Michal Kleofas Ogiński (Michał Kleofas Ogiński) |
Michał Kleofas Ogiński
Txoj kev ua neej ntawm tus kws sau ntawv Polish M. Oginsky zoo li zaj dab neeg txaus nyiam, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm txoj hmoo tam sim ntawd, txuas nrog txoj hmoo zoo ntawm nws lub tebchaws. Lub npe ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev sib hlub ntawm kev sib hlub, txawm tias thaum nws lub neej muaj ntau zaj dab neeg hais txog nws (piv txwv li, nws "kawm" txog nws tus kheej tuag ntau dua ib zaug). Lub suab paj nruag ntawm Oginsky, rhiab xav txog lub sijhawm ntawm lub sijhawm, muaj kev txaus siab rau tus cwj pwm ntawm nws tus kws sau ntawv. Tus kws sau ntawv kuj muaj peev xwm sau ntawv, nws yog tus sau Memoirs txog Poland thiab Poles, cov khoom ntawm suab paj nruag, thiab paj huam.
Oginsky loj hlob hauv ib tsev neeg muaj kev txawj ntse heev. Nws tus txiv ntxawm Michal Kazimierz Ogiński, Great Hetman ntawm Lithuania, yog ib tug kws ntaus nkauj thiab kws sau paj huam, ntaus suab paj nruag, sau ua yeeb yam, polonaises, mazurkas, thiab nkauj. Nws tau txhim kho cov suab paj nruag thiab sau ib tsab xov xwm hais txog qhov cuab yeej no rau Diderot's Encyclopedia. Nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw nyob Slonim (tam sim no thaj tsam ntawm Belarus), qhov twg cov tub ntxhais hluas Oginsky feem ntau tuaj, muaj ib tug ua yeeb yam nrog opera, ballet thiab ua yeeb yam troupes, ib tug orchestra, Polish, Italian, Fabkis thiab German operas tau staged. Ib tug tiag tiag daim duab ntawm Enlightenment, Michal Kazimierz tau tsim ib lub tsev kawm ntawv rau cov me nyuam hauv zos. Ib puag ncig zoo li no tsim cov av zoo rau kev txhim kho ntawm Oginsky ntau yam peev xwm. Nws thawj tus kws qhia suab paj nruag yog cov tub ntxhais hluas O. Kozlovsky (uas tau ua haujlwm hauv tsev hais plaub rau Oginskys), tom qab ntawd tus kws sau nkauj zoo nkauj uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau Polish thiab Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai (tus sau ntawm lub npe nrov polonaise "Thunder ntawm yeej, rov qab”). Oginsky kawm lub violin nrog I. Yarnovich, thiab tom qab ntawd txhim kho hauv Ltalis nrog G. Viotti thiab P. Baio.
Xyoo 1789, Oginsky txoj haujlwm nom tswv pib, nws yog Polish Ambassador rau Netherlands (1790), England (1791); rov qab mus rau Warsaw, nws tuav txoj haujlwm ntawm tus neeg muaj nyiaj txiag ntawm Lithuania (1793-94). Tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li cuam tshuam txog kev pib ua haujlwm zoo. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1794, T. Kosciuszko qhov kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim rau kev rov qab los ntawm lub teb chaws txoj kev ywj pheej (lub tebchaws Polish-Lithuanian lub tebchaws tau muab faib rau Prussia, Austria thiab Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws). Ua ib tus neeg nyiam hlub, Oginsky koom nrog cov neeg ntxeev siab thiab koom nrog kev tawm tsam, thiab muab tag nrho nws cov cuab yeej "ua khoom plig rau lub teb chaws." Cov kev taug kev thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua nkauj tsim los ntawm tus kws sau nkauj thaum lub sijhawm xyoo no tau nrov heev thiab tau nrov ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab. Oginsky tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog zaj nkauj "Poland tseem tsis tau tuag" (nws tus kws sau ntawv tsis tau raug tsim los), uas tom qab ntawd tau los ua lub suab nkauj hauv tebchaws.
Kev swb ntawm kev tawm tsam ua rau xav tau tawm hauv lawv lub tebchaws. Nyob rau hauv Constantinople (1796) Oginsky ua ib tug active daim duab ntawm cov Polish patriots uas emigrated. Tam sim no lub qhov muag ntawm Cov Nceeg Vaj tau cia siab tias yuav raug kho rau Napoleon, uas tau pom los ntawm ntau tus "kev hloov pauv dav dav" (L. Beethoven npaj siab los muab "Heroic Symphony" rau nws). Kev qhuas ntawm Napoleon yog txuas nrog lub ntsej muag ntawm Oginsky nkaus xwb opera Zelida thiab Valcour, lossis Bonaparte hauv Cairo (1799). Ntau xyoo tau siv mus ncig hauv Tebchaws Europe (Ltalis, Fabkis) maj mam txo qis kev cia siab rau kev txhawb siab ntawm kev ywj pheej Poland. Kev zam txim ntawm Alexander I (xws li kev rov qab los ntawm vaj tse) tso cai rau tus kws sau ntawv tuaj rau Russia thiab nyob hauv St. Petersburg (1802). Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab (txij li thaum 1802 Oginsky yog ib tug senator ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws), nws cov dej num yog aimed ntawm kev txhim kho qhov teeb meem ntawm lub motherland.
Kev koom tes hauv kev nom kev tswv lub neej, Oginsky tsis tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau los sau nkauj. Ntxiv nrog rau opera, martial songs thiab ob peb romances, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov keeb kwm me me yog piano daim: Polish seev cev - polonaises thiab mazurkas, nrog rau marches, minuets, waltzes. Oginsky tau los ua nto moo tshwj xeeb rau nws cov polonaises (ntau tshaj 20). Nws yog thawj tus txhais cov hom ntawv no tsis yog ib hom kev seev cev nkaus xwb, tab sis zoo li ib zaj paj huam lyrical, ib daim piano ywj pheej hauv nws lub ntsiab lus. Kev txiav txim siab sib ntaus sib tua yog nyob ib sab ntawm Oginsky nrog cov duab ntawm kev tu siab, melancholy, xav txog cov kev xav, kev xav ua ntej romantic ntab saum huab cua ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Lub meej, elastic atherosclerosis ntawm lub polonaise yog ua ke nrog lub suab nrov intonations ntawm romance-elegy. Qee cov polonaises muaj cov npe program: "Farewell, Partition of Poland." Lub polonaise "Farewell to the Motherland" (1831) tseem nrov heev rau niaj hnub no, tam sim ntawd, los ntawm cov ntawv sau thawj zaug, tsim kom muaj huab cua ntawm kev qhia tsis pub lwm tus paub. Poetizing Polish seev cev, Oginsky qhib txoj hauv kev rau F. Chopin. Nws tej hauj lwm tau luam tawm thiab ua nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe - nyob rau hauv Paris thiab St. Petersburg, Leipzig thiab Milan, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, nyob rau hauv Warsaw (txij li thaum 1803, tus zoo tshaj Polish composer J. Elsner tsis tu ncua suav nrog lawv nyob rau hauv nws txhua hli sau los ntawm domestic composers. ).
Shaken noj qab haus huv yuam Oginsky tawm hauv St. Petersburg thiab siv 10 xyoo dhau los ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv ltalis, nyob rau hauv Florence. Yog li xaus lub neej ntawm lub composer, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv ntau yam txheej xwm, uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm Polish romanticism.
K. Zenkin
