Ferenc Erkel |

Ferenc Erkel: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Zoo li Moniuszko hauv tebchaws Poland lossis Smetana hauv Czech koom pheej, Erkel yog tus tsim ntawm Hungarian lub tebchaws opera. Nrog nws cov suab paj nruag thiab kev sib raug zoo, nws tau pab txhawb kev vam meej ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai.

Ferenc Erkel yug rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 7, 1810 hauv lub nroog Gyula, nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Hungary, rau hauv tsev neeg ntawm cov kws ntaus nkauj. Nws txiv, tus kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm German thiab tus thawj coj hu nkauj hauv pawg ntseeg, qhia nws tus tub kom ntaus piano nws tus kheej. Tus me nyuam tub tau pom muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab raug xa mus rau Pozsony (Pressburg, tam sim no lub peev ntawm Slovakia, Bratislava). Ntawm no, nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm Heinrich Klein (ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Beethoven), Erkel tau ua qhov txawv txav sai heev thiab tsis ntev los no tau paub hauv cov suab paj nruag lovers. Txawm li cas los xij, nws txiv cia siab tias yuav pom nws ua tus thawj coj, thiab Erkel yuav tsum tau nyiaj dhau kev tawm tsam nrog nws tsev neeg ua ntej nws mob siab rau nws tus kheej rau kev ua yeeb yam.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub 20s, nws muab concerts nyob rau hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws, thiab nyob rau hauv 1830-1837 nyob rau hauv Kolozhvar, lub peev ntawm Transylvania, qhov chaw uas nws ua hauj lwm hnyav ua ib tug pianist, xib fwb thiab neeg xyuas pib.

Nyob hauv lub nroog Transylvania tau pab txhawb rau Erkel qhov kev txaus siab hauv zaj dab neeg: "Ntawm no, suab paj nruag Hungarian, uas peb tsis saib xyuas, poob rau hauv kuv lub siab," tus kws sau nkauj tom qab hais tias, "yog li ntawd nws puv kuv lub siab nrog cov dej ntws ntawm ntau tshaj plaws. Cov nkauj zoo nkauj ntawm Hungary, thiab los ntawm lawv kuv tsis muaj peev xwm tso nws tus kheej mus txog thaum nws tau nchuav txhua yam uas, raws li kuv xav, tiag tiag yuav tsum tau nchuav tawm.

Erkel lub koob meej raws li ib tug neeg xyuas pib thaum nws lub xyoo nyob rau hauv Kolozsvár nce ntau npaum li ntawd nyob rau hauv 1838 nws muaj peev xwm mus rau lub taub hau lub opera troupe ntawm lub tshiab qhib National Theatre nyob rau hauv Pest. Erkel, tau qhia txog lub zog loj thiab lub peev xwm ntawm lub koom haum, xaiv cov kws ua yeeb yam nws tus kheej, piav qhia lub repertoire, thiab ua kev xyaum. Berlioz, uas tau ntsib nws thaum mus ntsib Hungary, txaus siab rau nws txoj kev coj ua.

Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm pej xeem upsurge ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1848, Erkel lub patriotic tej hauj lwm tshwm sim. Ib qho ntawm thawj zaug yog piano fantasy ntawm Transylvanian pej xeem lub ntsiab lus, uas Erkel tau hais tias "nrog nws peb cov suab paj nruag Hungarian tau yug los." Nws "Hymn" (1845) rau cov lus ntawm Kölchey tau txais koob meej. Tab sis Erkel tsom mus rau hom kev ua haujlwm. Nws pom ib tug rhiab sib koom tes nyob rau hauv tus neeg ntawm Beni Egreshi, ib tug kws sau ntawv thiab tshuab raj, uas nws libretto nws tsim nws zoo tshaj plaws operas.

Thawj ntawm lawv, "Maria Bathory", tau sau nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv thiab nyob rau hauv 1840 staged nrog resounding zoo. Cov neeg thuam tau zoo siab txais tos hnub yug ntawm Hungarian opera, hais txog lub tebchaws zoo nkauj ntawm cov suab paj nruag. Kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev ua tiav, Erkel sau ib zaj nkauj thib ob, Laszlo Hunyadi (1844); nws ntau lawm nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm tus sau ua rau ib tug cua daj cua dub zoo siab rau pej xeem. Ib xyoos tom qab, Erkel tau ua tiav qhov kev tshaj tawm, uas feem ntau tau ua hauv concerts. Thaum nws mus ntsib Hungary xyoo 1846, nws tau ua los ntawm Liszt, uas tib lub sijhawm tsim kev hais kwv txhiaj fantasy ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Opera.

Thaum nyuam qhuav ua tiav Laszlo Hunyadi, tus kws sau nkauj tau teeb tsa los ua haujlwm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm hauv nruab nrab, opera Bank Ban raws li Katona zaj yeeb yaj kiab. Nws sau ntawv tau cuam tshuam los ntawm cov xwm txheej hloov pauv. Tab sis txawm tias qhov pib tshwm sim, tub ceev xwm kev tsim txom thiab kev tsim txom tsis tau yuam Erkel tso tseg nws txoj kev npaj. Cuaj xyoo nws yuav tsum tau tos rau qhov tsim thiab, thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv 1861, lub premiere ntawm Bank Ban coj qhov chaw nyob rau theem ntawm lub National Theatre, nrog rau cov patriotic ua yeeb yam.

Lub sijhawm xyoo no, Erkel cov kev ua ub no tau txais kev txhawb nqa. Xyoo 1853 nws tau tsim lub Philharmonic, xyoo 1867 - Lub Koom Haum Hu Nkauj. Nyob rau hauv 1875, ib qho kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag lub neej ntawm Budapest - tom qab Liszt qhov teeb meem ntev thiab lub zog siv zog, lub Hungarian National Academy of Music tau qhib, uas tau xaiv nws tus thawj tswj hwm hwm, thiab Erkel - tus thawj coj. Tau kaum plaub xyoos, tom qab ntawd coj mus rau Academy ntawm Suab paj nruag thiab qhia cov chav kawm piano hauv nws. Liszt qhuas Erkel cov dej num rau pej xeem; nws sau tias: “Tau ntau tshaj peb caug xyoo tam sim no, koj tej hauj lwm tau sawv cev txaus thiab cov suab paj nruag Hungarian siab heev. Kev khaws cia, khaws cia thiab txhim kho nws yog kev lag luam ntawm Budapest Academy of Music. Thiab nws txoj cai nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no thiab kev ua tiav hauv kev ua tiav txhua txoj haujlwm tau lees paub los ntawm koj qhov kev saib xyuas zoo li nws tus thawj coj.

Erkel peb tus tub kuj sim lawv txhais tes ntawm kev sib sau: xyoo 1865, comic opera Chobanets los ntawm Shandor Erkel tau ua. Tsis ntev cov tub pib koom tes nrog lawv txiv thiab, raws li tau hais tseg, txhua qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Ferenc Erkel tom qab "Bank-ban" (nrog rau kev zam ntawm tus kws sau paj huam nkaus xwb "Charolta", sau rau xyoo 1862 rau qhov ua tsis tiav libretto - huab tais thiab nws cov tub rog ua tiav txoj kev hlub ntawm lub zos cantor tus ntxhais) yog cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm kev koom tes ("György Dozsa", 1867, "György Brankovich", 1874, "Nameless Heroes", 1880, "King Istvan", 1884). Txawm hais tias lawv lub tswv yim thiab kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj, qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov style ua rau cov haujlwm no tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam tshaj li lawv cov neeg ua ntej.

Nyob rau hauv 1888, Budapest solemnly ua kev zoo siab rau lub tsib caug hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Erkel txoj hauj lwm raws li ib tug opera conductor. (Los ntawm lub sijhawm no (1884) lub tsev tshiab ntawm lub tsev ua yeeb yam tau qhib, kev tsim kho uas kav cuaj xyoo; cov nyiaj, raws li lawv lub sijhawm hauv Prague, tau sau thoob plaws lub tebchaws los ntawm kev tso npe.). Nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ua koob tsheej, qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm "Laszlo Hunyadi" nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm tus sau tau tshwm sim. Ob xyoos tom qab, Erkel tau tshwm sim rau pej xeem lub sijhawm kawg ua tus ntaus suab paj nruag - ntawm kev ua koob tsheej ntawm nws yim caum hnub yug, nws tau ua Mozart's d-moll concerto, qhov kev ua yeeb yam uas nws nto moo rau nws cov hluas.

Erkel tuag rau lub Rau Hli 15, 1893. Peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, ib lub monument raug tsa rau nws nyob rau hauv lub composer lub hometown.

M. Druskin

Cov khoom xyaw:

Ua yeeb yam (tag nrho cov teeb tsa hauv Budapest) – “Maria Bathory”, libretto los ntawm Egresi (1840), “Laszlo Hunyadi”, libretto los ntawm Egresi (1844), “Bank-ban”, libretto los ntawm Egresi (1861), “Charolte”, libretto los ntawm Tsanyuga (1862), "György Dozsa", libretto los ntawm Szigligeti raws li ua yeeb yam los ntawm Yokai (1867), "György Brankovich", libretto los ntawm Ormai thiab Audrey raws li ua yeeb yam los ntawm Obernik (1874), "Nameless Heroes", libretto los ntawm Thoth (1880), "King Istvan", libretto los ntawm Varadi Dobshi's ua yeeb yam (1885); rau orchestra - Solemn Overture (1887; mus rau 50th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm National Theatre ntawm Budapest), Ci ntsa iab duet hauv fantasy daim ntawv rau violin thiab piano (1837); pieces rau piano, suav nrog Rakotsi-marsh; choral compositions, suav nrog ib lub cantata, nrog rau ib zaj nkauj (rau cov nkauj los ntawm F. Kölchei, 1844; tau los ua suab paj nruag ntawm Hungarian People's Republic); zaj nkauj; suab paj nruag rau kev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam.

Erkel cov tub:

Gyula Erkel: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? (4 VII 1842, Pest – 22 III 1909, Budapest) – composer, violinist and conductor. Nws ua si hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm National Theatre (1856-60), yog nws tus thawj coj (1863-89), tus xibfwb ntawm Academy of Music (1880), tus tsim lub tsev kawm suab paj nruag hauv Ujpest (1891). Elek Erkel (XI. Laszlo Erkel (9 IV 1844, Pest – 3 XII 1896, Bratislava) – kws hu nkauj hu nkauj thiab tus kws qhia piano. Txij li thaum xyoo 1870 nws tau ua haujlwm hauv Bratislava. Sandor Erkel: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? (2 I 1846, Pest – 14 X 1900, Bekeschsaba) – tus thawj coj hu nkauj, tus kws sau nkauj thiab ntaus nkauj hu nkauj. Nws ua si nyob rau hauv lub orchestra ntawm National Theatre (1861-74), txij li thaum 1874 nws yog ib tug choral conductor, txij li thaum 1875 nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub National Theatre, tus thawj coj ntawm lub Philharmonic. Tus sau ntawm Singspiel (1865), Hungarian Overture thiab txiv neej hu nkauj.

References: Aleksandrova V., F. Erkel, “SM”, 1960, No 11; Laszlo J., Lub neej ntawm F. Erkel hauv cov duab kos, Budapest, 1964; Sabolci B., Keeb Kwm ntawm Hungarian Music, Budapest, 1964, p. 71–73; Maroti J., Erkel txoj kev los ntawm heroic-lyrical opera mus rau qhov tseem ceeb realism, nyob rau hauv phau ntawv: Music of Hungary, M., 1968, p. 111–28; Nemeth A., Ferenc Erkel, L., 1980.