Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky |
Igor stravinsky: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?
…Kuv yug los ntawm lub sijhawm tsis ncaj ncees lawm. Los ntawm temperament thiab inclination, zoo li Bach, txawm nyob rau ntawm ib tug sib txawv scale, kuv yuav tsum nyob rau hauv obscurity thiab tsim tsis tu ncua rau cov tsim kev pab cuam thiab Vajtswv. Kuv dim hauv lub ntiaj teb kuv yug los rau hauv… Kuv dim… txawm publisher huckstering, suab paj nruag festivals, advertising… I. Stravinsky
… Stravinsky yog ib tug kws sau ntawv Lavxias tiag tiag… Tus ntsuj plig Lavxias tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj nyob hauv plawv ntawm qhov txuj ci zoo kawg nkaus, muaj ntau yam txuj ci, yug los ntawm thaj av Lavxias thiab tseem ceeb txuas nrog nws… D. Shostakovich
Lub neej muaj tswv yim ntawm I. Stravinsky yog keeb kwm nyob hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm xyoo 1959th. Nws, zoo li hauv daim iav, qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho cov duab kos duab, inquisitively nrhiav txoj hauv kev tshiab. Stravinsky tau txais ib lub koob npe nrov raws li ib tug daring subverter ntawm kev lig kev cai. Nyob rau hauv nws cov suab paj nruag, ib tug ntau ntawm cov style tshwm sim, tsis tu ncua kev sib tshuam thiab tej zaum nyuaj rau cais, uas tus composer tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus "tus txiv neej nrog ib txhiab lub ntsej muag" los ntawm nws cov neeg kawm. Nws zoo li tus Khawv koob los ntawm nws tus neeg ntaus pob "Petrushka": nws yooj yim txav ib hom ntawv, cov ntawv, cov qauv ntawm nws lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim, zoo li yog subordinating lawv rau cov cai ntawm nws tus kheej kev ua si. Sib cav hais tias "suab paj nruag tsuas tuaj yeem qhia nws tus kheej," Stravinsky txawm li cas los xij strove kom ua neej nyob "con Tempo" (uas yog, nrog rau lub sijhawm). Nyob rau hauv "Kev sib tham", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 63-1945, nws nco qab txoj kev nrov nrov nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, lub Maslenitsa festivities nyob rau hauv lub Field of Mars, uas, raws li nws, pab nws pom nws Petrushka. Thiab tus kws sau nkauj tau hais txog Symphony hauv Peb Lub Zog (XNUMX) raws li kev ua haujlwm txuas nrog kev xav ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, nrog rau kev nco txog kev ua phem ntawm Brownshirts hauv Munich, uas nws tus kheej yuav luag dhau los ua neeg raug tsim txom.
Stravinsky's universalism yog tawm tsam. Nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub dav ntawm kev pab them nqi ntawm lub phenomena ntawm lub ntiaj teb no suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai, nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb muaj tswv yim, nyob rau hauv kev siv ntawm kev ua yeeb yam - pianistic thiab neeg xyuas pib - kev ua si, uas kav ntau tshaj 40 xyoo. Qhov ntsuas ntawm nws tus kheej kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg zoo yog qhov tsis tau muaj dua. N. Rimsky-Korsakov, A. Lyadov, A. Glazunov, V. Stasov, S. Diaghilev, artists of the “World of Art”, A. Matisse, P. Picasso, R. Rolland. T. Mann, A. Gide, C. Chaplin, K. Debussy, M. Ravel, A. Schoenberg, P. Hindemith, M. de Falla, G. Faure, E. Satie, tus kws sau ntawv Fab Kis ntawm Rau Pawg - cov no yog ib co ntawm lawv. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, Stravinsky yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov pej xeem mloog, nyob rau hauv lub crossroads ntawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws artistic txoj kev. Lub geography ntawm nws lub neej npog ntau lub teb chaws.
Stravinsky tau siv nws thaum yau hauv St. Petersburg, qhov twg, raws li nws, "nws yog qhov txaus siab rau kev ua neej nyob." Cov niam txiv tsis nrhiav kom muab nws txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug tshuab raj, tab sis tag nrho cov teeb meem yog conducive rau suab paj nruas kev loj hlob. Lub tsev tsis tu ncua suab paj nruag ( leej txiv ntawm composer F. Stravinsky yog ib tug naas ej singer ntawm Mariinsky Theatre), muaj ib tug loj kos duab thiab suab paj nruag tsev qiv ntawv. Los ntawm thaum yau, Stravinsky tau fascinated los ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag. Raws li ib tug me nyuam tub 1922 xyoo, nws muaj hmoo tau pom P. Tchaikovsky, uas nws idolized, muab siab rau nws ntau xyoo tom qab lub Opera Mavra (1928) thiab ballet The Fairy's Kiss (XNUMX). Stravinsky hu ua M. Glinka "tus phab ej ntawm kuv thaum yau". Nws txaus siab rau M. Mussorgsky, suav hais tias nws "qhov tseeb tshaj plaws" thiab tau thov tias hauv nws cov ntawv sau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm "Boris Godunov". Cov phooj ywg kev sib raug zoo tshwm sim nrog cov tswv cuab ntawm lub voj voog Belyaevsky, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog Rimsky-Korsakov thiab Glazunov.
Stravinsky cov kev nyiam sau ntawv tau tsim thaum ntxov. Thawj qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag rau nws yog phau ntawv L. Tolstoy "Childhood, hluas, hluas", A. Pushkin thiab F. Dostoevsky tseem yog mlom thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej.
Kev kawm suab paj nruag pib thaum muaj hnub nyoog 9 xyoos. Nws yog kev kawm piano. Txawm li cas los xij, Stravinsky pib kawm kev ua haujlwm loj tsuas yog tom qab xyoo 1902, thaum, raws li tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawm txoj cai kws qhia ntawv ntawm St. Petersburg University, nws pib kawm nrog Rimsky-Korsakov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau los ze zog nrog S. Diaghilev, cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm "Lub Ntiaj Teb ntawm Kev Ua Yeeb Yam", tau koom nrog "Hnub Hmo Ntuj ntawm Cov Nkauj Niaj Hnub", concerts ntawm nkauj tshiab, npaj los ntawm A. Siloti. Tag nrho cov no tau txais kev txhawb nqa rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev kos duab. Stravinsky thawj qhov kev sim sau - Piano Sonata (1904), Faun thiab Shepherdess suab thiab symphonic suite (1906), Symphony hauv E flat loj (1907), Zoo heev Scherzo thiab Hluav Taws Xob rau orchestra (1908) yog cim los ntawm kev cuam tshuam. ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Rimsky-Korsakov thiab Fabkis Impressionists. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li lub sijhawm ballets The Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), Rite of Spring (1913), commissioned los ntawm Diaghilev rau lub caij Lavxias teb sab, tau ua nyob rau hauv Paris, muaj ib colossal muaj tswv yim coj tawm nyob rau hauv lub Ib hom ntawv uas Stravinsky hauv Nws tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam tom qab vim hais tias, nyob rau hauv nws cov lus, ballet yog "tsuas yog daim ntawv ntawm theatrical art uas tso cov hauj lwm ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv raws li lub hauv paus pob zeb."
Lub triad ntawm ballets qhib thawj - "Lavxias teb sab" - lub sij hawm ntawm creativity, lub npe yog li ntawd tsis yog rau qhov chaw nyob (txij li thaum 1910, Stravinsky nyob txawv teb chaws rau lub sij hawm ntev, thiab nyob rau hauv 1914 nyob rau hauv Switzerland), tab sis ua tsaug rau lub peculiarities ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag uas tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub tebchaws. Stravinsky tig mus rau Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg, ntau txheej ntawm uas tau refracted nyob rau hauv ib tug heev peculiar txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm txhua tus ballets. Lub Firebird impresses nrog nws exuberant generosity ntawm orchestral xim, kaj contrasts ntawm poetic round seev cev lyrics thiab fiery seev cev. Nyob rau hauv "Petrushka", hu ua los ntawm A. Benois "ballet mule", lub nroog suab paj nruag, nrov nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua, suab, suab nrov motley daim duab ntawm lub Shrovetide festivities los rau lub neej, uas yog tawm tsam los ntawm tus kho siab lub cev ntawm kev txom nyem. Petrushka. Cov pagan kev cai dab qhuas thaum ub tau txiav txim siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm "Lub Caij Nplooj Ntoos Hlav Dawb Huv", uas ua rau lub zog ntawm lub zog rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav tshiab, lub zog loj ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab tsim. Tus kws sau paj huam, plunging mus rau hauv qhov tob ntawm cov lus dab neeg archaism, yog li radically rov hais dua cov suab paj nruag thiab cov duab uas tus ballet ua rau kev xav ntawm lub foob pob tawg ntawm nws cov neeg kawm. "Giant lighthouse of the XX century" hu ua Italian composer A. Casella.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo no, Stravinsky tsim intensive, feem ntau ua hauj lwm ntawm ob peb tej hauj lwm uas txawv kiag li tus cwj pwm thiab style ib zaug. Cov no yog, piv txwv li, Lavxias teb sab choreographic scenes Lub tshoob (1914-23), uas nyob rau hauv ib co txoj kev echoed The Rite of Spring, thiab exquisitely lyrical opera Lub Nightingale (1914). Zaj dab neeg hais txog Hma liab, Rooster, Cat thiab Yaj, uas revives cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub buffoon ua yeeb yam (1917), yog nyob ib sab ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm ib tug tub rog (1918), qhov uas Lavxias teb sab melos twb pib neutralized, ntog. nyob rau hauv lub sphere ntawm constructivism thiab jazz ntsiab.
Nyob rau hauv 1920 Stravinsky tsiv mus rau Fabkis thiab nyob rau hauv 1934 nws coj Fabkis ua pej xeem. Nws yog lub sijhawm uas muaj tswv yim nplua nuj thiab ua tau zoo heev. Rau cov tub ntxhais hluas ntawm Fabkis composers, Stravinsky tau los ua lub siab tshaj plaws txoj cai, "suab paj nruag master". Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm nws tus neeg sib tw rau Fab Kis Academy ntawm Fine Arts (1936), kev ua lag luam uas muaj zog nrog rau Tebchaws Meskas, qhov chaw nws tau ua tiav ob zaug ua kev hais kwv txhiaj, thiab xyoo 1939 tau xa cov lus qhia txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm Harvard University - tag nrho cov no ua rau nws txav mus rau thaum pib ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntiaj teb thib ob hauv Asmeskas. Nws nyob hauv Hollywood (California) thiab xyoo 1945 tau txais kev ua neeg Amelikas.
Thaum pib ntawm lub sij hawm "Parisian" rau Stravinsky coincided nrog ib tug ntse tig mus rau neoclassicism, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov duab ntawm nws ua hauj lwm yog variegated. Pib nrog lub ballet Pulcinella (1920) mus rau lub suab paj nruag ntawm G. Pergolesi, nws tsim ib tug series ntawm tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neoclassical style: lub ballets Apollo Musagete (1928), Playing Cards (1936), Orpheus (1947); opera-oratorio Oedipus Rex (1927); lub melodrama Persephone (1938); opera The Rake's Progress (1951); Octet for Winds (1923), Symphony of Psalms (1930), Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1931) thiab lwm yam. Stravinsky's neoclassicism muaj ib tug universal cim. Tus kws sau ntawv ua qauv ntau yam suab paj nruag ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm JB Lully, JS Bach, KV Gluck, aiming los tsim "kev tswj hwm ntawm kev txiav txim siab tshaj chaos." Qhov no yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Stravinsky, uas yog ib txwm txawv los ntawm nws siv zog rau ib tug nruj rational kev qhuab qhia ntawm creativity, uas tsis tso cai rau lub siab lub ntsws overflows. Yog lawm, thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau nkauj Stravinsky ua tsis tau raws li qhov xav tau, tab sis "txhua hnub, tsis tu ncua, zoo li tus neeg muaj sijhawm ua haujlwm."
Nws yog cov qualities uas txiav txim siab peculiarity ntawm lub tom ntej no theem ntawm muaj tswv yim evolution. Hauv 50-60s. tus composer plunges mus rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm pre-Bach era, tig mus rau biblical, cult plots, thiab los ntawm 1953 pib siv cov txheej txheem rigidly constructive dodecaphonic composing txheej txheem. Sacred Hymn in Honour of the Apostle Mark (1955), ballet Agon (1957), Gesualdo di Venosa's 400th Anniversary Monument for orchestra (1960), cantata-allegory The Flood in the spirit of the English mysteries of the 1962th century. (1966), Requiem ("Chants for the Dead", XNUMX) - cov no yog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm no.
Stravinsky style nyob rau hauv lawv ua ntau thiab ntau ascetic, constructively nruab nrab, txawm hais tias tus composer nws tus kheej hais txog kev khaws cia ntawm lub teb chaws keeb kwm nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm: "Kuv tau hais lus Lavxias teb sab tag nrho kuv lub neej, kuv muaj ib tug Lavxias teb sab style. Tej zaum nyob rau hauv kuv lub suab paj nruag qhov no tsis yog tam sim ntawd pom, tab sis nws yog nyob rau hauv nws, nws yog nyob rau hauv nws zais qhov. Ib qho ntawm Stravinsky lub xeem sau yog canon ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab song "Tsis yog Pine ntawm lub rooj vag Swayed", uas tau siv ua ntej nyob rau hauv lub finale ntawm lub ballet "Firebird".
Yog li ntawd, ua kom tiav nws lub neej thiab muaj tswv yim txoj kev, tus composer rov qab mus rau lub hauv paus chiv keeb, mus rau lub suab paj nruag uas personified lub deb ntawm Lavxias teb sab yav dhau los, lub longing rau uas ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv lub depths ntawm lub siab, tej zaum tawg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog tom qab. Stravinsky mus ntsib Soviet Union thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1962. Nws yog thaum ntawd nws hais cov lus tseem ceeb: "Ib tug neeg muaj ib qho chaw yug, ib lub teb chaws - thiab qhov chaw yug yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws lub neej."
O. Averyanova
- Cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm loj los ntawm Stravinsky →
