Italian Folk Music: Ib Folk Quilt

Hnub no qhov teeb meem yog mob siab rau Italian pej xeem suab paj nruag - nkauj thiab seev cev ntawm lub teb chaws no, nrog rau cov twj paj nruag.

Cov neeg uas peb tau raug hu ua Italians yog cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg zoo thiab cov neeg me uas tau nyob txij li thaum ub nyob rau ntau qhov chaw ntawm Apennine Peninsula. Cov Greeks thiab Etruscans, Italics (Romans) thiab Gauls tau tso lawv cov cim ntawm Italian pej xeem suab paj nruag.

Ib qho kev tshwm sim keeb kwm thiab qhov zoo kawg nkaus, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev lom zem carnivals, lub siab dawb paug thiab kev xav, lus zoo nkauj thiab suab paj nruag saj, nplua nuj melodic pib thiab ntau yam suab paj nruag, kev hu nkauj siab thiab kev txawj ntse ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam - tag nrho cov no tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv cov suab paj nruag Italians. Thiab tag nrho cov no yeej lub siab ntawm lwm haiv neeg sab nraum lub ceg av qab teb.

Folk song ntawm ltalis

Raws li lawv hais, hauv txhua qhov kev tso dag muaj ib feem ntawm kev tso dag: cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Italians txog lawv tus kheej ua tus tswv ntawm kev sau thiab hu nkauj tau lees paub los ntawm lub ntiaj teb koob meej. Yog li ntawd, cov suab paj nruag pej xeem ntawm ltalis feem ntau sawv cev los ntawm cov nkauj. Tau kawg, peb paub me ntsis txog kab lis kev cai ntawm qhov ncauj, txij li nws thawj qhov piv txwv tau raug kaw nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog lig.

Cov tsos ntawm Italian pej xeem nkauj thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX yog txuam nrog kev hloov mus rau Renaissance. Tom qab ntawd muaj kev txaus siab rau lub neej hauv ntiaj teb no, thaum hnub so cov neeg hauv nroog tau mloog nrog kev txaus siab rau minstrels thiab jugglers uas hu nkauj txog kev hlub, qhia tsev neeg thiab cov dab neeg niaj hnub. Thiab cov neeg nyob hauv zos thiab nroog lawv tus kheej tsis averse mus hu nkauj thiab seev cev rau ib tug yooj yim accompaniment.

Tom qab ntawd, cov nkauj tseem ceeb tau tsim. Frottola (txhais tias "cov nkauj pej xeem, ntawv tseeb") tau paub nyob rau sab qaum teb Ltalis txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 3th. Qhov no yog ib zaj nkauj lyrical rau 4-XNUMX lub suab nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm imitation polyphony thiab ci metrical accents.

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX, lub teeb, seev cev, nrog suab paj nruag hauv peb lub suab villanella (txhais ua "lub zos nkauj") tau muab faib thoob plaws hauv tebchaws Ltalis, tab sis txhua lub nroog hu ua nws tus kheej: Venetian, Neapolitan, Padovan, Roman, Toscanella thiab lwm yam.

Nws hloov canzonet (hauv kev txhais lus txhais tau tias "suab") - ib zaj nkauj me me ua hauv ib lossis ntau lub suab. Nws yog nws uas tau los ua poj koob yawm txwv ntawm yav tom ntej nto moo hom ntawm aria. Thiab kev seev cev ntawm villanella tsiv mus rau ib hom ntawv nyeem tus neeg dhia tes, – zaj nkauj uas sib zog nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tus cwj pwm, haum rau kev seev cev.

Qhov feem ntau pom tau ntawm cov nkauj Italian pej xeem niaj hnub no yog Nkauj Neapolitan (South Italian cheeb tsam ntawm Campania). Ib zaj nkauj, suab paj nruag zoo siab lossis tu siab tau nrog ib tug mandolin, guitar lossis Neapolitan lute. Leej twg tsis tau hnov ​​lub suab nkauj ntawm kev hlub “O my sun” los yog zaj nkauj ntawm lub neej “Saint Lucia”, los yog hu nkauj rau lub funicular “Funiculi Funicula”Leej twg nqa cov neeg nyiam mus rau saum Vesuvius? Lawv qhov yooj yim tsuas yog pom tseeb: qhov kev ua yeeb yam yuav qhia tsis tau tsuas yog qib kev txawj ntawm tus neeg hu nkauj, tab sis kuj muaj kev nplua nuj ntawm nws tus ntsuj plig.

Lub hnub nyoog golden ntawm hom pib nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. Thiab niaj hnub no hauv Naples, lub nroog suab paj nruag ntawm Ltalis, kev ua koob tsheej-kev sib tw ntawm zaj nkauj Piedigrotta (Festa di Piedigrotta) tau tuav.

Lwm lub npe uas tau lees paub yog nyob rau sab qaum teb thaj tsam ntawm Veneto. Venetian nkauj ntawm dej or pheej hais dua (barca yog txhais ua "nkoj"), ua nyob rau hauv lub leisurely pace. Lub sijhawm suab paj nruag kos npe 6/8 thiab kev ntxhib los mos ntawm kev sib txuas lus feem ntau qhia swaying ntawm nthwv dej, thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog echoed los ntawm strokes ntawm oars, yooj yim nkag mus rau hauv dej.

Folk dances ntawm ltalis

Kev seev cev kab lis kev cai ntawm ltalis tsim nyob rau hauv cov hom ntawm domestic, staged seev cev thiab maritime (Moriscos). Moreski tau seev cev los ntawm cov Arabs (uas tau hu ua qhov ntawd - hauv kev txhais lus, lo lus no txhais tau tias "me me Moors"), uas tau hloov dua siab tshiab rau cov ntseeg Vajtswv thiab nyob hauv Apennines tom qab raug ntiab tawm ntawm Spain. Staged seev cev hu ua, uas tau tshwj xeeb staged rau hnub so. Thiab hom kev seev cev hauv tsev lossis kev sib raug zoo yog qhov feem ntau.

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm hom yog ntaus nqi rau Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, thiab lawv tsim - mus rau lub xyoo pua XNUMX, qhov pib ntawm Renaissance. Lub sijhawm no coj elegance thiab kev tshav ntuj mus rau qhov ntxhib thiab zoo siab Italian pej xeem seev cev. Kev nrawm nrawm thiab nrawm nrawm nrog kev hloov pauv mus rau lub teeb dhia, nce ntawm ko taw mus rau ntiv taw (raws li lub cim ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig los ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej), qhov zoo siab ntawm cov suab paj nruag nrog - cov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov seev cev. .

Zoo siab muaj zog gallard ua los ntawm cov khub niam txiv lossis ib tus neeg seev cev. Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm kev seev cev - lub ntsiab tsib kauj ruam txav, ntau dhia, dhia. Thaum lub sij hawm, lub pace ntawm tus seev cev tau qeeb.

Kaw rau sab ntsuj plig rau lub galliard yog lwm tus seev cev - salarella - yug hauv nruab nrab Ltalis (cov cheeb tsam ntawm Abruzzo, Molise thiab Lazio). Lub npe tau muab los ntawm cov lus qhia salare - "mus dhia". Cov khub no seev cev tau nrog suab paj nruag hauv 6/8 lub sijhawm. Nws tau ua thaum hnub so zoo kawg nkaus - kab tshoob kev kos lossis thaum kawg ntawm kev sau qoob loo. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev seev cev muaj xws li ob kauj ruam thiab hneev, nrog rau kev hloov mus rau cadence. Nws yog seev cev ntawm niaj hnub carnivals.

Lub teb chaws ntawm lwm qhov kev seev cev qub bergamaska (bargamasca) nyob hauv nroog thiab xeev ntawm Bergamo (Lombardy, sab qaum teb Ltalis). Qhov kev seev cev no tau nyiam los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis, Askiv. Cov suab paj nruag zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj nrog plaub plaub lub meter, lub zog txav tau kov yeej cov neeg ntawm txhua chav kawm. Cov seev cev tau hais los ntawm W. Shakespeare hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab A Midsummer Night's Dream.

tarantella - nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm pej xeem seev cev. Lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam nyob rau yav qab teb Italian thaj tsam ntawm Calabria thiab Sicily. Thiab lub npe los ntawm lub nroog Taranto (Apulia cheeb tsam). Lub nroog kuj tau muab lub npe rau cov kab laug sab lom - tarantulas, los ntawm qhov tom ntawm qhov ntev, mus rau qhov kawg ntawm kev qaug zog, kev ua haujlwm ntawm tarantella liam tias tau txais kev cawmdim.

Ib qho yooj yim repetitive motif ntawm accompaniment rau triplets, lub cus ciav xwm ntawm lub suab paj nruag thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb qauv ntawm kev taw qhia nrog ib tug ntse hloov nyob rau hauv kev coj txawv txawv qhov kev seev cev, ua nyob rau hauv khub, tsis tshua muaj solo. Kev mob siab rau kev seev cev tau kov yeej qhov kev tsim txom ntawm nws: Cardinal Barberini tso cai rau nws ua yeeb yam hauv tsev hais plaub.

Ib txhia ntawm cov pej xeem seev cev sai sai kov yeej tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe thiab txawm tuaj mus rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm European monarchs. Galliard, piv txwv li, tau qhuas los ntawm tus kav tebchaws Askiv, Elizabeth kuv, thiab thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej nws tau seev cev rau nws tus kheej txaus siab. Thiab bergamasca zoo siab rau Louis XIII thiab nws cov neeg saib xyuas.

Ntau hom kev seev cev thiab suab paj nruag tau txuas ntxiv lawv lub neej hauv cov suab paj nruag.

seev suab paj nruas

Rau kev sib txuas lus, bagpipes, flutes, lub qhov ncauj thiab ib txwm harmonicas, stringed plucked instruments - guitars, violins thiab mandolins.

Hauv cov ntawv pov thawj, mandala tau hais txij li xyoo pua XNUMX, tej zaum nws yuav raug tsim los ua ib qho yooj yim version ntawm lute (nws txhais los ntawm Greek li "me me lute"). Nws tseem hu ua mandora, mandole, pandurina, bandurina, thiab me me mandola hu ua mandolin. Qhov ntsuas oval-bodied no muaj plaub txoj hlua ob npaug ntawm cov hlua tuned hauv kev sib koom ua ke tsis yog hauv octave.

Lub violin, ntawm lwm cov suab paj nruag pej xeem ntawm ltalis, tau dhau los ua ib tus nyiam tshaj plaws. Thiab nws tau coj mus rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm Italian masters los ntawm Amati, Guarneri thiab Stradivari tsev neeg nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XNUMX - thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 6, itinerant artists, nyob rau hauv thiaj li tsis mus thab nrog kev ua si suab paj nruag, pib siv ib tug hurdy-gurdy - ib tug neeg kho tshuab cua twj uas reproduced 8-XNUMX kaw tej hauj lwm nyiam. Nws tseem tsuas yog tig tus kov thiab thauj lossis nqa los ntawm txoj kev. Thaum pib, lub thoob lub cev tau tsim los ntawm Italian Barbieri los qhia cov nkauj noog, tab sis dhau sij hawm nws pib zoo siab rau pob ntseg ntawm cov neeg nyob sab nraud ntawm Ltalis.

Cov neeg seev cev feem ntau tau pab lawv tus kheej kom tawm tsam qhov tseeb ntawm tarantella nrog kev pab los ntawm tambourine - ib hom tambourine uas tuaj rau Apennines los ntawm Provence. Feem ntau cov neeg ua yeeb yam siv lub tshuab raj nrog rau tambourine.

Xws li ib hom ntawv thiab suab paj nruag muaj ntau haiv neeg, txuj ci thiab suab paj nruag nplua nuj ntawm cov neeg Italian kom tsis yog tsuas yog nce kev kawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog opera, thiab suab paj nruag pop hauv ltalis, tab sis kuj tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov neeg sau los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws.

Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo tshaj plaws ntawm pej xeem kos duab yog muab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab composer MI Glinka, uas ib zaug hais tias tus creator tiag tiag ntawm suab paj nruag yog cov neeg, thiab tus composer plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug npaj.

Tus sau - Elifeya