Suab nkauj kho siab |

Nkauj seev cev - nyob rau hauv kev nkag siab ntawm suab paj nruag. ib lub caij ntawm kos duab ntawm choreography, suab paj nruag los nrog seev cev (ballroom, ritual, theem, thiab lwm yam), nrog rau ib qeb ntawm muses muab los ntawm nws. cov khoom lag luam tsis yog npaj rau kev seev cev thiab muaj kev ua yeeb yam ywj pheej. tus nqi; hauv qhov nqaim, ntau yuav siv. kev nkag siab - lub suab paj nruag uas nrog cov suab paj nruag nrov hauv tsev. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm T. m. txiav txim nws feem ntau ext. Cov cim qhia: dominant txoj hauj lwm metrorhythmic. pib, siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab nrov. qauv, clarity ntawm cadence qauv; lub luag hauj lwm tseem ceeb ntawm metrorhythmics txiav txim siab predominance hauv T. m. instr. hom ntawv (txawm tias nws tsis suav nrog kev hu nkauj). Los ntawm txhua ceg ntawm suab paj nruag. art of T. m. thiab zaj nkauj tau txuas ncaj qha nrog lub neej txhua hnub thiab cuam tshuam los ntawm kev zam. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus piv txwv ntawm T. m., cov qauv ntawm saj thiab zoo nkauj yog refracted. cov qauv ntawm txhua lub sijhawm; Nyob rau hauv qhov kev qhia ntawm T. m., cov tsos ntawm cov neeg ntawm ib tug muab lub sij hawm thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv tus cwj pwm yog reflected: ib tug txwv thiab khav theeb pavane, ib tug txaus siab polonaise, ib tug unscrewed twist, thiab lwm yam.

Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau ntseeg hais tias cov nkauj, seev cev thiab lawv lub suab nrog (raws li lub hauv paus ntawm TM nws tus kheej tau tsim) pib thiab ntev nyob rau hauv syncretic. tsim raws li ib qho kev thov. Lub ntsiab nta ntawm no pra- suab paj nruag nrog kev sib txheeb. authenticity reconstructed istorich. kev hais lus nrog "archaeology" ntawm cov lus (piv txwv li, ib qho kev pom tseeb ntawm lub sijhawm nyob deb - lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev seev cev thiab suab paj nruag los ntawm tib lo lus hauv cov lus ntawm Indian pab pawg neeg Botokuds; "hu nkauj" thiab "ua si nrog txhais tes” yog cov lus hais nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt. lang.), thiab ethnography, uas kawm txog cov haiv neeg, cov kab lis kev cai uas tseem nyob rau theem pib. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev seev cev thiab T. m. yog rhythm. Kev nkag siab ntawm kev sib dhos yog ntuj, lom. keeb kwm (ua tsis taus pa, lub plawv dhia), nws intensifies nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua hauj lwm (piv txwv li, repetitive zog thaum hnav khaub ncaws, thiab lwm yam). Lub suab nrov nrov uas tsim los ntawm kev txav ntawm tib neeg (piv txwv li, trampling) yog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm T. m. Kev sib koom tes ntawm kev sib koom tes tau pab los ntawm kev sib dhos. accents - qw, exclamations, kev xav refreshing monotonous ua thiab maj mam tsim mus rau hauv hu nkauj. Yog li ntawd, tus thawj T.m. yog suab, thiab thawj thiab feem ntau tsim nyog muses. Cov cuab yeej - qhov yooj yim percussion. Piv txwv li, cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub neej ntawm Australian aborigines tau qhia tias lawv T. m., nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov siab, yog yuav luag chaotic, rhythmically txhais, tej yam rhythmic nta sawv tawm nyob rau hauv nws. cov qauv uas ua haujlwm ua qauv rau improvisation, thiab lawv tus kheej yog kev sib dhos. Cov duab kos muaj cov qauv tsim sab nraud, vim tias lawv cuam tshuam nrog cov duab (piv txwv li, imitation ntawm kangaroo jumps).

Txhua qhov chaw muaj - myths, epics, dluab thiab archaeological ntaub ntawv ua tim khawv rau lub dav faib ntawm cov seev cev thiab ib txwm seev cev txhua lub sij hawm, nrog rau cov teb chaws ntawm lub Ancient World. Tsis muaj ntaub ntawv sau txog cov suab paj nruag thaum ub. Txawm li cas los xij, cuam tshuam nrog kev ntseeg ntawm T. m. ntawm cov teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj, Africa, America, thiab tseem pub rau kev ua neej nyob ntawm ib txhiab xyoo dhau los (piv txwv li, lub tsev kawm ntawv qub tshaj plaws ntawm Indian classical seev cev Bharat Natyam, uas tau mus txog nws qhov siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 2nd BC, khaws cia tsis tseg. ua tsaug rau lub koom haum ntawm Tuam Tsev Dancers) thiab muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov seev cev ntawm bygone eras. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj. civilizations seev cev thiab suab paj nruag belongs rau ib tug loj haiv neeg. thiab ideological. luag hauj lwm. Muaj ntau yam hais txog kev seev cev hauv phau Vajlugkub (piv txwv li, hauv cov lus dab neeg hais txog Vajntxwv Davi, uas yog "tus neeg dhia dhia thiab seev cev"). Zoo li suab paj nruag, seev cev feem ntau tau txais cosmogonic. kev txhais lus (piv txwv li, raws li ancient Indian lus dab neeg, lub ntiaj teb no yog tsim los ntawm Vajtswv Shiva thaum lub sij hawm lub cosmic seev cev), sib sib zog nqus philosophical kev nkag siab (nyob rau hauv ancient Is Nrias teb, seev cev yog xam raws li qhia lub ntsiab ntawm tej yam). Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev seev cev thiab cov suab paj nruag ib txwm muaj txhua lub sijhawm yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xav thiab eroticism; kev hlub yog ib lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev seev cev ntawm txhua haiv neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov tebchaws muaj kev vam meej (piv txwv li, hauv Is Nrias teb) qhov no tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm kev seev cev. art-va, txij li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus sensual, raws li lub ntsiab lus philosophical prevailing, yog ib daim ntawv ntawm nthuav tawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Kev coj ncaj ncees muaj kev seev cev hauv Dr. Greece, qhov twg lub hom phiaj ntawm kev seev cev tau pom nyob rau hauv kev txhim kho, ennoblement ntawm ib tug neeg. Twb tau los ntawm lub sijhawm qub (piv txwv li, ntawm Aztecs thiab Incas), pej xeem thiab cov kws tshaj lij tm txawv - palace (ceremonial, theatrical) thiab lub tuam tsev. Rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm T. m., tshuab raj ntawm ib tus kws tshaj lij. xav tau. theem (lawv feem ntau yog coj los ntawm menyuam yaus, tau txais txoj haujlwm los ntawm kev qub txeeg qub teg). Piv txwv li, hauv ind. tsev kawm ntawv classic. kathak seev cev, tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag yeej coj lub zog ntawm kev seev cev, hloov nws lub suab thiab lub suab; Cov txuj ci ntawm tus neeg seev cev yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws lub peev xwm los ua raws li cov suab paj nruag.

Hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv Russia, Christian morality tsis paub seev cev thiab T. m.; Christianity pom nyob rau hauv lawv ib daim ntawv ntawm kev qhia ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm tib neeg xwm, "dab ntsuj plig obsession." Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua las voos tsis raug rhuav tshem: txawm tias muaj kev txwv, nws tseem nyob hauv ob qho tib si ntawm cov neeg thiab cov aristocrats. lub voj voog. Lub sij hawm fertile rau nws heyday yog lub Renaissance; humanistic qhov xwm ntawm Renaissance tau tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev paub txog kev seev cev.

Thawj cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm T. m. belongs rau lub Nrab Hnub nyoog lig (13th caug xyoo). Raws li txoj cai, lawv yog monophonic, txawm hais tias ntawm cov suab paj nruag historians (X. Riemann thiab lwm tus) muaj kev xav tias hauv kev ua tau zoo tiag tiag cov suab paj nruag uas tau los rau peb tau txais kev pab tsuas yog ib hom cantus firmus, raws li lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev ua tau zoo. nrog cov suab tau improvised. Thaum ntxov polygoal kaw. T. m. mus rau 15-16 centuries. Cov no suav nrog cov seev cev tau txais thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, hu ua choreae (Latin, los ntawm Greek xoreiai - round seev cev), saltationes conviviales (Latin - noj mov, rooj seev cev), Gesellschaftstänze (German - kev seev cev), ballroom-dances, ballo, baile (Lus Askiv. , Italian, Spanish – ballroom dancing), danses du salon (Fabkis – salon dancing). Qhov tshwm sim thiab kis tau (txog rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th) ntawm cov neeg nyiam tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm cov hauv qab no. rooj:

Cov keeb kwm ntawm tm yog ze rau kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej. Nws yog nrog cov seev cev uas tshwm sim ntawm otd. cov cuab yeej thiab instr. pawg. Nws yog tsis muaj xwm txheej, piv txwv li. ib feem ntawm lute repertoire uas tau nqis los rau peb yog seev cev. ua si. Rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm T. m. tsim tshwj xeeb. ensembles, tej zaum kuj inspiring. qhov ntau thiab tsawg: lwm yam-egypt. ib lub orchestra uas nrog qee cov seev cev. ceremony, suav txog 150 tus neeg ua yeeb yam (qhov no zoo ib yam nrog cov monumentality ntawm Egyptian art), nyob rau hauv Dr. Rome seev cev. pantomime kuj tau nrog lub orchestra ntawm grandiose loj (kom ua tiav qhov tshwj xeeb pomposity nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm Loos). Hauv cov cuab yeej suab paj nruag thaum ub, txhua yam cuab yeej siv - cua, hlua, thiab percussion. Passion rau timbre sab, yam ntxwv ntawm sab hnub tuaj. suab paj nruag, coj mus rau lub neej ntau yam twj paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg percussion. Ua los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv percussion feem ntau ua ke rau hauv kev ywj pheej. orchestras tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm lwm yam twj paj nruag (xws li, Indonesian gamelan). Rau orchestras tshuab. cov twj paj nruag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg African, thaum tsis muaj lub suab nruj, polyrhythm yog yam ntxwv. T. m. txawv suab paj nruag. inventiveness thiab brilliance - timbre thiab fret. Muaj ntau hom kev sib txawv (pentatonic hauv Suav suab paj nruag, hom tshwj xeeb hauv suab paj nruag Indian, thiab lwm yam) Afr. thiab sab hnub tuaj. T. m. nquag cultivates melodic, feem ntau microtone ornamentation, uas yog feem ntau improvised, raws li zoo raws li rhythmic. qauv. Nyob rau hauv monophony thiab improvisation raws li kev lig kev cai. cov qauv (thiab yog li ntawd thaum tsis muaj ib tus neeg sau ntawv) yog qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm sab hnub tuaj. T. m. los ntawm ib qho uas tau tsim ntau tom qab nyob rau sab hnub poob - polyphonic thiab, nyob rau hauv txoj cai, tsau. Txog tam sim no, T.m. tam sim ntawd siv cov kev ua tiav tshiab hauv kev tsim cov cuab yeej (piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej hluav taws xob), hluav taws xob amplification. tshuab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov tshwj xeeb nws tus kheej tau txiav txim siab. instr. suab renders ncaj qha. cuam ​​tshuam rau suab paj nruag. Cov tsos ntawm cov seev cev thiab qee zaum indissolubly sib koom ua ke nrog nws cov kev nthuav tawm (nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog Viennese waltz yam tsis muaj cov hlua ntawm cov hlua, foxtrot ntawm lub xyoo 20s tsis muaj lub suab ntawm clarinet thiab saxophone, thiab cov seev cev tshiab tshaj plaws yog dhau qhov kev ua si. theem mus txog qhov mob pib).

Polygonal T. m. inherently homophonic. Harmonic. kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm lub suab, txhawb nqa metric. periodicity, pab kev sib koom tes ntawm kev txav hauv kev seev cev. Polyphony, nrog nws cov fluidity, qhov muag plooj ntawm cadences, metric. fuzziness, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsis sib haum rau lub hom phiaj ntawm T. m. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas European homophony tau tsim, ntawm lwm yam, hauv kev seev cev (twb nyob rau hauv 15-16 centuries. thiab txawm tias ua ntej hauv T. m. ntsib ntau heev. homophonic qauv). Lub suab nrov tau muab tso rau hauv T. m. ua ntej, sib tham nrog lwm tus. cov suab paj nruag. lus, cuam tshuam qhov tsim ntawm nws compositions. nta. Yog li, rhiab heev repetition. cov duab txiav txim siab faib cov suab paj nruag rau hauv motifs ntawm tib qhov ntev. Lub clarity ntawm lub motive qauv nkoos qhov sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo (nws tsis tu ncua hloov). Motivational thiab harmonious. uniformity dictates lub clarity ntawm suab paj nruag. cov ntaub ntawv, raws li ib tug swarm, raws li ib tug txoj cai, squareness. (Kev nkag siab dav dav - hauv kev sib dhos, suab paj nruag, kev sib haum xeeb, daim ntawv - tau tsim los ntawm European. dej khov nco qab mus rau qib ntawm txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm T. m.) Vim nyob rau hauv cov seem ntawm daim ntawv muses. cov khoom siv feem ntau yog homogeneous (txhua ntu zoo ib yam li lub hom phiaj rau yav dhau los, teeb tsa lub ntsiab lus, tab sis tsis tsim nws lossis tsim nws hauv txoj kev txwv). scale), sib piv - nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm complementarity - yog qhia nyob rau hauv tus piv ntawm tag nrho cov seem: txhua yam ntawm lawv coj ib yam dab tsi uas tsis tuaj los yog tsis muaj zog qhia nyob rau hauv lub dhau los. Cov qauv ntawm cov seem (ntshiab, dissected, underlined by meej cadences) feem ntau yog sib xws rau cov ntaub ntawv me me (lub sij hawm, yooj yim 2-, 3-part) los yog, nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv ua ntej, T. m., mus cuag lawv. (Nws tau rov hais dua tias nws nyob hauv kev seev cev uas cov ntawv me me ntawm Tebchaws Europe. suab paj nruag classic; xa v T. m. 15th-16th centuries cov ntsiab lus feem ntau tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv zoo ib yam li lub sijhawm.) Tus naj npawb ntawm ntu hauv daim ntawv T. m. txiav txim los ntawm kev xav tau, piv txwv li e. ntev ntawm kev seev cev. Yog li ntawd, feem ntau seev cev. cov ntawv yog "chains" uas muaj theoretically unlimited. tus lej ntawm qhov txuas. Qhov xav tau tib yam rau qhov ntev dua ua rau qhov rov ua dua ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Ib qho kev xav txog qhov tseeb ntawm txoj cai no yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ruaj khov thaum ntxov ntawm europ. T. m. - estampi, lossis induction, uas muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus, cov ntaub ntawv nrog kev hloov pauv me ntsis: aa1, bb1, cc1, thiab lwm yam. thiab lwm yam Nrog qee qhov kev xav tsis zoo (piv txwv li, nrog kev rov ua dua ntawm lub ntsiab lus tsis yog tam sim ntawd, tab sis ntawm qhov deb), lub tswv yim ntawm "stringing" cov ntsiab lus kuj muaj nyob hauv lwm cov seev cev. piv txwv li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm 13th-16th centuries. hauv tej kev seev cev. tshuaj lom. nkauj zoo li ronda (music. scheme: abaaabab), virele los yog nws li. ntau yam ballata (abbba), ballad (aabc), thiab lwm yam. Tom qab ntawd, kev sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm rondo (qhov twg ib txwm muaj rau T. m. repetition tau txais tus cwj pwm ntawm ib txwm rov qab los ntawm DOS. cov ntsiab lus) los yog ntau qhov nyuaj 3-ntu daim ntawv (ua, pom tseeb, los ntawm T. m.), thiab lwm yam. cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua ke. Kev lig kev cai ntawm ntau qhov tsaus ntuj kuj tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev cai ntawm kev sib txuas ua las voos me. plays nyob rau hauv lub voj voog, feem ntau nrog cov lus qhia thiab codas. Kev nplua nuj ntawm kev rov ua dua tau pab txhim kho hauv T. m. variation, uas yog sib npaug inherent nyob rau hauv kev ua suab paj nruag (piv txwv li, passacaglia, chaconne) thiab pej xeem (qhov twg seev cev melodies yog luv melodies rov ntau zaus nrog variation, piv txwv li. "Kamarinskaya" los ntawm Glinka). Cov yam ntxwv teev tseg khaws lawv cov nqi hauv T. m. los txog niaj hnub no. ua qhov hauv T. m. Cov kev hloov pauv cuam tshuam rau feem ntau atherosclerosis (thaum lub sij hawm, ntau thiab ntau ntse thiab tshee), ib nrab kev sib raug zoo (yuav ua kom ntau complex) thiab suab paj nruag, thaum lub sij hawm daim ntawv (cov qauv, qauv) muaj ib tug ceeb inertia: minuet thiab ncuav mog qab zib taug kev nrog tag nrho cov stylistic. heterogeneities haum rau lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug complex 3-ntu daim ntawv. Qee tus qauv T. m., lub hom phiaj tshwm sim los ntawm nws lub hom phiaj siv, yog qhia los ntawm Ch. sij hawm tuaj txog. nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm. Hauv 20 in. standardization yog intensified nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua. Mr. pawg kab lis kev cai, thaj chaw loj heev uas yog T. m. Txhais tau hais tias lub ntsiab ntawm improvisation, dua nkag rau hauv T. m. los ntawm jazz thiab tsim los muab nws cov freshness thiab spontaneity, feem ntau ua rau qhov sib txawv. Improvisation, nqa tawm nyob rau hauv feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm zoo-tsim, pov thawj txoj kev (thiab nyob rau hauv lub phem tshaj piv txwv, templates), nyob rau hauv kev xyaum hloov mus rau hauv ib qho kev xaiv, random filling ntawm lub txais schemes, piv txwv li. e. suab paj nruag leveling. cov ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, nrog rau lub advent ntawm huab hwm coj xov xwm, T. m. tau los ua hom suab paj nruag nrov tshaj plaws thiab nrov tshaj plaws. isk ua. Cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm niaj hnub. T. m., feem ntau txuam nrog folklore, muaj undoubted expressiveness thiab muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam lub "siab" muses. hom, uas tau lees paub, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev txaus siab ntawm ntau yam. composers ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th rau jazz seev cev (K. Debussy, M. Ravel, ib. F. Stravinsky thiab lwm tus). Hauv T. m. qhia txog kev xav ntawm tib neeg, incl. h nrog kev sib raug zoo sib xws. Yog li ntawd, ncaj qha exploitation. Kev xav ntawm kev seev cev qhib dav dav rau kev cog qoob loo hauv T. m. nrov hauv def. zrub. cov hluas ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm "kev ntxeev siab tawm tsam kab lis kev cai".

T. m., exerting ib qho zoo heev ntawm dec. cov yeeb yam uas tsis yog seev cev, tib lub sijhawm yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm lawv cov kev ua tiav. Lub tswv yim ntawm "dancing" yog los txhawb cov hom ntawm T. m. sawv ib leeg. kos duab. lub ntsiab lus, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia txog kev xav. seev cev expressiveness. txav mus rau hauv cov suab paj nruag uas tsis yog seev cev los ntawm kev ua si melodic-rhythmic. cov ntsiab lus los yog metrohythm. cov koom haum T. m. (feem ntau sab nraum ib hom kev sib koom ua ke, piv txwv li. Code of the finale of Beethoven's 5th symphony). Cov ciam teb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev seev cev thiab T. m. kwv tij; t. Mr. Cov seev cev zoo tshaj plaws (piv txwv li, waltzes, mazurkas los ntawm F. Chopin) sawv cev rau thaj chaw uas cov ntsiab lus no sib xyaw ua ke, lawv dhau ib qho mus rau lwm qhov. Tus solo. cov dej khov suite ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th twb muaj tus nqi, qhov twg qhov kev txiav txim siab rau tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe tom ntej yog kos. prof. suab paj nruag, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib sau nrog qhov sib txawv (tempo thiab rhythmic. qhov sib piv ntawm kev ua si ua rau tib lub ntsiab lus: pavane - galliard). Figurative thiab linguistic teeb meem, sib txawv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tag nrho cov characterize suite 17 - ntxov. 18 cc Los ntawm no kev seev cev nkag mus rau hauv hom tshiab, cov koob yees duab sonata da yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Hauv G. P. Handel thiab I. C. Bach's seev cev yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov paj hlwb ntawm ntau yam, txawm tias ntau hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv (piv txwv li, f-moll prelude los ntawm 2nd ntim ntawm Well-Tempered Clavier, fugue los ntawm a-moll sonata rau solo violin. , qhov kawg ntawm Brandenburg Concertos, Gloria No 4 hauv Bach qhov loj hauv h-moll). Kev seev cev, thoob ntiaj teb hauv keeb kwm, tuaj yeem hu ua lub caij ntawm lub suab paj nruag ntawm Viennese symphonists; seev cev ntxhais yog elegant (sicilian los ntawm V. A. Mozart) los yog pej xeem- ntxhib (los ntawm J. Haydn; L. Beethoven, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1 ntu ntawm qhov kawg rondo ntawm Sonata No. 21 "Aurora") - tuaj yeem ua lub hauv paus ntawm ib feem ntawm lub voj voog (piv txwv li, "lub suab seev cev" - Beethoven's 7th symphony). Lub hauv paus ntawm kev seev cev hauv symphony - lub minuet - yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv tus kws sau cov txuj ci hauv txhua yam uas cuam tshuam txog polyphony (Mozart's c-moll quintet, K.-V. 406, - ob chav canon hauv kev ncig), daim ntawv nyuaj (quartet Es-dur Mozart, K.-V. 428, - lub sijhawm pib nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm sonata nthuav tawm; Haydn's sonata A-dur, sau nyob rau hauv 1773, yog thawj ntu, qhov thib ob yog ib qho ntawm 2st), metric. koom haum (quartet op. 54 Tsis muaj 1 ntawm Haydn - tsib-bar faib hauv paus). Dramatization minuet (symphony g-moll Mozart, K.-V. 550) cia siab tias yuav muaj kev nyiam romantic. paj huam; Zoo siab hnub yug. Ntawm qhov tod tes, dhau ntawm qhov minuet, kev seev cev qhib qhov chaw tshiab rau nws tus kheej - scherzo. Hauv 19 in. kev seev cev tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub npe dav dav ntawm romanticism. poeticization ob qho tib si hauv hom me me thiab hauv kev tsim khoom. daim ntawv loj. Ib hom lyric cim. nyiam nyiam romanticism yog waltz (ntau qhov dav - waltz: 5-tsib ntu 2 ntawm Tchaikovsky's 6th symphony). Dav dav txij li F. Schubert as instr. me me, nws dhau los ua cov cuab yeej ntawm kev sib hlub ("Ntawm Noisy Pob" los ntawm Tchaikovsky) thiab opera ("La Traviata" los ntawm Verdi), nkag mus rau hauv symphony.

Kev txaus siab rau cov xim hauv zos tau ua rau muaj ntau yam nat. seev cev (mazurka, polonaise - los ntawm Chopin, Halling - los ntawm E. Grieg, furiant, polka - ntawm B. qaub cream). T. m. yog ib tug ntawm cov creatures. tej yam kev mob rau kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm nat. symphonism ("Kamarinskaya" los ntawm Glinka, "Slavic Dances" los ntawm Dvorak, thiab tom qab ntawd - ntau lawm. cov tsiaj. composers, piv txwv li. "Symphonic Dances" los ntawm Rivilis). Hauv 19 in. lub figurative sphere ntawm cov suab paj nruag txuam nrog kev seev cev nthuav, uas dhau los ua kev nyiam romantic. irony ("Lub violin enchants nrog lub suab paj nruag" los ntawm Schumann's Lub Poet's Love cycle), grotesque (qhov kawg ntawm Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony), fantasy (Mendelssohn's A Midsummer Night's Dream overture), thiab lwm yam. thiab lwm yam Niam Hlob Siab Zoo. sab, ncaj qha siv Nar. kev seev cev. rhythms ua suab paj nruag txawv ib hom ntawv, thiab nws cov lus - kev ywj pheej thiab siv tau txawm tias muaj kev sib raug zoo. thiab polyphonic. complexity ("Carmen" thiab suab paj nruag rau ua yeeb yam "Arlesian" los ntawm Bizet, "Polovtsian Dances" los ntawm lub Opera "Prince Igor" los ntawm Borodin, "Hmo ntuj ntawm Bald Roob" los ntawm Mussorgsky). yam ntxwv ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. symphonic convergence. suab paj nruag thiab seev cev tau mus txawv tebchaws. Kev lig kev cai ntawm Viennese classicism yog vividly xav hauv Op. M THIAB. Glinka (piv txwv li, qhov tsis-squareness ntawm "Waltz-Fantasy", virtuoso contrapuntal. Kev sib xyaw ua ke hauv "Polonaise" thiab "Krakowiak" los ntawm opera "Ivan Susanin"), uas nws tau ua rau Lavxias. composers siv symphony. cov txheej txheem rau cov suab paj nruag ballet (P. THIAB. Tchaikovsky A. TO. Glazunov). Hauv 20 in. T. m. thiab kev seev cev tau txais kev faib tawm txawv tshaj plaw thiab kev thov thoob ntiaj teb. Hauv music A. N. Scriabin stands rau ntshiab, zoo tagnrho seev cev, uas tus composer xav tias zoo li flightiness - ib daim duab uas yog tas li tam sim no nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm nruab nrab thiab lig lub sij hawm (qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub 4th thiab 5th sonatas, qhov kawg ntawm lub 3rd symphony, Quasi valse op. 47 thiab lwm yam); theem ntawm sophistication yog mus txog qhov elusive-graceful seev cev ntawm K. Debussy ("Dances" rau harp thiab hlua. orchestra). Nrog tsis tshua muaj kev zam (A. Webern) tus tswv ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Lawv pom kev seev cev ua ib qho kev qhia ntau yam ntawm lub xeev thiab cov tswv yim: ib qho kev nyuaj siab ntawm tib neeg (kev txav 2 ntawm Rachmaninov's Symphonic Dances), ib qho tsis zoo nkauj (kev txav 2 thiab 3 ntawm Shostakovich lub 8th symphony, polka los ntawm 3rd act. Opera "Wozzeck" Berg), idyllic. lub ntiaj teb no thaum yau (2nd part of Mahler's 3rd symphony), thiab lwm yam. Hauv 20 in. ballet tau dhau los ua ib yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag. art-va, ntau discoveries ntawm niaj hnub. suab paj nruag tau ua nyob rau hauv nws lub moj khaum (I. F. Stravinsky, S. C. Prokofiev). Hmoob thiab tsev neeg T. m. yeej ib txwm yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev rov ua suab paj nruag. lus; ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv metrorhythm. pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th music. ua rau qhov kev vam meej tshwj xeeb tshaj yog "ragtime" thiab Stravinsky's "Black Concerto", qhov zoo nkauj foxtrot ntawm Teapot thiab khob los ntawm opera "Child and Magic" los ntawm Ravel. Daim ntawv thov rau pej xeem seev cev yuav nthuav qhia. txhais tau tias ntawm cov suab paj nruag tshiab muab ntau haiv neeg thiab feem ntau yog kev kos duab siab. cov txiaj ntsig ("Spanish Rhapsody" los ntawm Ravel, "Carmma burana" los ntawm Orff, pl. op B. Bartoka, "Gayane" ballet, thiab lwm yam. prod. A. THIAB. Khachaturian; Txawm tias qhov zoo li qhov tsis sib xws, kev sib xyaw ntawm Nar rhythms yog kev ntseeg. seev cev nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm dodecaphony hauv 3rd symphony los ntawm K. Karaev, nyob rau hauv "Six Pictures" rau piano. Babajanyana). Feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th qhov kev thov rau cov seev cev thaum ub (gavotte, rigaudon, minuet los ntawm Prokofiev, pavane los ntawm Ravel) tau los ua stylistic. cov qauv ntawm neoclassicism (Branle, Sarabande, Galliard hauv Stravinsky's Agon, Sicilian hauv Op.

Saib cov ntawv Ballet, Dance.

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TS Kyuregyan