tawv siab; Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws nws tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Ib qho kev sib txawv dav dav yog yam ntxwv: kev qhia suab paj nruag hauv 15th-16th centuries. maj mam tso tawm ntawm scholasticism, thiab suab paj nruag pib kawm tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug science, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug kos duab. Yog li, tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm qib siab G. Hauv nws cov lus qhuab qhia thiab kev sau ntawv, Glare-an suav hais tias suab paj nruag yog kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kos duab. xyaum nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, thaum kawm txog suab paj nruag. theories nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov teb chaws Europe. siab tawv khau looj plab hlaub yuav poob (xav txog suab paj nruag thiab kev tshawb fawb. kev qhuab ntuas pib rov qab los rau nruab nrab. 18th caug xyoo), nyob rau hauv teb chaws Askiv cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub qub suab paj nruag-theoretical. kev kawm tau raug khaws cia. Txawm li cas los xij, lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag hauv tib neeg lub voj voog thiab nrog lus Askiv. Lub vaj yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, yog li Oxford thiab Cambridge cov tsev kawm qib siab tau nrhiav kev npaj cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm uas tsis yog paub txog kev ua suab paj nruag xwb, tab sis kuj muaj kev txawj ntse. kev txawj ntse (nrog rau kev hu nkauj, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau kawm ua lute, viol thiab nkauj xwb). Hauv qee lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, suab paj nruag. kev cob qhia los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv "artistic. f-tov ”tau tsiv mus rau cov koom haum ntiav ntiav hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv. Yog li, hauv Cologne thaum pib. 16 nyob rau hauv. muaj plaub lub tuam txhab, ywj siab ntawm ib leeg, tab sis qhia rau ib tus thawj coj. Nkauj Nkauj. kev cob qhia kuj tau teeb tsa hauv cov tsev teev ntuj (ntawm cov tsev hais plaub hauv ntiaj teb lossis sab ntsuj plig), qhov twg adv. Kapellmeister - feem ntau yog tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag - tau qhia suab paj nruag rau cov tub ntxhais hluas ntaus suab paj nruag, cov koom nrog yav tom ntej hauv tsev hais plaub. ensembles, nrog rau cov me nyuam los ntawm cov tsev neeg noble. Tau txais kev dav dav, thiab qee zaum tshwj xeeb. M hais txog. kuj tau pab txhawb rau qee lub koom haum uas tsis tau nrhiav uch. cov hom phiaj, np. German amateur zej zog ntawm hu nkauj masters (meistersingers), cov tswv cuab, ua raws li cov kev cai nruj heev. kev cai thiab xa mus rau ntau xyoo tshwj xeeb. cov kev xeem, maj mam nce lub " ntaiv ntawm lub npe" los ntawm "tus neeg hu nkauj" mus rau "tus kws sau nkauj" thiab, thaum kawg, mus rau "tus tswv". Ib hom suab paj nruag sib txawv me ntsis. “kwv tij” (sing. thiab instr.) kuj muaj nyob rau hauv lwm tus. Teb chaws Europe. lub teb chaws. General M. o., mus-roe pib txij li xyoo pua 16th. kom meej meej cais los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb, tau ua nyob rau hauv ntau hom tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab Ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. cantors saib xyuas lub tsev kawm ntawv lub tsev teev ntuj. suab paj nruag. Hauv 17 in. nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Protestant (M. Luther thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Reformation txuas nrog kev coj ncaj ncees. lub ntsiab lus rau qhov dav M. o.) cantors, ntxiv rau kev qhia cov ntsiab lus hauv tsev kawm, kuj tau qhia hu nkauj thiab coj lub tsev kawm ntawv hu nkauj, uas ua haujlwm ntau hauv pawg ntseeg. thiab roob. lub neej. Hauv qee lub tsev kawm ntawv, cantors kuj coj instr. cov chav kawm, muab lub sijhawm los ua suab paj nruag rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas uas, vim li cas lossis lwm qhov, hu nkauj tsis tau. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li txoj cai, txoj hauv kev mus rau qhov ntsuas tau dhau los ntawm kev hu nkauj. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau ntau dua rau cov natural sciences thiab lej, raws li zoo raws li lub hwj chim ntawm rationalism, thiab lwm yam. cov xwm txheej nyob rau xyoo pua 18th. lub ntsiab lus thiab ntim ntawm suab paj nruag. cov chav kawm hauv lat. cov tsev kawm ntawv tau poob qis (nrog qee qhov kev zam, xws li hauv Thomasschule hauv Leipzig). Yog hais tias cov cantors nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los tau txais kev kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tau paub dav hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tib neeg thiab feem ntau muaj lub npe bachelor lossis master, ces nyob rau hauv 2nd jol. 18 nyob rau hauv. lawv tau hloov mus ua cov kws qhia suab paj nruag hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nws txoj kev kawm tsuas yog txwv rau cov xibfwb qhia ntawv seminary. Hauv suab paj nruag. kev kawm tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov neeg xav zoo - Czech J. A. Comenius (17th caug xyoo) thiab Fabkis tus txiv neej J. G. Rousseau (XVIII caug xyoo). Uch. phau ntawv, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub 16-18 centuries, reflected lub xeev ntawm lub muses. pedagogy, contributed rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm general thiab tshwj xeeb. M hais txog. thiab pab txhawb rau kev paub ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag ntawm ib lub teb chaws nrog cov suab paj nruag thiab kev qhia kev ua tiav ntawm lwm tus. Treatises ntawm 16th thiab 17th centuries (Thomas of San ta Maria, 1565; J. Diruta, 1 teev, 1593, nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm reprints tom ntej, 2 teev, 1609; Spiridion, 1670) tau mob siab rau. c. sij hawm tuaj txog. ua si keyboard instruments thiab txoj kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag muaj pes tsawg leeg. Txhais tau hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm qhov nthuav tshaj plaws thiab tiv thaiv qhov kev sim ntawm lub sijhawm uch. cov ntawv tshaj tawm, zoo li suav nrog thiab sib sau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm instr., wok. thiab suab paj nruag-theoretical. kev kawm, tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th: phau ntawv I. Mattheson “The Perfect Kapellmeister” (“Der vollkommene Capelmeister …”, 1739), qhia meej txog cov suab paj nruag. xyaum nws lub sijhawm, uch. phau ntawv qhia txog kev siv ntses bass thaj tsam thiab txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib xyaw los ntawm F. AT. Marpurga – “Treatise on Fugue” (“Abhandlung von der Fuge”, TI 1-2, 1753-1754); “Kev taw qhia rau cov ntses bass thaj tsam thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg” (“Handbuch bey dem Generalbasse und Composition”, Tl 1-3, 1755-58), ua haujlwm los ntawm I. Й. Fuchs “Step to Parnassus” (“Gradus ad Parnassum…”, 1725, in lat. lang., ces luam tawm hauv German, Italian, Fabkis. thiab lus Askiv. lang.) and J. B. Martini “Piv txwv lossis qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm counterpoint” (“Esemplare o sia saggio fondamentale practico di contrappunto…”, pt. 1–2, 1774–75); treatises thiab tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas DOS. kev saib xyuas yog them rau kev kawm ua suab paj nruag. instruments, M. Saint-Lambert “Performance on the harpsichord” (“Principes de Clavecin”, 1702), P. Couperin “The Art of Playing the Harpsichord” (“L'art de toucher le Clavecin”, 1717), P. E. Bach “Ib Kev Paub Txog Txoj Kev Ncaj Ncees Ntawm Kev Ua Si Clavier” (“Versuch über die wahre Art, das Ciavier zu spielen”, Tl 1-2, 1753-62), I. THIAB. Quantz “Kev paub txog kev tswj hwm ntawm kev ua si lub raj nplaim” (“Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen”, 1752, nrog rau kev luam tawm tom ntej. hauv German, Fabkis thiab ntau yam yaz.), L. Mozart's “Kev Paub Txog Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Violin Solid” (“Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule”, 1756, nrog rau cov ntawv rov qab los); wok ua. pedagogy P. F. Tosi “Discourses on old and new singers” (“Opinioni de'cantori antichi e moderni”, 1723, txhais nrog ntxiv rau nws. yaz. THIAB. F. Agricola, 1757, thiab lwm yam. Teb chaws Europe. sau.). Hauv 18 in. Cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag loj tau tsim, uas cov kws sau ntawv txhob txwm tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm kev kawm thiab kev qhia - los ntawm cov tsev kawm qub rau violin, cello, viola, harp, flute, bassoon, oboe, clavier thiab hu nkauj M. Correta (1730-82) rau cov masterpieces xws li "Essercizi" (lub npe hu ua sonatas) los ntawm D. Scarlatti, inventions thiab symphonies I.

Fabkis zoo heev. Lub kiv puag ncig tau cim ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai thiab, tshwj xeeb, hauv M. hais txog. Kev tsim ntawm Paris Conservatory yog ncaj qha ntsig txog qhov xwm txheej no. Kwv yees. 18 nyob rau hauv. M hais txog. yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov yam tshiab thiab undergoes beings. kev hloov pauv, txawm hais tias qee qhov kev coj noj coj ua qub thiab kev qhia qhia tseem tsis hloov pauv ntau xyoo. Democratization ntawm music-theatre. thiab conc. lub neej, qhov tshwm sim ntawm tshiab opera theaters, creation ntawm tshiab orchestra. collectives, vam meej instr. suab paj nruag thiab kev tsim txiaj, kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim suab paj nruag hauv tsev thiab txhua yam ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj. societies, ib tug me ntsis kev txhawj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub department. lub teb chaws hais txog kev qhia suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv high school - tag nrho cov no yuav tsum tau ntau muses. cov duab (cov neeg ua yeeb yam thiab cov kws qhia), nrog rau tsom mus rau kev txhim kho hauv ib qho tshwj xeeb nqaim. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv qhov kev tshwj xeeb no yog qhov kev cob qhia ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ua tus neeg txhais lus thiab kev tsim txiaj, nrog rau cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm, tau sib cais los ntawm kev cob qhia cov ntsiab lus thiab improvisation, thiab kev cob qhia ntawm tus kws ntaus nkauj theoretical, txawm tias yuav tsawg dua. npaum li cas, tau cais los ntawm kev cob qhia ntawm ib tug composer. Kev tshwj xeeb hauv ib thaj chaw ntawm ib hom lossis lwm qhov yuav ua tau. art-va, raws li zoo raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm virtuosity los ntawm tus txhais lus, to-rye nthuav muses. cov ntaub ntawv, coj mus rau kev tsim ib hom tshiab ntawm tus account. nyiaj pab - sketches npaj Ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm instr. txheej txheem (sketches los ntawm M. Clementi, kuv. Cramer, K. Cherny thiab lwm tus. rau fp;. R. Kreuzer, J. Mas, Sh. Berio thiab lwm tus. rau violin, thiab lwm yam). Kev kawm suab paj nruag kuj raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev nce zuj zus thiab hloov pauv zoo hauv kev sib piv nrog rau xyoo pua 18th. lub luag haujlwm ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv - ntiav, nroog thiab xeev. Ua raws li Paris ib qho, ib qho tom qab, cov chaw khaws cia lossis cov zoo li tau qhib. cov tsev kawm ntawv (kev kawm, tsev kawm suab paj nruag, tsev kawm qib siab) hauv pl. cov teb chaws Europe. Ces uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv txawv heev tsis yog hais txog kev tsim nyog pedagogical xwb. muaj pes tsawg leeg, tab sis kuj raws li cov dej num uas tau teem ua ntej lawv. Ntau tus ntawm lawv tau qhia cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov amateurs, cov menyuam yaus, cov hluas thiab cov neeg laus, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm ntau theem ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev cob qhia. Lub hom phiaj ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov conservatories yog ua. art-in, nyob rau hauv ib co-ryh cov kws qhia ntawv kuj tau kawm rau cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab muses. tsev neeg tu siab. Hauv 19 in. hem. cov conservatories, tshwj tsis yog rau Parisian, tsis ua si ib qho tseem ceeb. lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm composers. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub conservatory yog txawv. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Fabkis, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lwm lub teb chaws, txij thaum pib 19 nyob rau hauv. Lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov suab paj nruag ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb (txhua theem ntawm kev cob qhia) yog chav kawm ntawm solfeggio thiab suab paj nruag dictation. Ib qho chaw tseem ceeb hauv lub tebchaws no tau nyob los ntawm kev sib tw kev xeem. Hauv 2nd ib nrab. 19 nyob rau hauv. nyob rau hauv xovxwm rau ntau xyoo, muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev kawm conservatory thiab lawv cov neeg tawm tsam, uas nyiam kev kawm ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj sab nraum kev kawm. chaw tsim khoom. Cov neeg thuam ntawm kev saib xyuas kev kawm (ntawm lawv yog R. Wagner) ntseeg tias kev cob qhia dav dav ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tshuab raj cuam tshuam kev tsim cov duab kos duab. tus kheej ntawm cov khoom plig tshaj plaws ntawm lawv. Cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm conservatories (thaum ntxov 20 nyob rau hauv. lawv cov lus sib cav tau sau los ntawm G. Krechmar), pom zoo nrog ntau cov lus ntiag tug ntawm nws cov neeg tawm tsam (uas tau sau txog kev kawm txuj ci kev kawm ntawm suab paj nruag-theoretical. kev qhuab qhia thiab lawv txoj kev sib cais los ntawm kev xyaum, qhov nqaim thiab ib sab ntawm lub repertoire tau kawm, kev poob hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej los ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm ntawm lub zog thiab lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev sib koom ua ke nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm nruab nrab), tib lub sij hawm taw qhia rau kev txiav txim siab. qhov zoo ntawm kev cob qhia cov kws ntaus nkauj hauv kev qhia. cov tsev kawm ntawv: 1) lub sijhawm los muab cov chav kawm hauv kev tshwj xeeb nrog rau kev kawm ntxiv. Kev qhuab qhia dej khov (solfeggio, kev sib haum xeeb, kev txheeb xyuas cov ntawv, keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag, yuav tsum tau ua rau txhua tus FP. etc.) thiab siv tau. ntaus suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv ib lub orchestra, pawg, hu nkauj, thiab tej zaum opera; 2) lub luag haujlwm txhawb nqa ntawm tus kheej cov qauv vivid thiab kev sib tw hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm hauv pab pawg; 3) Muaj ntau dua ntawm M. hais txog. rau cov neeg coob coob. Raws li ua ntej, nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm M. hais txog. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tau ua los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm cov kws qhia zoo lossis cov kws ua suab paj nruag muaj tswv yim (tsis hais seb cov tsev kawm ntawv no tau tsim los ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom lossis sab nraud). Pianistic sawv daws tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv (piv txwv li, M. Klementi, K. Cherny, F. Chopin, F. List, A. F. Marmontel, L. Diemera, T. Lesheitsky, L. Godovsky thiab lwm tus), violin (piv txwv li, A. Viotana, Y. Joachim, R. Kreutzer), conductors (R. Wagner, G. Malera) thiab lwm yam. tsev kawm ntawv. Hauv 19 in. Cov tsev kawm qib siab tau tsim ob qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm M. o., nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus yooj yim khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th. Hauv qee lub tebchaws (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Austria, Switzerland, thiab lwm yam), cov khau khau siab siab tau dhau los ua qhov chaw tsuas yog rau cov suab paj nruag-theoretical. kev kawm; kev ua suab paj nruag (cov tub ntxhais kawm) hu nkauj, orchestras, ensembles) yog ib qho kev nyiam ua haujlwm ntawm no, qee zaum, txawm li cas los xij, nce mus rau qib siab. Summing up kev sib tham txog M. hais txog. hauv cov khau khau siab, G. Krechmar nyob rau hauv 1903 tau sau hais tias mus kawm ntawm un-cov tswv yim. kev qhuab qhia yuav yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg raws li kev qhia cov qauv sau ntawv theem qis thiab kos duab hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab cov neeg thov rau lub tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau xyaum ua suab paj nruag zoo thiab dhau los tsuas yog siv suab paj nruag ntawm no. thiab general esthetician. kev qhuab qhia. Nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws (thawj nyob rau hauv Great Britain, ces nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, thiab lwm yam), qhov chaw uas cov kev cob qhia ntawm musicologists kuj coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv siab fur khau, cov tub ntxhais kawm nrog rau musicologists. kev qhuab qhia mastered suab paj nruag.

Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub capitalist thiab tsim lub teb chaws, lub system ntawm M. txog., general thiab tshwj xeeb, yog txawv heev. Hauv ntau lub tebchaws, tsuas yog ob peb lub suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb uch. cov koom haum yog nyiaj txiag los ntawm lub xeev, thaum lawv feem ntau yog khiav los ntawm cov neeg ntiag tug thiab cov zej zog. cov koom haum; txhais tau tias. cov tsev kawm ntawv muses tsis muaj qhov profile meej, thiab lawv feem ntau ua cov chav kawm nrog cov kws tshaj lij thiab cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm, nrog rau menyuam yaus thiab cov neeg laus; tus nqi kawm hauv pl. uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv yog qhov siab, thiab tsuas yog cov nyiaj pub dawb pub dawb ua rau nws tau txais M. o. khoom plig cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm cov tsev neeg tau nyiaj tsawg.

Hauv UK, cov chav kawm suab paj nruag hauv kev kawm dav dav. Cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm thawj ob theem (me nyuam mos- thiab junior-tsev kawm ntawv) yog concentrated Ch. arr. ntawm hu nkauj. Tib lub sijhawm, kev txhim kho ntawm kev hnov ​​​​lus feem ntau yog raws li "tonic-sol-fa" txoj kev ntawm J. Curwen. United tsev kawm ntawv choirs feem ntau ua ib tug complex repertoire - los ntawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm Palestrina mus rau Op. R. Vaughan Williams. Nyob rau xyoo 1970s ntawm kev pib ntawm Dolmech tsev neeg, uas tau txhawb nqa lub block-fly thiab teeb tsa lawv cov khoom lag luam hauv Great Britain, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv lwm lub tebchaws European. lub teb chaws; qhov instrumental no nrog rau percussion melodic. cov twj paj nruag (lub tsev hauv paus ntawm K. Orff) coj qhov chaw tseem ceeb hauv tsev kawm suab paj nruag. kev kawm. Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv sib txawv ntawm kev kawm dav dav. cov tsev kawm ntawv (xws li seconda-ryschool) tuaj yeem, yog tias lawv xav tau, kawm piano los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntiag tug. lub orc. cuab yeej. Tsev kawm ntawv orchestras thiab ensembles yog tsim los ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Hauv ntau lub nroog muaj av muses. tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm private hluas nkauj. tsev kawm ntawv (Junior Music-School). Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm ntau hom tsev kawm (nrog rau cov kws qhia ntawv ntiag tug) muaj sijhawm los qhia lawv cov muses. kev txawj ntse hauv cov koom haum tshwj xeeb (Generale Certificate of Education, Associated Board of Royal Schools of Music, thiab lwm yam). Tom qab ntawd, cov lus nug yog txiav txim siab seb puas yuav txuas ntxiv lawv cov kev kawm hauv suab paj nruag. cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab (cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag, tsev khaws puav pheej, kev kawm) lossis hauv cov khau khau siab. Cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag nto moo tshaj plaws nyob hauv London (King Academy of Music thiab Dramatic Arts, King College of Music, King College for Organists), Manchester (King Manchester College of Music) thiab Glasgow (King Scottish Academy of Music). Hauv cov nroog loj uas muaj cov khau khau siab siab thiab muses. cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, feem ntau yog ib qho kev npaj sib koom ua ke ntawm lawv txoj haujlwm tau teeb tsa, tsom tsis yog rau kev cob qhia cov kws kho suab paj nruag, tab sis kuj xyaum ntaus suab paj nruag, suav nrog. xib fwb. Hauv Ltalis, kev kawm dav dav. cov tsev kawm ntawv tsis tshua mloog suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau private thiab lub tsev teev ntuj. music tsev kawm ntawv, muaj xeev. conservatories thiab roob. suab paj nruag lyceums (cov kev kawm ntawm lub tom kawg txawv me ntsis ntawm cov conservatory sawv daws yuav). Yuav kom nkag mus rau qhov kev xeem zaum kawg, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm kev saib xyuas thoob plaws hauv tus as khauj. chav kawm yuav tsum xeem dhau qhov kev xeem rau qib qis thiab siab dua. Rau composers, organists, pianists, violinists thiab cellists uch. chav kawm no kav 10 xyoo. Ntawm Conservatory "Santa Cecilia" (Rome), rau cov kws sau nkauj thiab cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag uas kawm tiav los ntawm ib qho ntawm cov chaw khaws cia, cov kev kawm tau tsim los ua kom muaj suab paj nruag siab dua. kev tsim nyog. Hauv Siena, ntawm Academy ntawm Chidzhana (khiav los ntawm lub koom haum pej xeem thoob ntiaj teb) tau tuav, zoo li ntau lwm tus. siab uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, cov rooj sib tham lub caij ntuj sov los txhim kho cov txuj ci ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj (cov chav kawm yog coj los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws).

Hauv Fab Kis, txij li xyoo 1946, suab paj nruag tau nyob qhov chaw nce ntxiv hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. cov kev kawm dav dav. tsev kawm ntawv. Kev cob qhia yog ua raws li ib lub xeev. qhov kev pab cuam, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim yog them rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev hnov ​​lus thiab tsim lub suab. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev thiab private music. tsev kawm ntawv, thiab kuj nyob rau hauv conservatories M. txog. tau txais los ntawm amateurs thiab cov kws tshaj lij; txhais tau tias. ib txhia ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Ntxiv rau Paris Conservatory, tseem muaj cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntiav ntiav hauv nroog. tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov loj tshaj ntawm lawv yog: "Ecole de Músique de classical religios" (tsim nyob rau hauv 1853 los ntawm L. Niedermeyer), "Schola Cantorum" (tsim nyob rau hauv 1894 los ntawm A. Gilman thiab V. d'Andy), "Ecole Normale de Músique" (tsim los ntawm L. Niedermeyer). xyoo 1919 A. Cortot thiab A. Manzho). Nws yog tus yam ntxwv uas nyob rau hauv Fabkis, qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm kev cob qhia nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb. suab paj nruag Hauv tsev kawm ntawv, qhov kev sib tw ua si ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb; cov kws qhia suab paj nruag rau lyceums kuj raug xaiv rau qhov kev xeem sib tw, uas muaj nyob rau hauv kev tshuaj xyuas cov suab paj nruag. thiab pedagogical kev paub thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm tus neeg sib tw. Kev cob qhia ntawm cov kws qhia suab paj nruag ntawm qhov kev tsim nyog siab tshaj plaws (rau cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab kev kawm dav dav) tshwm sim hauv Paris ntawm Lyceum. J. La Fontaine, qhov kev kawm tshwj xeeb 3 xyoos.

Hauv tebchaws Yelemes, tsis muaj kev tswj hwm kev coj noj coj ua hauv nruab nrab, thiab yog li kev tsim kev kawm hauv tsoomfwv cov xeev yog qhov tshwj xeeb. Hauv kev kawm txuj ci kev kawm suab paj nruag yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Choral, nrog rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov bunks. cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag tau teem tseg raws li lawv lub hom phiaj los muab ib tug general M. o. Hauv qee lub tsev kawm ntawv no, kawm ntaus suab paj nruag. cov twj paj nruag raws li qhov kev kawm tshwj xeeb pib thaum muaj hnub nyoog 4 xyoos. Rau cov me nyuam muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm dep. Cov tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm dav dav qhib rau suab paj nruag. cov chav kawm, thiab hauv qee lub nroog tau tsim tshwj xeeb. tsev kawm suab paj nruag. Gor. thiab cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag ntiav tau koom ua ke hauv FRG cov zej zog. lub koom haum - lub Union ntawm German. cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag, to-ry txij li xyoo 1969 tau pib tsim kev cob qhia rau txhua tus muses. tshwj xeeb. Cov haujlwm ntawm prof. kev kawm yog txiav txim siab los ntawm conservatories (raws li txoj cai, cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag theem nrab), cov tsev kawm ntawv suab paj nruag. foob, music. academies thiab un-you (lub ntsiab arr. musicologists kawm ntawm no).

L. Barenboim

Nyob rau hauv teb chaws USA keeb kwm M. txog. cuam ​​tshuam nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm xyoo pua 18th ntau lub tsev kawm chanter uas tau npaj rau pawg hu nkauj. hu nkauj hauv pawg ntseeg thiab kev ntseeg. kev sib ntsib; cov kws qhia ntawv feem ntau tsis yog kws ntaus nkauj, tab sis cov pov thawj uas siv cov lus Askiv. pawg ntseeg hu nkauj. Xyoo 1721, thawj phau ntawv qhia rau cov tsev kawm ntawv tau tshwm sim; lawv cov kws sau ntawv yog pov thawj J. Tufts thiab T. Walter. nrog kev cai dab qhuas. cov zej zog ntawm Moravian Cov Kwv Tij (kev sib hais haum ntawm Npelehees, ze Philadelphia, 1741) yog txuam nrog thawj qhov kev paub ntawm M. o.

Rau qhov pib 19 in. kev xyaum ntawm cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb pib tsim. Nyob rau hauv 1830's amer. enlightener L. Mason hais rau qhov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua. kev kawm suab paj nruag hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Qhov tsis muaj muses siab dua. peb. cov koom haum thiab kev tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho hauv tsev tau yuam ntau tus neeg. iab. musicians mus kawm nyob teb chaws Europe (ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. nyob rau Fabkis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees). Tom qab ntawd hauv Oberlin (Ohio) tau tsim mus. kawm ntawv qib siab (1835), nyob rau hauv tib qhov chaw - lub conservatory (1865), nyob rau hauv 1857 - Mus. Academy hauv Philadelphia, xyoo 1862 - suab paj nruag. ft ntawm Harvard College, xyoo 1867 - New England. conservatory hauv Boston, Mus. tsev kawm qib siab hauv Chicago thiab Conservatory hauv Cincinnati, xyoo 1868 - Peabody Institute hauv Baltimore, xyoo 1885 - Nat. Conservatory hauv New York, xyoo 1886 - Amer. conservatory nyob Chicago, xyoo 1896 - suab paj nruag. Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Columbia University. Ntau lub tsev muses no tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg siv nyiaj. Xyoo 1876, National Music Teachers Association (MTNA). Mus rau qhov chaw ntawm M. hais txog. muaj zog cawv tau exerted los ntawm cov tsoos European. kev kawm ntawv (lub Paris Conservatory tau los ua tus qauv ntawm ntau US conservatories, ac. phau ntawv txhais tau siv tsuas yog German). Cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw los ntawm cov teb chaws Europe hauv con. 19 – lus. 20 cc muab impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Amer. ua. tsev kawm ntawv, ie vim muaj ntau tus virtuoso musicians uas tuaj txog tau qhia. ua haujlwm (I. Vengerova, kuv. Levin, E. Zimbalist thiab lwm tus); cov nyiaj tshiab tau tsim. tsev. Qhov tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb yog cov haujlwm ntawm Juilliard Muses. cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv New York xyoo 1926), Eastman Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Suab paj nruag hauv Rochester (1921), Curtis Institute hauv Philadelphia (1924), San Francisco Conservatory. Muses tau pib nce ntau thiab ntau qhov tseem ceeb. f-koj ntawm cov khau khau siab. Hauv xyoo 1930's cuam tshuam nrog kev sib kis ntawm fascism hauv ntau lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, ntau tus neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus rau Tebchaws Meskas. cov kws ntaus nkauj zoo heev uas tau txuas lawv cov haujlwm nrog Amer. tsis yog (P. Hindemith – nrog Yale University, A. Schoenberg - nrog California hauv Los Angeles, P. G. Lang - nrog Columbia, thiab lwm yam). Yog tias yav dhau los cov khau khau siab siab hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau txwv rau kev cob qhia cov kws qhia ntawv (cov kws ua yeeb yam thiab cov kws sau nkauj feem ntau tau txais kev saib xyuas kev kawm), tom qab lub sijhawm lawv pib cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj tswv yim, nrog rau cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag rau kev tshawb fawb suab paj nruag. Cov qauv tshiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv South. California thiab Indiana, thiab hauv xyoo 1950 thiab 60s. tau dhau los ua qhov tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws rau ntau lub tebchaws Asmeskas. Nyob rau hauv 50's pib xav tias tsis txaus cov kws qhia ntawv. ntas. Nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm comp. N. Dello Gioio Ford Foundation tsim qhov Project ntawm niaj hnub. suab paj nruag, raws li Krom, cov tub ntxhais hluas composers tau coj cov txheej txheem ntawm M. hais txog. hauv tsev kawm ntawv, uas yuav ua rau kev kawm muaj tswv yim ntau dua. xwm. Hauv 60-70s. lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sim nyob rau hauv staging suab paj nruag. peb. txheej txheem ua txawv. qhov zoo ntawm Amer. M hais txog. Nws suav nrog kev siv Z. Kodaya, K. Orfa, T. Suzuki, nrog rau cov kev paub dhau los nrog cov khoos phis tawj thiab cov suab synthesizers, tsim cov kev qhia jazz siab dua. chaw ua haujlwm (Boston, thiab lwm yam). Hauv 70-ies. preschool thiab junior tsev kawm ntawv suab paj nruag. kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm-kev ua si, uas muaj xws li hu nkauj, suab paj nruag. kev tawm dag zog, kev paub txog kev ua suab paj nruag, mloog suab paj nruag. Hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem siab (college) cov chav kawm suab paj nruag feem ntau suav nrog kev ua si; pawg hu nkauj. ensembles, cua thiab jazz pawg, symphony. suab paj nruag. Mn. Cov tsev kawm qib siab nyiam cov kws tshaj lij tshaj lij los ua haujlwm. ensembles, as well as composers nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus rau ib xyoos los yog ntau tshaj. peb.

Hauv Canada, M.o. muaj ntau yam nrog M.o. hauv teb chaws USA. Ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb uch. Cov tsev kawm ntawv loj tshaj plaws yog Academy of Music hauv Quebec (tsim nyob rau hauv 1868), Canadian Conservatory hauv Toronto (1870), conservatory hauv Montreal (1876), Toronto (1886), thiab Halifax (1887). Cov kws qhia ntawv zoo tshaj plaws yog tsom rau cov suab paj nruag. Cov khau khau siab siab ntawm Toronto, Montreal, thiab lwm yam. Muaj ntau lub khau khau siab siab muaj cov hu nkauj. thiab chamber ensembles, thiab ib co - symphonic. suab paj nruag.

Hauv tebchaws Australia, cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag ntawm hom yooj yim tshaj plaws tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1st ib nrab. Xyoo 19th tom qab ntawd muaj muses. tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv Adelaide (lub hauv paus hauv 1883; hloov mus rau hauv lub tsev khaws khoom), suab paj nruag. ib lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv Melbourne (tom qab ntawd yog N. Melba Conservatory), ib lub chaw saib xyuas hauv Sydney (tsim nyob rau xyoo 1914), hauv New South. Wells thiab lwm tus. Thaum pib. 20th caug xyoo suab paj nruag tsim. f-koj nyob rau hauv siab khau khau ntawm Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide. Los ntawm con. 1960s nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam account tau pib qhia niaj hnub. suab paj nruag, cov ntsiab cai tshiab thiab txoj kev qhia pib siv. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov kev txav no yog rau Canberra Muses. tsev kawm ntawv, loj hauv 1965, raws li hom Amer. Tsev Kawm Ntawv Juilliard. Cov tub ntxhais kawm lub caij ntuj sov pib ua haujlwm. camps (txij li thaum nruab nrab-1960s; Melbourne, Adelaide), nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm suab paj nruag tau tuav, concerts tau tuav, thiab cov rooj sib tham nrog cov suab paj nruag tseem ceeb. Cov haujlwm ntawm Australian Muses yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. xeem commission ua cov kev xeem txhua xyoo ntawm theoretical. cov kev kawm thiab cov cuab yeej ua si txhawm rau txhim kho tag nrho muses. qib. Nyob rau hauv 1967, lub Association ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam tau tsim.

Hauv lub tebchaws ntawm Lat. Asmeskas M.o. tsim kwv yees li tib txoj kev: los ntawm kev coj ua ntiag tug thiab cov muses primitive. tsev kawm ntawv rau lub koom haum ntawm suab paj nruag. tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, conservatories thiab muses. f-tov ntawm lub siab tawv khau looj plab hlaub, thiab thaum xub thawj European tau theej. system thiab tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1950s. pib tawm cov ntawv hauv tebchaws. Musicians ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm Lat. Cov neeg Amelikas uas yav dhau los kawm hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas tau xaiv los kawm hauv lawv lub tebchaws. Cov thawj coj hauv lub teb chaws ntawm nqe lus M. txog. - Argentina, Brazil, Mexico.

Hauv Argentina, thawj lub suab paj nruag uch. lub tsev kawm ntawv (Academy of Music) tau qhib rau xyoo 1822 hauv Buenos Aires, ntawm qhov pib ntawm comp. A. Williams, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau tsim los ntawm no (1893, tom qab ntawd kuj muaj npe tom qab A. Williams). Tom qab ntawd hauv Buenos Aires - suab paj nruag. qhov chaw ntawm Lat. Tebchaws Asmeskas, ob lub chaw khaws cia ntxiv tau tsim - Lub Tebchaws muaj npe tom qab CL Buchardo (1924) thiab Lub Nroog hu ua M. de Falla. Tag nrho R. 60-70s suab paj nruag tshwm sim. uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv Cordoba (ib pawg sim ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Zoo Tshaj Plaws, 1966), Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab ntawm Suab paj nruag hauv Mendoza, suab paj nruag. f-koj ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv Buenos Aires thiab cov tsev kawm qib siab ntawm La Plata, Cov Suab Nkauj Siab. hauv-t ntawm University of Litoral hauv Rosario thiab lwm yam. Ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb yog kev tsim ntawm Lat.-Amer. nruab nrab ntawm cov suab paj nruag siab dua. tshawb fawb ntawm Ying-cov T. Di Tellya (1965). Cov haujlwm ntawm Argent yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Society of Music xib fwb (tsim nyob rau hauv 1964).

Hauv Brazil, thawj lub suab paj nruag uch. lub koom haum – King. conservatory nyob rau hauv Rio de Janeiro (1841, txij li thaum 1937 - National School of Music). Ib qho kev pab loj rau M. txoj kev loj hlob txog. qhia Komi. E. Vila Lobos, uas nrhiav tau ntau tus muses. cov tsev kawm ntawv, nrog rau National choir conservatory. hu nkauj (1942, feem ntau yog rau pedagogical lub hom phiaj), ces Vraz. music Academy. OL Fernandis (1945, Rio de Janeiro). Mus rau qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws suab paj nruag uch. Cov koom haum Brazilian kuj muaj Braz. lub conservatory nyob rau hauv Rio de Janeiro (tsim nyob rau hauv 1940), lub Conservatory ntawm Drama thiab suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv Sao Paulo (tsim nyob rau hauv 1909). Nyob rau xyoo 1960s muaj cov kev sim tshiab ntawm M. txog .: Svobodny mus. seminar nyob rau hauv University of Bahia, Summer courses in Teresopolis (ze Rio de Janeiro), Mus. Seminar Pro Arte (Rio de Janeiro); suab paj nruag koom. cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv Recife, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, thiab lwm yam.

Hauv Mexico, cov chaw siab dua M. o. yog Mex. nat. conservatory thiab suab paj nruag. un-ta tsev kawm ntawv hauv Mexico City, nrog rau suab paj nruag. ceg ntawm National Institute of Fine Arts (Mexico City), Guadalajara Conservatory, thiab lwm yam.

Xyaum hauv txhua lub tebchaws Lat. Tebchaws Asmeskas muaj cov muses siab tshaj plaws. uch. tsev kawm ntawv (conservatories los yog suab paj nruag. F-koj siab khau khau), to-rye txawv tsuas yog nyob rau theem ntawm kev teeb tsa tus account. txheej txheem, tsis yog cov kev pab cuam thiab kev qhia.

OK. ser. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 European nkag mus. forms M. o. rau cov tebchaws Esxias thiab African. Lub tswv yim Eurocentric, raws li qhov feem ntau ntawm cov neeg tsis yog European. civilizations lees paub raws li underdeveloped los yog txawm primitive, yuav luag tag nrho tsis kam nat. kev cai dab qhuas. Cov tub txib thiab tom qab ntawd Khetos. Cov koom haum kev cai dab qhuas accustomed Africans rau cov Catholic. los yog pawg ntseeg Protestant. hu nkauj. Cov thawj coj colonial cog rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv European. kev kawm system, incl. thiab suab paj nruag. Tom qab ntawd, ntau tus kws ntaus nkauj zoo nkauj los ntawm cov tebchaws Esxias thiab African tau pib kawm hauv Great Britain (Trinity College, qhov twg ntau tus kws sau nkauj los ntawm West Africa tau txais lawv txoj kev kawm), Fabkis, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab Asmeskas. Nyob rau hauv tsev, lawv cog rau Western European. suab paj nruag thiab cov ntsiab lus qhia. T. o., music. Kev nyeem ntawv thiab kev tshaj lij xws li tau dhau los ua ze rau Western Europe. suab paj nruag qhia. kev tsim nyog. Kev xav zoo hauv M. txog. txuas, ntawm ib sab, nrog enlightenment. cov kev ua ub no ntawm lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb nyob sab Europe musicians nyob rau hauv Asia thiab Africa (piv txwv li, A. Schweitzer), ntawm qhov tod tes, nrog rau kev sim ntawm lub teb chaws cov nuj nqis. kab lis kev cai kom pom qhov kev pom zoo ntawm sab hnub tuaj. thiab app. systems (kev sim ntawm R. Tagore hauv Shantiniketon).

Kev txhawb siab kev coj noj coj ua hauv ntau lub tebchaws ntawm Asia thiab Africa tau ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau kev coj noj coj ua. cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub teb chaws foob. Muaj ntau yam teeb meem nyuaj tshwm sim: sau ntawv nar. suab paj nruag los yog cog rau hauv qhov ncauj kab lis kev cai, khaws cia cov lus dab neeg tsis hloov lossis tsim nws, siv Western European. kev paub lossis tsis siv nws. Lub network ntawm muses twb tau ua zoo nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. cov tsev kawm ntawv, cov kev cob qhia kev cob qhia raug tsim, thiab muaj cov kws tshaj lij tsim nyog.

Nyob rau hauv Nyiv, cov txheej txheem ntawm lub tsev muses. hauv-tov modern. hom pib ntxov dua li lwm lub tebchaws ntawm Asia thiab Africa - thaum pib. 19th caug xyoo Nyob rau hauv 1879 lub Japanese tsoom fwv rau lub M. lub koom haum txog. Amer. raug caw mus rau lub teb chaws cov tsev kawm ntawv. tshuab raj-qhia LW Mason (nws ua haujlwm nyob rau ntawd peb xyoos; tsev kawm suab paj nruag xyaum nyob rau hauv Nyij Pooj tuav lub npe "Mason cov nkauj" ntev). Los ntawm Ser. Xyoo 1970s tsev kawm ntawv cov kev pab cuam yog tsim thiab saib xyuas los ntawm Ministry of Education. Tus nqi zoo heev hauv cov menyuam yaus M. txog. muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm T. Suzuki, cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho ntawm kev txawj ntse los ntawm kev nkauj laus ncas. kev ua si. Ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab ntawm Nyij Pooj sawv tawm: un-you art in Tokyo (yav tas los Academic School of Music) thiab Osaka, Mus. Tentsokugakuan Academy (txij li xyoo 1967), suab paj nruag. Kiusu University School, Chiba, Toyo College.

Hauv Is Nrias teb cov chaw M. txog. tau los ua Academy ntawm Suab paj nruag, seev cev thiab ua yeeb yam ("Sangeet Natak Academy", 1953) hauv Delhi nrog cov ceg ntoo hauv ntau lwm tus. lub xeev ntawm lub teb chaws, suab paj nruag. Tsev kawm ntawv qib siab "Carnatic" hauv Madras, University of Gandharva hauv Bombay, Academy of Music hauv Thiruvananthapuram, suab paj nruag. Cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv Mysore, Varanasi (Benares), Delhi, Patna, Calcutta, Madras thiab lwm lub nroog. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws masters ntawm ind. koom nrog hauv kev qhia. suab paj nruag - ustads uas yav dhau los ua nyob rau hauv kev sib cais thiab tsis muaj cov xwm txheej tsim nyog rau lub cev. qhia cov tub ntxhais hluas (ua si sitar thiab cawv, kos duab ntawm ragi, improvisation, thiab lwm yam). Kev cob qhia cov kev pab cuam npog tag nrho ntau yam ntawm ind. suab paj nruag, thiab tseem qhia txog nws txoj kev sib txuas nrog lwm yam txuj ci (dance, ua yeeb yam). Zap. M.'s systems txog. Is Nrias teb tsis tau txais kev txhim kho ntau.

txhais tau tias. qhov system ntawm M. txog tau hloov pauv. cov tsev kawm ntawv theem pib, theem nrab thiab qib siab hauv Arab. lub teb chaws. Hauv Cairo, Tim lyiv teb chaws, lub chaw saib xyuas tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1959 nrog kev xav thiab ua. f-tami; Txij li xyoo 1971, Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Kev Ua qhev tau ua haujlwm. suab paj nruag (yav tas los Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Oriental Music, tom qab ntawd, txij li xyoo 1929, lub koom haum ntawm Arabic Music), qhov twg cov suab paj nruag tau kawm. music thiab game on nat. cuab yeej. M. txoj kev loj hlob ntawm. nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv pab rau kev kawm ntawm pedagogical. cov neeg ua haujlwm (Inst. rau kev cob qhia cov kws qhia suab paj nruag hauv Zamalek, Cairo). Nyob rau hauv Iraq, suab paj nruag lub chaw yog lub Academy ntawm Fine Arts nrog ib tug department ntawm suab paj nruag (tsim nyob rau hauv 1940, Baghdad), nyob rau hauv Algeria - lub National Institute of Music, muaj peb departments (kev tshawb fawb, pedagogical thiab folklore), thiab lwm yam. ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv no, Soviet musicians.

Hauv Iran, muaj lub tebchaws Conservatory thiab Conservatory ntawm Europe. suab paj nruag, lub ntsiab hauv xyoo 1918 hauv Tehran, Conservatory hauv Tabriz (1956), nrog rau cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag ntawm cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv Tehran thiab Shiraz. Lub suab paj nruag studio rau cov menyuam yaus thiab cov hluas tau tsim nyob rau hauv xov tooj cua thiab TV ntawm Iran.

Hauv Turkey, siab dua M. o. Cov koom haum nyob rau hauv conservatories ntawm Istanbul thiab Ankara.

Cov txheej txheem nyuaj tshwm sim hauv M. o. African lub teb chaws. Thawj qhov chaw saib xyuas nyob rau sab av loj (hauv Cape Town, Johannesburg, East African Conservatory hauv Nairobi) tau ua haujlwm tau ntau xyoo, tab sis lawv tau npaj rau cov neeg tsis yog neeg African. Tom qab tau txais kev ywj pheej nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm Africa M. lub pas dej yog nquag nkag mus. Nws tau txais kev txhim kho tshwj xeeb hauv Ghana, qhov chaw kws qhia ntawv suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam tau tsim los ntawm University of Ligon, lub koom haum rau Kev Tshawb Fawb Africa (kev tshawb fawb suab paj nruag yog lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov haujlwm), Nat. Academy of Music in Winneba, African Institute of Music in Accra, mus. ft Ying-ta hauv Cape Coast. Muses. Cov tsev kawm qib siab ntawm Akropong thiab Achimota tau coj ntau yam. tiam ntawm Ghanaian musicians.

Suab paj nruag yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv Nigeria. Cov tsev kawm qib siab ntawm Lagos, Ibadan thiab Ile-Ife, nrog rau cov tsev kawm qib siab hauv Zaria thiab Onich. Ib qib siab tau ua tiav los ntawm M. kev tsim khoom ntawm o. hauv Senegal, Mali (National School of Music in Conakry) thiab Guinea, lub tuam tsev suab paj nruag ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm Makerere (Uganda), Lusaka (Zambia), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) tau pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.

Nyob rau hauv lub conservatories African lub teb chaws yog kawm mas app. suab paj nruag (theoretical disciplines and play instruments), thiab suab paj nruag. f-tah un-tov tshwj xeeb yog them rau nat. suab paj nruag, lub koom haum rau Kev Kawm ntawm Africa yog tibneeg hu tauj coob nrog cov teeb meem ntawm kev khaws cia thiab tsim cov lus dab neeg ntawm lub teb chaws.

Qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm M. o. tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. thaum pib. thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab (hauv ntau lub teb chaws suab paj nruag yog qhov yuav tsum tau kawm). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev sib kis ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. cov cuab yeej cuab tam, tab sis nws txoj kev tseem zoo ib yam li ntau pua xyoo dhau los.

M. qhov teeb meem txog. - ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev khaws cia thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub ntawm Asia thiab Africa, yog li UNESCO, Intern. suab paj nruag Council, International Society of Music kws qhia ntawv thiab lwm tus neeg them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau nws.

Cov kev zov me nyuam tau raug tsim los uas coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov tshwj xeeb thiab qib kev loj hlob ntawm M. o. nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, tshiab, tej zaum kev sim qhia txoj kev yog siv (piv txwv li, raws li cov txheej txheem ntawm Z. Kodaly thiab K. Orff), lub rooj sib tham, congresses thiab seminars, kev pab tswv yim thiab cov neeg ua hauj lwm sib pauv.

JK Mikhailov.

Suab paj nruag kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub pre-revolutionary lub sij hawm. Russia thiab USSR. Hais txog M.o. nyob rau hauv Dr. Cov ntaub ntawv me me tau khaws cia hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv lub pedagogy uas tsim los ntawm cov neeg, nrog rau cov paj lug, hais, fairy tales thiab zaj nkauj, syncretism kuj ua lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb. (xws li suab paj nruag) art. kev ua, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug sib tov ntawm lwm yam lus tau reflected. thiab Christian rituals. Hauv Nar. ib puag ncig tau yug los ntawm hom buffoon - ib tug kws tshaj lij multilateral "tus neeg ua yeeb yam", kev txawj rau-rogo tau txais hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm tsev neeg lossis khw kev cob qhia. Los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam, suab paj nruag poetic kuj tau dhau mus. kab lig kev cai ntawm composers ntawm heroic-glorifying chants. Kev qhia suab paj nruag (ntau qhov tseeb, lub tsev teev ntuj hu nkauj) tau tshwm sim ob qho tib si hauv tsev kawm ntawv tsim los ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj, qhov twg cov txiv plig thiab cov neeg paub ntawv xav tau los ntawm lub xeev tau raug cob qhia, thiab ncaj qha rau hauv lub tuam tsev hu nkauj, uas tsis yog tsuas yog ua yeeb yam pab pawg, tab sis kuj hu nkauj tsev kawm ntawv. . Cov neeg hu nkauj hauv lub Koom Txoos thiab cov neeg hu nkauj tau raug coj tuaj rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv no (saib Znamenny chant ).

Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm feudal cais nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab av, lub capital nroog ntawm lub tshwj xeeb cov thawj coj - Vladimir, Novgorod, Suzdal, Pskov, Polotsk, thiab lwm yam. – tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. tshuaj lom. kab lis kev cai thiab ntawm no tau tsim lawv cov neeg hu nkauj hauv zos. cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tso siab rau cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm znamenny hu nkauj, tab sis qhia qee yam tshwj xeeb rau hauv nws. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog ib qho ntawm cov laus tshaj plaws thiab zoo tshaj plaws hu nkauj tau raug khaws cia. Cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, tsim los ntawm Andrey Bogolyubsky hauv Vladimir. Ib me ntsis tom qab, lub luag hauj lwm ua nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj. Novgorod pib ua si hu nkauj thiab qhia kev kos duab, uas tau ntau xyoo tuav nws txoj haujlwm. Novgorod singer. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau npaj cov suab paj nruag zoo heev. kab lis kev cai ntawm lub sij hawm - ua yeeb yam, composers ntawm suab paj nruag, theorists thiab xib fwb. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm kev npaj ib tug centralized Rus. xeev-va, coj los ntawm Moscow nat. tus hu nkauj. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau txais kev ua tiav ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv zos thiab feem ntau ntawm tag nrho Novgorod. Ob tug Novgorodians - kwv tij S. thiab B. Rogovyh, kev ua si rau-rykh belongs rau nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, suav hais tias yog cov founders ntawm Moscow. tsev teev ntuj. hu nkauj. Savva Rogov nyiam lub koob meej tshwj xeeb ua tus kws qhia ntawv. Nws cov tub ntxhais kawm nto moo - Fedor Krestyanin (tom qab ntawd yog ib tug kws qhia nto moo) thiab Ivan lub qhov ntswg raug coj los ntawm Ivan the Terrible los ua tus saib xyuas. masters ntawm hu nkauj nyob rau hauv Moscow. Cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Novgorod kuj tau tsim los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv thib peb ntawm Rogov - Stefan Golysh, suab paj nruag thiab pedagogical. Kev ua si rau-rogo coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Urals nyob rau hauv muaj cov tub lag luam Stroganov. Kev faib tawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev hu nkauj. Kev coj noj coj ua tau txhawb nqa los ntawm tsab cai ntawm "Stoglavy Cathedral" (Moscow, 1551), uas ua rau nws tsim nyog rau cov pov thawj thiab cov diacons tsim Moscow hauv tsev hauv txhua lub nroog. Russia cov tsev kawm ntawv rau kev qhia cov menyuam yaus tsis yog nyeem thiab sau ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj yog "lub tsev teev ntuj psalter hu nkauj." Kev tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv no yog npaj los hloov cov kev kawm ntawm lub npe hu ua. masters ntawm kev nyeem ntawv (cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab "cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb" uas tau koom nrog cov menyuam yaus nyeem, sau ntawv, thov Vajtswv thiab hu nkauj) thiab nthuav lub network ntawm uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub 14th-15th centuries. hauv qee lub nroog Dr. Russia. Koom Txoos Kav Tos Liv. hu nkauj, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub advent. hora (tsim nyob rau hauv con. 15th caug xyoo), feem ntau raug xa mus rau lwm lub nroog, cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj kom nce qib ntawm pawg hu nkauj. kev ua tau zoo. Qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws suab paj nruag-theoretical. cov neeg hu nkauj tau txais kev pab. cov tsiaj ntawv (nrog rau hauv decomp. Cov ntawv sau los ntawm 15th-17th centuries, saib Cov tsiaj ntawv suab paj nruag), uas tau muab ib qho luv luv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim ntawm tsab ntawv sib ntsib. Kev pom zoo ntawm qhov tshiab, ntau lub hom phiaj. nkauj hu nkauj. hu nkauj (cf. Partes hu nkauj) thiab lwm yam hloov ntawm znamenny sau nrog 5-linear notation nyob rau hauv pem teb thib 2. 17 nyob rau hauv. revolutionized txoj kev suab paj nruag yog qhia. Txheej txheem. ib txheej ntawm cov cai rau kev hu nkauj yog muab rau hauv cov lus cog tseg los ntawm N. AP Diletsky "Suab paj nruag Grammar", npaj rau kev cob qhia cov neeg hu nkauj thiab cov kws sau nkauj. Tsis zoo li cov "niam ntawv" nto moo, raws li qhov tseeb empirical. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Diletsky yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm rationalistic. kev taw qhia, lub siab xav tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog cov cai, tab sis kuj piav qhia lawv. Ib hom nyiaj tshwj xeeb ntawm cov nyiaj pub dawb, uas nyiam qhov kev faib khoom zoo hauv con. 17th caug xyoo, sawv cev rau lub thiaj li hu. ob-cov paib, uas muaj ib qho kev nthuav qhia thaum uas tig mus ntawm tunes nyob rau hauv znamenny thiab 5-linear notation. Tikhon Makarievsky "Tus yuam sij ntawm kev nkag siab" yog nyob rau hauv hom no. Nrog nees. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th, nyob rau hauv Moscow. Rus pib caw cov kws ntaus nkauj txawv teb chaws, kev koom tes ntawm Lavxias pib. paub hauv instr.

Nyob rau sab hnub poob Russia, uas yog ib feem ntawm 16-17 centuries. nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm Polish-Lithuanian xeev-va, paub tus nqi hauv M. qhov kev faib tawm txog. muaj lub npe hu ua fraternal schools, tsim kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev kawm. cov koom haum thiab tau ua haujlwm raws li lub chaw ruaj khov ntawm Lavxias, Ukrainian. thiab Belarusian., cov pejxeem tawm tsam nat. kev tsim txom thiab hloov dua siab tshiab rau Catholicism. Tom qab lub tsev kawm ntawv Lvov (tsim nyob rau hauv 1586), approx. 20 lub tsev kawm ntawv kwv tij. Nyob rau hauv no advanced rau lawv lub sij hawm account. cov tsev kawm ntawv (ntau yam kev qhia txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv no tau rov qab los hauv "Great Didactics" los ntawm Ya. A. Comenius) qhia kev hu nkauj thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm quadrivium, uas suav nrog suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub Kiev fraternal tsev kawm ntawv (tsim nyob rau hauv 1632) thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (tsim nyob rau hauv 1615) uas merged nyob rau hauv 1631, thawj Ukrainian tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim. Lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab - Kiev-Mohyla collegium (txij li xyoo 1701 - lub tsev kawm ntawv), uas, nrog rau lwm yam kev kawm, suab paj nruag kuj tau kawm. Nyob rau hauv Moscow, tus qauv ntawm lub Kyiv Collegium, nyob rau hauv 1687 Slavic-Greek-Lat tau qhib. academy, qhov twg pawg ntseeg kuj tau qhia. hu nkauj thiab "seven free arts".

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm Peter I, to-rye tau pab txhawb rau kev koom nrog hauv lub tebchaws nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm dav dav ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Tebchaws Europe. civilization, cov ntsiab lus thiab lub koom haum ntawm M. o. endured creatures. hloov. Liberation ntawm lub suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj saib xyuas, lub nqaim ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm cult music, lub puas-expanding secular suab paj nruag-ua (tub rog orchestras thiab choirs nyob rau hauv txoj kev thiab squares, seev cev thiab rooj suab paj nruag ntawm "semblies", suab paj nruas thiab ua yeeb yam. , qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub neej) thiab, thaum kawg, qhov kev ntshaw loj hlob rau kev nyiam ua suab paj nruag hauv zej zog - tag nrho cov no cuam tshuam rau tus cwj pwm ntawm M. o. Nws nthuav tawm ob peb tiam: qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog pib kom tau txais suab paj nruag. kev kawm nyob rau hauv secular, thiab tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv sab ntsuj plig kev kawm ntawv. hauv-tah; nyob rau hauv lub neej txawv. xib fwb ntawm sab ntsuj plig. cov koom haum nkag mus rau secular instr. suab paj nruag; M. o., tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv pem teb 2. 18th caug xyoo, qhia tsis tau tsuas yog rau cov kev xav tau ntawm lub tsev hais plaub. thiab, ib feem, lub tsev teev ntuj. lub neej txhua hnub, tab sis kuj ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm ntau lub zej zog. voj voog. Qhov xav tau rau kev xyaum ntaus suab paj nruag thiab xav tau ib tug dav Mo thoob plaws hauv 18th caug xyoo. nce ntxiv thiab ntau dua. Muses. kev kawm ntawm cov nom tswv tau ua los ntawm Ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. qhua bandmasters, concertmasters ntawm orchestras thiab claviers, ntawm cov uas yog loj masters. Kev cob qhia ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj tau ua tiav feem ntau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob hom. Qee qhov teeb tsa txoj haujlwm ntawm kev cob qhia cov kws ntaus nkauj, ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. orchestrators thiab singers. Txawm tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th hauv Moscow, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv St. Petersburg, tub rog ntaus suab paj nruag tawm los ntawm txawv teb chaws thiab ua haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub. orchestras tau qhia ua si cua ( tooj dag thiab ntoo) thiab percussion. cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, xaiv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm adv. choristers. Nyob rau hauv 1740, nyob rau hauv lub Advent. chapel (hloov mus rau St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv 1713), uas rau ntau tshaj ob centuries coj li tsim nyog choristers, ib tug hu nkauj. cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab hauv chav haujlwm rooj plaub thiab cov kws sau ntawv (D. S. Bortnyansky, M. S. Berezovsky), tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm. Tus thawj coj Orchestra I. Cov chav kawm Gyubner kawm ua si lub orc. cov cuab yeej. Ua ntej, nyob rau hauv 1738, lub tsev kawm ntawv hu nkauj thiab instrumentation tau qhib nyob rau hauv Glukhov, Ukraine. suab paj nruag (ua si violin, harp thiab bandura); ntawm tes. ib tug tshwj xeeb regent tau muab thawj M. o. feem ntau yog yav tom ntej adv. choristers. Ntawm lwm yam uch. cov koom haum - St. Petersburg. ua yeeb yam. tsev kawm ntawv (tsim nyob rau hauv 1738, tab sis thaum kawg tsim los ntawm 1783), nyob rau hauv uas lawv qhia tsis tau tsuas yog theem ua yeeb yam, tab sis kuj suab paj nruag. art-wu, thiab music. cov chav kawm ntawm Academy of Arts. qhib rau xyoo 1760s. thiab muaj nyob rau ntau xyoo lawm (ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv - comp. B. I. Fomin). Hais txog kev mloog, uas tau them nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. cov koom haum prof. M. o., ua tim khawv rau tsoom fwv. Decrees (tsis ua tiav) ntawm kev tsim ntawm Ekaterinoslav Music.

Nyob rau hauv tus account. cov koom haum ntawm ntau hom, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov nom tswv, thiab nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm lub raznochin, cov hluas yog cov dav dav philology. Thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv secular, nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam ntawm ib tug swarm txij thaum 1730s. suav nrog cov txheej txheem suab paj nruag, yog Cadet Corps (tom qab ntawd thaj av gentry). Vim lub tswv yim xav tau rau ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv feem ntau cob qhia cov kws ntaus nkauj. Rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv cov tsev kawm ntawv yuav tsum raug xa mus rau suab paj nruag. cov chav kawm tsim nyob rau hauv pem teb 1. Xyoo 18th nyob rau hauv lub gymnasium ntawm Academy of Sciences, nyob rau hauv pem teb thib 2. XVIII caug xyoo - nyob rau hauv Moscow. un-cov (noble thiab raznochinny gymnasiums thiab Noble Boarding School ntawm cov un-cov), nyob rau hauv lub Smolny lub koom haum rau Noble Maidens thiab lub "petty-bourgeois department" nrog nws, nyob rau hauv Moscow. thiab Petersburg. kawm ntawv. tsev, hauv Kazan gymnasium, subordinated rau Moscow. un-tu, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm gymnasiums nyob rau hauv lwm lub xeev. Kev kawm suab paj nruag hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv no. cov chaw tsim khoom tau sawv ntawm qhov siab zoo (lawv tau coj los ntawm cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag, feem ntau yog neeg txawv teb chaws). Yog li, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub koom haum Smolny (txoj kev ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws tom qab ntawd raug xa mus rau lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv-noble kev kawm ntawm hom zoo sib xws) tau txais kev cob qhia tsis yog hauv kev ua yeeb yam (kev ntaus suab paj nruag, piano, hu nkauj), tab sis. kuj muaj suab paj nruag txoj kev xav, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, ib co ntawm cov me nyuam kawm ntawv los ntawm cov impoverished nobles pib npaj rau lub suab paj nruag thiab pedagogical. kev ua si. Vim lub fact tias nyob rau hauv ntau tus tswv vaj tse thiab roob. Noble tsev koom pawg hu nkauj serf, instr. (xws li horn) ensembles thiab orchestras, raws li zoo raws li t-ry, nws yog tsim nyog los cob qhia musicians los ntawm serfs. Nws tau nqa tawm ob qho tib si hauv tsev (cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag txawv teb chaws, uas tau raug caw mus rau thaj chaw), thiab tshwj xeeb. music tsev kawm ntawv rau serfs, tsim nyob rau hauv lub nroog. Pom tau tias, thawj cov tsev kawm ntawv no tau pib ua haujlwm hauv 18s. Ntawm no lawv qhia hu nkauj, ua si lub orc. thiab cov keyboards, nrog rau cov ntses bass thaj tsam thiab sau nkauj. Qee zaum, txhawm rau npaj qhov tsim nyog repertoire, serf musicians raug xa mus rau cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv tag nrho cov pab pawg.

Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm pedagogical nyob rau hauv lub quarter kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab sau cov nkauj pej xeem los ntawm V. Trutovsky, 1776-95, thiab I. Prach, 1790, tawm ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm), Lavxias tau pib ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. nar. nkauj thiab seev cev (hauv thawj, kev npaj thiab sau ntawv). M. kev faib tawm txog. nyob rau hauv sib txawv khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm Lavxias teb sab Society tau tsim qhov yuav tsum tau luam tawm tswv yim. uch. nyiaj pab (thawj hloov mus). Ib qho ntawm thawj phau ntawv uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias. M. o., yog "Lub Tsev Kawm Clavier, lossis Cov Lus Qhia luv luv thiab Cov Lus Qhia rau Concord thiab Melody" los ntawm GS Lelein (1773-74), uas tso siab rau kev xyaum clavier, muaj cov kev cai dav dav ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm kev sib xyaw thiab tau txawv ntawm lub qhov dej. -paub enlightenment. latitude. Thaum pib. Xyoo pua 19th translations ntawm lwm yam suab paj nruag tuaj tawm. phau ntawv kawm (piv txwv li, L. Mozart – “Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Violin Fundamental”, 1804; V. Manfredini – “Harmonic and melodic rules for tell all music”, txhais los ntawm SA Degtyarev, 1805), as well as a domestic school for piano. I. Pracha (1815).

Mus txog rau 60s. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv Russia. prof. M. o. tsis muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb, txawm hais tias qhov xav tau rau cov kws ntaus nkauj ntawm ntau yam tshwj xeeb tau nce thiab qhov xav tau ntau dua tau muab tso rau ntawm lawv qhov kev cob qhia zoo. Hauv cov tsev kawm ua yeeb yam ntawm St. Petersburg thiab Moscow, tsis tau tsuas yog ua yeeb yam lam tau kawm, tab sis kuj hu nkauj thiab orchestra cov tswv cuab rau opera tsev, thiab thaum pib. Cov chav kawm suab paj nruag "siab dua" xyoo pua 19th tau tsim los rau cov neeg uas muaj kev vam meej tshwj xeeb. Ces uch. cov lag luam, nrog rau Pridv. chanter lub tsev teev ntuj tsuas yog tsoom fwv. hauv-tami, uas tau teeb tsa txoj haujlwm ntawm kev cob qhia cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag. M. o. nthuav ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj: hauv con. 1830s orc chav kawm tau qhib. cov twj paj nruag, thiab me ntsis tom qab, cov chav kawm ntawm fp. thiab sau ntawv. Thaum pib. Lub quarter thib ob ntawm lub xyoo pua 2th lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tau poob lawv qhov tseem ceeb thiab maj mam tso tseg. lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshaj tawm suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai (ib feem ntawm kev cob qhia cov kws ntaus nkauj) tseem ua si los ntawm nruab nrab thiab siab dua uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv, uas muaj muses. cov chav kawm, - gymnasiums, siab tawv khau (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov), Mining in-t, Uch-sche jurisprudence, poj niam kaw hauv-koj. Nyob rau hauv cov poj niam lub koom haum, txawm hais tias ib tug xov tooj ntawm shortcomings nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm MO, ib tug system ntawm kev kawm ntawv tau tsim (uas muaj xws li kev ua si qhov cuab yeej, ensemble music, solfeggio, kev sib raug zoo, thiab pedagogical xyaum), uas tom qab ntawd los ua lub hauv paus rau kev qhia. lub hom phiaj ntawm kev saib xyuas, thiab cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov poj niam lub koom haum tau npaj ua haujlwm loj rau cov teeb meem suab paj nruag. (ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. fp.) pedagogy. Tus kws tshaj lij. suab paj nruag. muaj tsawg lub tsev kawm ntawv (ib tug ntawm lawv tau qhib los ntawm DN Kashin xyoo 1840 hauv Moscow), thiab suab paj nruag tsev. kev cob qhia txuas ntxiv ua tau zoo heev. Cov kev kawm ntiag tug tau muab los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws uas txuas lawv txoj hmoo nrog Lavxias. music culture (I. Gesler, J. Teb, A. Hensel, L. Maurer, K. Schubert, A. Villuan), rus. composers (A. L. Guriev, A. E. Varlamov thiab lwm tus), instrumentalists thiab composers (A. O. Sikhra, D. N. Kashin, N. Yog. Afanasiev thiab lwm tus), thiab nyob rau hauv lub 50s. hluas A. G. thiab N. G. Rubinstein thiab M. A. Balakirev. Cov lus qhia hauv tsev feem ntau txwv rau kev xyaum ua qee yam twj paj nruag lossis hu nkauj; suab paj nruag-theoretical. thiab suab paj nruag-keeb kwm. cov tub ntxhais kawm feem ntau tsis tau txais kev kawm. Refill cov creatures. qhov sib txawv tsuas yog mus rau qhov tsawg heev tuaj yeem pej xeem. lectures, to-rye teem nrog con. 1830s wb. sij hawm tuaj txog. Hauv Petersburg. Tsim nyob rau hauv cov xyoo no npaj rau lub koom haum ntawm tshwj xeeb. music ua. Cov tsev kawm ntawv tau ua pov thawj rau qhov xav tau sai rau qhov dav, tob thiab ntau yam M. o. Ib qho ntawm cov phiaj xwm no tau koom nrog tus neeg xyuas pib Moscow. Great Treasurer F. Scholz, uas tau nthuav tawm xyoo 1819 ib qhov project rau kev tsim cov Muses hauv Moscow. kev saib xyuas. Txoj haujlwm tsis tau ua tiav, Scholz tsuas yog tswj kom ua tiav xyoo 1830, tsis ntev ua ntej nws tuag, tso cai los tsim kev qhia dawb ntawm cov ntses bass thaj tsam thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm nws lub tsev. Tus sau ntawm lwm qhov project tsis paub yog A. G. Rubinshtein, uas tau thov hauv 1852 kom qhib hauv St. Petersburg ntawm Academy of Arts of the Muses.

Txog rau thaum pib xyoo 1860, Lavxias teb sab dej khov kab lis kev cai "ua phem rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse, siv zog los kov yeej qhov siab ntawm kev kos duab, thiab cov neeg mloog los ntawm ib puag ncig ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev ywj pheej, uas yog motley heev hauv lawv cov saj" (B. AT. Asafiev, "Muaj peb ntawm lawv ...", Sat. "Soviet Music", vol. 2, 1944, ib. 5-6). Tsuas yog qhov kev npaj dav dav ntawm fatherlands yuav pab tau qhov laj thawj. performers, xib fwb thiab composers, to-rye yuav muaj peev xwm ntxiv mus nce qib ntawm Lavxias teb sab. dej khov lub neej tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg, tab sis thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Lub sijhawm no, kev ua haujlwm ntawm A. G. Rubinstein thiab nws cov neeg koom tes, uas tau teeb tsa los koom nrog Rus. ice ob-va (qhib hauv 1859) thawj Lavxias. kev saib xyuas. Cov dej num no tau ua tiav hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj: hauv kev sib tsoo nrog rau pem hauv ntej. tshuaj tiv thaiv. lub voj voog thiab nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm kev sib cav sib cav nrog cov neeg uas ntshai "kev kawm tsis muaj tebchaws" tsim los ntawm prof. peb. tsev. Tsim los ntawm Rus. ice ob-ve 1860 mus. cov chav kawm (singing, piano, violin, cello, elementary theory, choir. hu nkauj thiab xyaum sau ntawv) ua lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb pom hauv 1862 ntawm St. Petersburg. conservatory (mus txog 1866 nws hu ua Mus. xib fwb) coj los ntawm A. G. Rubinstein. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, tawm tsam rau lub conservatory M. A. Balakirev thiab G. Ya Lomakin nrhiav tau hauv St. Petersburg Free Music. tsev kawm ntawv, ib tug ntawm cov hauj lwm uas yog muab ib tug general M. hais txog. (cov ntaub ntawv suab paj nruag-theoretical theem pib, muaj peev xwm hu nkauj hauv pawg hu nkauj thiab ua si hauv ib lub orchestra, thiab lwm yam) rau cov neeg nyiam suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv 1866, kuj nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm yav tas los koom (nyob rau hauv 1860) muses. cov chav kawm, Moscow tau tsim. conservatory, tus thawj coj ntawm uas yog tus pib ntawm nws cov creation, N. G. Rubinstein. Ob lub conservatories ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias. prof. M hais txog. thiab yeej lub ntiaj teb kev lees paub feem ntau vim lawv tau qhia los ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj zoo: hauv St. Petersburg - A. G. Rubinstein (ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm thawj qhov kev kawm tiav yog P. THIAB. Tchaikovsky), F. O. Leshetitsky (txij li xyoo 1862), L. C. Auer (txij li xyoo 1868), N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov (txij li xyoo 1871), A. TO. Lyadov (txij xyoo 1878), F. M Blumenfeld (txij thaum 1885), A. N. Esipova (txij thaum 1893), A. TO. Glazunov (1899), L. AT. Nikolaev (los ntawm 1909) thiab lwm tus; nyob rau hauv Moscow - N. G. Rubinstein, P. THIAB. Tchaikovsky (1866), S. THIAB. Taneev (1878), V. THIAB. Safonov (txij thaum 1885), A. N. Scriabin (txij li xyoo 1898), K. N. Igumnov (1899), A. B. Goldenweiser (txij li xyoo 1906), N. TO. Mettner (txij li xyoo 1909) thiab lwm yam. Ntau xyoo dhau los, cov qauv ntawm cov chaw khaws cia uas tau cob qhia cov kws ntaus nkauj hauv txhua qhov tshwj xeeb tau hloov pauv, tab sis lawv cov yam ntxwv hauv qab no tseem nyob tas li: kev faib ua ob chav haujlwm - qis dua (cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais txawm tias thaum yau) thiab siab dua; "cov chav kawm txuj ci" (ua haujlwm los txhim kho kev kawm dav dav. qib kawm); muab khoom plig rau cov tub ntxhais kawm uas ua tiav cov chav kawm tag nrho ntawm lub tsev khaws khoom thiab dhau qhov tshwj xeeb. kev xeem zaum kawg, daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm "tus kws kos duab dawb" (txog xyoo 1860. Lub npe no tsuas yog tau txais los ntawm cov kawm tiav ntawm Academy of Arts). Conservatories pab txhawb rau kev tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab. ua. thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv sau. Muaj tseeb, fatherland. vok ua. Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim ua ntej dhau los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm M. THIAB. Glinka thiab A. C. Dargomyzhsky, uas qhia lub department. cov menyuam kawm ntawv tsis yog cov ntsiab cai dav dav ntawm cov suab paj nruag. kev ua yeeb yam, tab sis kuj yog tus singer. txuj ci; ib tug ntawm cov uas tu lub composers ntawm lub tshiab Lavxias teb sab tsev kawm ntawv yog M. A. Balakirev, uas qhia cov tub ntxhais suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm Glinka cov lus qhuab qhia. Ib qho kev nthuav dav tsis sib xws yog tau txais cov haujlwm ntawm cov tsim ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov chaw khaws cia. Cov founders ntawm ob loj tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab. composer tsev kawm ntawv tau los ua: nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg - N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, nyob rau hauv Moscow - P. THIAB. Chaikovsky. Hauv 2nd ib nrab. 19 thiab thaum ntxov 20 cc tus naj npawb ntawm Lavxias dej khov peb. cov chaw tsim khoom maj mam nce. Cov ceg ntoo hauv zos Rus. ice about-va qhib muses. tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Kyiv (1863), Kazan (1864), Saratov (1865), thiab lwm yam. lub zos ntawm lub teb chaws. Tom qab ntawd, cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Saratov (1912), Kyiv thiab Odessa (1913) tau reorganized rau hauv lub conservatory. Xyoo 1865, tshooj tau tsim. Directorate Rus. dej khov txog-va, uas lub swarm dhau "tag nrho cov dej num thiab kev txhawj xeeb txog kev txhim kho ntawm Mo nyob rau hauv Russia. " Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txhim kho cov thawj coj no, uas yog coj los ntawm ib tug ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, yog los xyuas kom meej tias tsoom fwv, tsis muaj nom tswv coj muses. peb. cov koom haum, muaj lub sijhawm los tswj lawv txoj haujlwm thiab cuam tshuam hauv lawv txoj haujlwm los ntawm txoj haujlwm hauv chav kawm. Xyoo 1883, Lub Tsev Ua Yeeb Yam Yeeb Yaj Kiab tau qhib rau ntawm npiB-ax conservatory. tsev kawm ntawv nyob ze Moscow. Philharmonic. txog-ve. Xyoo 1887 A. G. Rubinstein nrog qhov project ntawm universal me nyuam suab paj nruag. kev kawm, tawm tswv yim qhia nyob rau hauv cov qib qis tag nrho cov handicraft thiab bunks. tsev kawm ntawv, classical thiab tiag gymnasiums, cadet corps obligatory hu nkauj. hu nkauj, solfeggio thiab elementary music theory. Qhov project utopian rau xyoo ntawd tau ua tiav hauv qee thaj chaw muaj cai. chaw tsim khoom. Txhais tau hais tias lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab. M hais txog. ua si los ntawm ntau tus neeg ntaus suab paj nruag. tsev kawm ntawv qhib nyob rau hauv con. 19 – lus. 20 cc nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg (Music-drama. chav kawm E. AP Rapgofa, 1882; Muses. chav kawm I. A. Glisser, 1886; Tus kws tshaj lij. fp tsev kawm ntawv. kev ua si thiab kev kawm ntawm pianists-tus kws kho mob S. F. Schlesinger, 1887), Moscow (suab paj nruag. tsev kawm ntawv B. Yu Zograf-Plaksina, 1891; cov muam Evg. F., Elena F. Gnesins, 1895; AT. A. Selivanova, 1903), Kyiv, Odessa, Kharkov, Rostov-on-Don, Tbilisi, thiab lwm yam. lub zos. Conservatories, uch-shcha thiab muses. pre-revolutionary tsev kawm ntawv Russia muaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau vim cov nqi kawm ntawv siab, thiab yog li ntawd M. hais txog. Tsuas yog cov menyuam yaus ntawm cov niam txiv muaj nyiaj txiag lossis cov tub ntxhais kawm khoom plig uas tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas lossis, tshwj xeeb, raug zam los ntawm cov nqi kawm ntawv tuaj yeem tau txais. Txhawm rau txuas rau lub suab paj nruag. kab lis kev cai ntawm cov pej xeem thoob plaws, kev vam meej suab paj nruag con. 19 – lus. 20 centuries, nyob rau hauv ib qho kev nkag siab txuas ntxiv kev lig kev cai ntawm cov suab paj nruag dawb. tsev kawm ntawv, pib tsim uch. cov chaw ua haujlwm (qee lub npe hu ua Nar. conservatories), qhov twg nws tuaj yeem tau txais M. hais txog. dawb los yog rau tus nqi me me. Hauv St. Petersburg, cov tsev kawm ntawv no suav nrog: Public Music. chav kawm pedagog. museum (bas. nyob rau hauv 1881), uas yog lub hauv paus rau kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov me nyuam lub suab paj nruag. pedagogy; Dawb me nyuam's music. tsev kawm ntawv lawv. Glinka, koom nrog hauv 1906 ntawm kev pib ntawm M. A. Balakireva thiab S. M Lyapunova; Lub npe conservatory, uas tau qhib rau xyoo 1906 los ntawm N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov A. TO. Lyadov A. AT. Verzhbilovich, thiab L. C. Auer (cov kawm tiav tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm Nar. music thiab hu nkauj xib fwb). Ib lub koom haum ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab tso cai ntawm hom no yog Nar. conservatory nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv 1906), cov kws muaj txuj ci tshaj plaws tau koom nyob rau hauv lub tsim thiab kev ua ub no ntawm swarm - S. THIAB. Tanev, E. E. Liv, B. L. Yavorsky, N.

Lub Kaum Hli Lub kiv puag ncig ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv lub koom haum thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm M. hais txog. Kev taw qhia thiab kev saib xyuas nyiaj txiag ntawm muses. peb. cov koom haum raug coj los ntawm lub xeev (Txoj Cai ntawm Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Nar. Cov thawj coj ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm txhua tus account. cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv Vedepie Nar. ntawm Commissariat of Education ntawm Lub Xya hli ntuj 5, 1918), paving txoj kev rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov general M. txog., muab cov tub ntxhais kawm nrog prof. peb. cov tsev kawm ntawv pub dawb thiab nyiaj pub dawb. Qhov no tau qhib kev nkag mus rau kev kawm rau cov hluas ua haujlwm, incl. thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev coj noj coj ua rov qab haiv neeg. Ntawm tsoom fwv. cov xwm txheej uas ua rau muaj kev nyiam rau cov suab paj nruag siab dua. tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm thiab peasants, yog lub koom haum ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua. United Arts. cov neeg ua haujlwm cov kws qhia ntawv, kev hloov ntawm nws cov suab paj nruag. department (tsim nyob rau hauv 1923) nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Moscow. conservatory (1927) thiab tom qab ntawd qhib cov neeg ua haujlwm cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv Moscow. (1929) thiab Leningrad. (1931). Hauv thawj xyoo tom qab kev hloov pauv, cov ntsiab lus dav dav uas tsim lub hauv paus ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm M. hais txog. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv: 1) kev tshaj tawm ntawm lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev ua suab paj nruag universal. kev kawm (decree of the Muses. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Narkomiros ntawm kev qhia hu nkauj thiab suab paj nruag hauv lub tsev kawm ua haujlwm sib koom ua ke, tsis pub dhau 19 Lub Kaum Hli. 1918) thiab kev lees paub ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm General M. hais txog. ob qho tib si los tsa cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg, thiab txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov neeg muaj peev xwm ua suab paj nruag tsim nyog rau prof. kev kawm suab paj nruag; 2) kev nkag siab txog qhov yuav tsum tau cob qhia cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag uas yuav muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tshwj xeeb (kev ua yeeb yam, sau ntawv, kev qhia, kev nkag siab, suab paj nruag) thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj ntau yam kev paub hauv lawv qhov tshwj xeeb, hauv cov kev kawm thiab cov zej zog. kev qhuab qhia; 3) kev paub txog lub luag haujlwm loj ntawm kev tsim khoom. kev ua si hauv uch. lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab tshaj (qhov no coj mus rau lub koom haum ntawm opera studios ntawm lub conservatories; thawj ntawm lawv tau qhib nyob rau hauv 1923 ntawm Petrograd. conservatory); 4) tsim kom muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom tus kws ntaus nkauj ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm tuaj yeem ua ke nws cov prof. kev kawm txuj ci. Rau kev tsim ntawm lub system ntawm owls. M hais txog. tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tau ua los ntawm kev koom tes thiab kev coj ua. kev tshawb fawb nyob rau lub sij hawm 1917-27. Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm prof. M hais txog. tau kos npe B. THIAB. Lenin Decree ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg. Komissarov hnub tim 12 Lub Xya Hli, 1918 ntawm kev hloov ntawm Petrograd. thiab Mosk. conservatories "nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm cov neeg lub Commissariat rau kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug sib npaug footing nrog rau tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm dependence rau Lavxias teb sab Musical Society", raws li zoo raws li cov kev txiav txim tom ntej ntawm tib lub xyoo, uas tau tshaj tawm lub xeev thiab nroog. peb. cov koom haum Rus. ice about-va xeev. Thaum kawg ntawm thawj zaug thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua thib ob ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv tsom teeb. pej xeem - cov lus nug ntawm General M. hais txog. thiab nyob rau hauv no hais txog kev ua hauj lwm yog loj heev enlightening. cov tsev kawm ntawv uas qhib hauv Petrograd, Moscow, thiab lwm yam. lub zos. Cov tsev kawm ntawv muaj lub npe txawv: Nar. ice schools, music schools education, nar. conservatory, pej xeem kev kawm suab paj nruag kev kawm, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm cov koom haum uas nteg methodical. lub hauv paus ntawm owls. general M. o., cov kws ntaus nkauj tseem ceeb tau koom nrog: hauv Petrograd - B. AT. Asafev, M. H. Barinova, S. L. Ginzburg, N. L. Grodzenskaya, W. G. Karatygin, L. AT. Nikolaev, V. AT. Sofronitsky thiab lwm tus; nyob rau hauv Moscow - A. AT. Alexandrov, N. Yog Bryusova A. F. Gedike, A. D. Kastalsky, W. N. Shatskaya thiab lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv thawj theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm owls. M hais txog. nws cov neeg npaj tau ntsib ntau yam teeb meem. Cov hauv paus hniav ntawm ib txhia mus rau pre-revolutionary. Kev cob qhia suab paj nruag, thaum kev cob qhia cov tub txawg yav tom ntej thiab amateurs tsis txawv, M. hais txog. tsis tau muab faib ua theem nyob ntawm lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Dr. teeb meem tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tshwm sim, feem ntau tshwm sim (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv 1918-20), ntawm ntau yam muses. peb. cov chaw tsim khoom tshwj xeeb thiab dav dav. Lawv raug hu ua tsev kawm ntawv, chav kawm, studios, lub voj voog, cov tsev kawm txuj ci thiab txawm tias cov chaw khaws cia thiab cov koom haum, tsis muaj qhov tseeb thiab tsis tuaj yeem suav nrog qhov tseeb txaus rau kev kawm theem pib, theem nrab lossis qib siab. tsev. Parallelism hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nyiaj no. cov koom haum tau pib qeeb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm M. hais txog. Thawj zaug thiab tseem tsis zoo tag nrho sim los tsim kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb ntawm M. hais txog. tau ua nyob rau hauv 1919 nyob rau hauv "Basic Provisions on the State Musical University" (lub npe no txhais tau tias tag nrho cov network ntawm cov tsev kawm tshwj xeeb). thiab general M. hais txog. los ntawm theem pib mus rau qib siab). Ua raws li kev xav ntawm A. AT. Lunacharsky hais tias tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm dav dav, txij li qib kindergarten mus rau tsev kawm ntawv, yuav tsum yog "ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, ib tus ntaiv tas mus li", cov neeg sau ua ke ntawm "Cov Kev Cai Lij Choj ..." subdivided qhov tshwj xeeb. ice peb. cov tsev kawm ua peb theem raws li qib suab paj nruag. kev paub thiab kev txawj ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tuaj yeem faib cov dej num ntawm kev kawm, kev loj hlob thiab kev nkag siab, thiab tsis muaj hnub nyoog txwv rau kev kawm ntawm peb theem ntawm "Music University". Ua hauj lwm ntxiv rau typification ntawm suab paj nruag. peb. cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab hloov kho lawv cov kev pab cuam, uas cov owls tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau koom nrog. musicians txuam nrog cov dej num ntawm B. L. Yavorsky, uas los ntawm 1921 tau coj mus rau Mus. Department of General Directorate of Vocational Education. Rau qhov kev hloov kho tom ntej M. hais txog. nws tsab ntawv ceeb toom "Rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv kawm thiab cov kev kawm hauv lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag" (nyeem lub Tsib Hlis 2, 1921) tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev, uas, tshwj xeeb, thawj zaug hauv suab paj nruag. pedagogy ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th lub thesis tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej nrog xws li kev mob siab: "lub ntsiab ntawm creativity yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm tag nrho cov chav kawm" coj nyob rau hauv kev kawm. tsev kawm ntawv ntawm ntau theem. Kwv yees li xyoo 1922, tus cwj pwm zoo li tau piav qhia, uas txuas ntxiv cuam tshuam rau xyoo tom ntej - ntau thiab ntau dua yog them rau cov lus nug ntawm prof. M hais txog. thiab spec. kev qhuab ntuas (kev ua si, hu nkauj). Lub koom haum ntawm cov thawj tshwj xeeb theem nrab muses kuj belongs rau lub sij hawm no. tsev kawm ntawv – suab paj nruag. technical schools, hauv 30s. hloov npe rau tsev kawm ntawv. Mus rau pem 2. 20s ib qho qauv tsim tau tsim. o., khaws cia rau ntau xyoo: 1) pib M. hais txog. nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob hom tsev kawm ntawv - 4-xyoo-laus theem 1 (rau cov me nyuam), uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv parallel nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv ua hauj lwm thiab yog ib tug ywj siab. peb. tsev kawm ntawv, los yog thawj qhov txuas ntawm muses. cov tsev kawm txuj ci, thiab cov chav kawm ntawm General M. hais txog. rau cov neeg laus uas tsuas muaj suab paj nruag - enlighten. tej hauj lwm; 2) nruab nrab prof. M hais txog. - cov tsev kawm txuj ci (kev ua yeeb yam thiab tus kws qhia-pedagogical); 3) siab dua - conservatory. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau kev hloov kho ntawm. Nyob rau hauv 1926 lub Center tau tsim nyob rau hauv Leningrad. ice technical school, nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm uas tshiab creativity tau xav txog. tiam sis thiab nrhiav hauv suab paj nruag. pedagogy, uas muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm owls. M hais txog. Ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm txuj ci muaj txiaj ntsig zoo Leningraders. kws ntaus nkauj. Hauv keeb kwm ntawm siab dua M. hais txog. ib qho tseem ceeb tseem ceeb yog cov ntaub ntawv Nar. Commissariat of Education, npaj raws li cov lus ceeb toom ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cov duab ntawm Soviet suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai A. B. Goldenweiser, M. F. Gnesina, M. AT. Ivanov-Boretsky, L. AT. Nikolaev A. AT. Ossovsky thiab lwm tus, - "Kev cai ntawm Moscow thiab Leningrad Conservatories" (1925). Cov ntaub ntawv no thaum kawg legitimized lub koom haum ntawm conservatories mus rau theem siab tshaj ntawm M. o., lawv cov qauv tau tsim (scientific-composer, ua tau zoo thiab tus kws qhia-pedagogical. f-koj), qhov profile ntawm cov neeg kawm tiav thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev cob qhia tau txiav txim siab, lub koom haum ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav tau tsim. Nrog tus yawg. 20s musicologists kuj tau pib kawm nyob rau hauv conservatories (ua ntej, ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, tsis muaj lub tsev kawm ntawv uas yuav cob qhia cov kws tshwj xeeb). Txawm li cas los xij, qhov pib ntawm ntau dua musicology. kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Soviet lub teb chaws - 1920, thaum nyob rau hauv Petrograd, nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm kos duab, kws qhia ntawv ntawm suab paj nruag keeb kwm tau qhib (nws muaj nyob rau hauv 1929 nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hoob kawm rau kev cob qhia cov kws tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm kos duab). Los ntawm 1927, qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov qauv ntawm owls. M hais txog. tau ua tiav ntau, txawm hais tias nws tau dhau los hloov pauv tom ntej. Yog li, 4-xyoo-laus muses. Cov tsev kawm ntawv tau hloov mus rau hauv 7-xyoo tsev kawm ntawv (hauv xyoo 1933), thiab cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag tau tsim los ntawm ntau qhov chaw khaws cia. kaum-xyoo tsev kawm ntawv, cov kws qhia ntawv system ntawm conservatories tau nthuav dav (los ntawm ser. 30s), koom nrog suab paj nruag thiab pedagogical. nyob rau hauv-koj (thawj yog qhib nyob rau hauv 1944 Muz.-Pedagogical.

K ser. 70s lub koom haum system M. hais txog. nyob rau hauv lub USSR muaj ib txoj kev. txoj kev. Qib qis tshaj yog cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 7 xyoo lub suab paj nruag. cov tsev kawm ntawv (ntxiv rau qib 8th – rau cov uas npaj mus ntaus suab paj nruag. uch-sche), lub hom phiaj uas yog muab ib tug general M. hais txog. thiab txheeb xyuas cov tub ntxhais kawm uas muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws uas xav tau tshwj xeeb. M hais txog. Cov kev qhuab qhia kawm ntawm no suav nrog: ua si ib qho cuab yeej (fp., bowed, cua, pej xeem), solfeggio, suab paj nruag. diploma thiab txoj kev xav, hu nkauj. hu nkauj thiab koom txoos. Mus rau theem qis tshaj ntawm General M. hais txog. tseem muaj cov tsev kawm ntawv yav tsaus ntuj rau cov hluas thiab cov hluas. Mus rau theem nrab M. hais txog. suav nrog 4 xyoo uch. cov tsev kawm ntawv: lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag, uas lawv cob qhia cov kws ntaus nkauj ntawm cov txuj ci nruab nrab (instrumentalists, singers, choirmasters, theorists) ua haujlwm hauv orchestras, hu nkauj thiab qhia cov menyuam yaus suab paj nruag. cov tsev kawm ntawv (qhov khoom plig tshaj plaws, tom qab kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv, nkag mus rau kev sib tw hauv kev kawm qib siab. cov chaw ua haujlwm); suab paj nruag-pedagogical. uch-scha, kawm tiav cov kws qhia suab paj nruag rau kev kawm dav dav. tsev kawm ntawv thiab suab paj nruag kindergarten thawj coj. Ntawm qee qhov chaw khaws cia thiab lub koom haum muaj 11-xyoo-laus tshwj xeeb. cov tsev kawm dej khov uas cov tub ntxhais kawm, npaj rau kev nkag mus rau lub suab paj nruag. universities tau txais qis dua thiab theem nrab M. hais txog. thiab tib lub sijhawm. mus kawm kev kawm dav dav. tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab. Qib siab tshaj M. hais txog. suav nrog: conservatories, suab paj nruag-pedagogical. nyob rau hauv-koj thiab nyob rau hauv-koj art-hauv (nrog kws qhia ntawv ntawm suab paj nruag); lawv lub sijhawm kawm yog 5 xyoos. Ntawm no cov kws tshaj lij ntawm cov txuj ci siab tshaj plaws tau kawm - kws sau nkauj, ntaus suab paj nruag, hu nkauj, symphonicists, opera thiab hu nkauj. conductors, musicologists thiab directors ntawm suab paj nruag. t-ditch Qhov siab tshaj plaws kuj yog suab paj nruag thiab pedagogical. f-koj hauv pedagogical. hauv-tah; cov kws qhia suab paj nruag yav tom ntej ntawm qhov kev tsim nyog siab tshaj plaws (tus kws qhia txuj ci) tau kawm ntawm no rau kev kawm dav dav. cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov kws qhia suab paj nruag thiab pedagogy. kev qhuab qhia rau pedagogical. university Hauv cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag feem ntau Cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv muaj cov chav ua haujlwm yav tsaus ntuj thiab cov ntawv xov xwm, uas cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev kawm yam tsis tau tso tseg lawv txoj haujlwm. Nrog ntau muses. universities thiab n.-and. nyob rau hauv-ta postgraduate kev tshawb fawb yog npaj (nrog 3-xyoo full-time thiab 4-xyoo kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv department), npaj rau kev npaj ntawm scientific. cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm suab paj nruag thiab ua yeeb yam. foob, music. aesthetics, txoj kev qhia suab paj nruag. kev qhuab qhia. Kev cob qhia cov xib fwb-suab nkauj thiab cov kws qhia-ua yeeb yam rau suab paj nruag. cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab yog ua nyob rau hauv ib tug pab-internship koom nyob rau hauv cov thawj conservatories thiab institutes (full-time kev kawm ntawm 2, chav kawm ntawv xov xwm - 3 xyoo). Kev tshaj tawm tau txais cov chav kawm rau kev cob qhia qib siab ntawm cov kws qhia suab paj nruag. cov tsev kawm ntawv, uch-shch thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv theem siab ntawm kev tso cai nruab nrab thiab siab dua muses. peb. chaw tsim khoom. Cov xim ntau yog them rau kev tsim ntau hom muses. tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws republics. Nyob rau hauv lub RSFSR, Belarus thiab Ukraine, nyob rau hauv lub koom pheej ntawm lub Baltic thiab Transcaucasia, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen thiab Uzbek SSRs, uas nyob rau hauv lub pre-revolutionary. lub sij hawm rov qab cheeb tsam, tsim ib tug loj network ntawm muses. peb. tsev. Raws li xyoo 1975, muaj 5234 tus menyuam lub tsev suab paj nruag hauv USSR. tsev kawm ntawv, 231 suab paj nruag. university, 10 university of isk-v, 12 music xib fwb. tsev kawm ntawv, 2 suab paj nruag. choreographic tsev kawm ntawv, 20 conservatories, 8 institutes of arts, 3 suab paj nruag thiab pedagogical. ib, 48 music. f-tov thiab pedagogical. in-tah. Achievements M. hais txog. nyob rau hauv lub USSR kuj yog vim lub fact tias pedagogical. ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag universities tau thiab raug coj los ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws composers, performers, musicologists thiab methodologists. Txij xyoo 1920-ies. nyob rau hauv owls ice universities pib loj n.-thiab. thiab methodologist. ua hauj lwm, uas coj mus rau ib tug kho raws li cov kev cai ntawm Marxism-Leninism, cov ntsiab lus thiab cov kev qhia ntawv ib txwm rau pre-revolutionary. conservatory ntawm suab paj nruag theory thiab suab paj nruag-historical. cov khoom, nrog rau kev tsim cov nyiaj tshiab. kev qhuab qhia. Tshwj xeeb, cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm kev ua tau zoo, nrog rau kev qhia kev ua si sib txawv. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm pedagogy thiab scientific. kev tshawb fawb tau pab rau kev tsim cov txhais tau tias. pes tsawg phau ntawv thiab uch. cov txiaj ntsig rau cov kev qhuab qhia yooj yim suav nrog hauv cov phiaj xwm owl.

Hauv lwm lub tebchaws socialist uas M. o. yog lub xeev tus tswv, nws cov qauv dav dav (kev faib cov tsev kawm suab paj nruag rau hauv 3 qib - thawj, theem nrab thiab siab dua) feem ntau zoo ib yam li tau txais hauv USSR (txawm hais tias nyob rau qee lub tebchaws no cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag tsis tau kawm hauv kev kawm suab paj nruag. tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv siab tawv khau boots). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv txhua lub teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub M. lub koom haum txog. muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb. nta vim peculiarities ntawm nws lub teb chaws. kab lis kev cai.

Hauv Hungary, qhov twg M.o. raws li tib txoj kev. cov ntsiab cai ntawm B. Bartok thiab Z. Kodály, thiab qhov twg txoj kev kawm ntawm Hungarians nyob ib qho chaw loj ntawm txhua qib. nar. suab paj nruag thiab kawm solfeggio raws li kev txheeb ze solmization, lub tswv yim tsim kev kawm tom qab 1966 yog raws li nram no: 7-xyoo-laus kev kawm dav dav. tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj suab paj nruag tsis ncaj ncees (thiab muaj kev xaiv kawm los ua suab paj nruag) lossis suab paj nruag 7 xyoo. ib lub tsev kawm ntawv uas cov menyuam kawm ntawv thaum mus kawm cov kev kawm dav dav. tsev kawm ntawv; cov kauj ruam tom ntej yog 4-xyoo theem nrab prof. ib lub tsev kawm ntawv (nrog rau kev kawm dav dav gymnasium txuas nrog), thiab rau cov neeg uas tsis npaj siab los ua suab paj nruag, 5-xyoo tsev kawm ntawv ntawm kev kawm suab paj nruag; Tsev Kawm Ntawv Phaj Siab ntawm Suab Nkauj. foob ​​lawv. F. Liszt (Budapest) nrog rau 5-xyoo kev kawm, uas cov kws ntaus nkauj tau kawm hauv txhua qhov tshwj xeeb, suav nrog. musicologists (lub department ntawm musicology tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1951) thiab cov kws qhia suab paj nruag rau thaum pib. cov tsev kawm ntawv (ntawm chav haujlwm tshwj xeeb; kawm rau 3 xyoos).

Hauv Czechoslovakia, siab dua muses. thiab suab paj nruag-pedagogical. uch. muaj cov tsev hauv Prague, Brno, thiab Bratislava; muaj conservatories (secondary suab paj nruas tsev kawm ntawv) thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm lub nroog. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv suab paj nruag-pedagogical. lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev suab paj nruag. kawm ua si Chesh. thiab Slovak. suab paj nruag txog-va, uniting xib fwb-suab paj nruag ntawm txawv specialties.

Hauv GDR muaj cov tsev kawm ntawv suab paj nruag siab dua. kev foob hauv Berlin, Dresden, Leipzig thiab Weimar; Cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv Berlin thiab Dresden suav nrog cov suab paj nruag tshwj xeeb. tsev kawm ntawv, conservatory (tsev kawm suab paj nruag theem nrab) thiab kev kawm qib siab kom raug. lub koom haum. Nyob rau hauv Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Music hauv Berlin txog xyoo 1963 cov neeg ua haujlwm-peasant kws qhia ntawv tau ua haujlwm.

Hauv tebchaws Poland - 7 siab dua muses. uch. cov koom haum - hauv Warsaw, Gdansk, Katowice, Krakow, Lodz, Poznan thiab Wroclaw. Lawv tab tom npaj suab paj nruag decomp. cov professions, incl. thiab sound engineers (chaw haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm Warsaw Higher Musical School). Cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag. Kev zoo nkauj thiab ethnography yog npaj los ntawm Warsaw Institute of Musicology.

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