Camille Saint-Saens |

Camille Saint-Saens

Saint-Saens nyob hauv nws lub teb chaws mus rau ib lub voj voog me me ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev vam meej hauv suab paj nruag. P. Tchaikovsky

C. Saint-Saens tau nqis los hauv keeb kwm feem ntau yog tus kws sau nkauj, pianist, tus kws qhia ntawv, tus thawj coj. Txawm li cas los xij, lub peev xwm ntawm tus cwj pwm zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb no yog deb ntawm kev qaug zog los ntawm cov ntsej muag zoo li no. Saint-Saens kuj yog tus sau phau ntawv ntawm kev xav, kev sau ntawv, kos duab, ua yeeb yam, sau paj huam thiab ua yeeb yam, sau ntawv tseem ceeb thiab kos duab kos duab. Nws tau raug xaiv los ua tus tswv cuab ntawm Fab Kis Astronomical Society, vim tias nws txoj kev paub txog physics, astronomy, archaeology thiab keeb kwm tsis yog qhov tsis zoo rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb. Hauv nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm, tus kws sau nkauj tau hais tawm tsam cov kev txwv ntawm kev nyiam muaj tswv yim, dogmatism, thiab tawm tswv yim txog kev kawm txog kev kos duab nyiam ntawm cov pej xeem. "Lub saj ntawm cov pej xeem," tus composer hais tias, "txawm hais tias zoo los yog yooj yim, nws tsis muaj teeb meem, yog ib tug infinitely precious phau ntawv rau cov artist. Txawm nws yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse los yog txawj ntse, ua raws li qhov saj no, nws yuav tsim tau tej hauj lwm zoo.

Camille Saint-Saens tau yug los rau hauv tsev neeg nrog rau kev kos duab (nws txiv sau paj huam, nws niam yog tus kws kos duab). Lub suab paj nruag ci ntsa iab ntawm tus kws sau nkauj tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv cov menyuam yaus thaum ntxov, uas ua rau nws muaj koob meej ntawm "Mozart thib ob". Txij li thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb xyoos, yav tom ntej composer twb kawm ua si piano, thaum 5 nws pib sau suab paj nruag, thiab los ntawm kaum nws ua ib tug kev hais kwv txhiaj pianist. Xyoo 1848, Saint-Saens nkag mus hauv Paris Conservatory, los ntawm qhov nws kawm tiav 3 xyoos tom qab, thawj zaug hauv chav kawm hauv nruab nrog cev, tom qab ntawd hauv chav kawm. Thaum lub sij hawm nws kawm tiav los ntawm lub conservatory, Saint-Saens twb yog ib tug txawj ntse tshuab raj, tus sau ntawm ntau compositions, nrog rau cov thawj Symphony, uas yog heev txaus siab los ntawm G. Berlioz thiab C. Gounod. Los ntawm 1853 txog 1877 Saint-Saens tau ua haujlwm hauv ntau lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Paris. Nws kos duab ntawm lub cev improvisation sai heev yeej kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb hauv Tebchaws Europe.

Ib tug txiv neej uas tsis muaj zog, Saint-Saens, txawm li cas los xij, tsis txwv rau kev ua si lub cev thiab sau nkauj. Nws ua ib tug pianist thiab tus neeg xyuas pib, kho thiab luam tawm tej hauj lwm los ntawm cov qub masters, sau theoretical tej hauj lwm, thiab ua ib tug ntawm cov founders thiab xib fwb ntawm lub National Musical Society. Nyob rau hauv lub 70s. compositions tshwm ib tom qab lwm, enthusiastically ntsib los ntawm contemporaries. Ntawm lawv yog cov paj huam symphonic Omphala's Spinning Wheel thiab Dance of Death, operas Tus Ntxhais Nkauj Ntsuab, Nyiaj Tswb thiab Samson thiab Delilah - yog ib lub ncov ntawm cov neeg sau ua haujlwm.

Tawm hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv tsev teev ntuj, Saint-Saens mob siab rau nws tus kheej nkaus xwb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws mus ncig ntau thoob ntiaj teb. Tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag nrov tau raug xaiv los ua tus tswv cuab ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Fab Kis (1881), tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb ntawm University of Cambridge (1893), tus tswv cuab ntawm St. Petersburg ceg ntawm RMS (1909). Kev kos duab ntawm Saint-Saens yeej ib txwm pom kev zoo siab tos txais hauv Russia, uas tus kws sau nkauj tau rov mus xyuas dua. Nws yog tus phooj ywg nrog A. Rubinstein thiab C. Cui, tau mob siab rau cov nkauj ntawm M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, thiab Kuchkist composers. Nws yog Saint-Saens uas coj Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov clavier los ntawm Russia mus rau Fabkis.

Txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub hnub nyoog, Saint-Saens tau ua lub neej muaj ntshav puv npo: nws tsim, tsis paub txog kev qaug zog, muab kev hais kwv txhiaj thiab taug kev, sau rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Tus kws ntaus nkauj 85 xyoo tau muab nws qhov kev hais kwv txhiaj zaum kawg thaum Lub Yim Hli 1921 tsis ntev ua ntej nws tuag. Thoob plaws hauv nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim, tus kws sau nkauj tau ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev ua yeeb yam, muab thawj qhov chaw rau kev ua yeeb yam virtuoso. Xws li kev ua haujlwm los ntawm Saint-Saëns raws li Kev Taw Qhia thiab Rondo Capriccioso rau Violin thiab Orchestra, Thib Peb Violin Concerto (raug rau tus neeg hu nkauj nto moo P. Sarasata), thiab Cello Concerto tau dhau los ua neeg paub. Cov no thiab lwm yam haujlwm (Organ Symphony, program symphonic poems, 5 piano concertos) muab Saint-Saens ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Fab Kis zoo tshaj plaws. Nws tsim 12 operas, uas nrov tshaj plaws yog Samson thiab Delilah, sau rau hauv ib zaj dab neeg hauv phau Vajlugkub. Nws tau ua thawj zaug hauv Weimar ua los ntawm F. Liszt (1877). Lub suab paj nruag ntawm lub Opera captivates nrog lub dav ntawm melodic ua tsis taus pa, lub ntxim nyiam ntawm lub suab paj nruag yam ntxwv ntawm lub hauv paus duab - Delilah. Raws li N. Rimsky-Korsakov, txoj haujlwm no yog "qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm daim ntawv ua haujlwm."

Kev kos duab ntawm Saint-Saens yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov duab ntawm lub teeb lyrics, kev xav, tab sis, ntxiv rau, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab kev zoo siab. Kev txawj ntse, kev xav pib feem ntau yeej muaj kev xav hauv nws lub suab paj nruag. Tus kws sau ntawv dav siv intonations ntawm folklore thiab txhua txhua hnub nyob rau hauv nws compositions. Nkauj thiab declamatory melos, mobile atherosclerosis, kev zoo nkauj thiab ntau yam kev ntxhib los mos, clarity ntawm orchestral xim, synthesis ntawm classical thiab poetic-romantic hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim - tag nrho cov yam ntxwv no yog reflected nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws tej hauj lwm ntawm Saint-Saens, uas tau sau ib tug brightest. nplooj ntawv hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai.

I. Vetlitsyna

Tau ua neej nyob ntev, Saint-Saens tau ua haujlwm txij thaum nws tseem yau mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub sijhawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog fruitful nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm instrumental genres. Nws qhov kev txaus siab yog qhov dav: tus kws sau nkauj zoo tshaj plaws, pianist, tus neeg saib xyuas, tus neeg thuam thuam-polemicist, nws nyiam cov ntawv nyeem, astronomy, zoology, botany, mus ncig ntau, thiab muaj kev sib txuas lus nrog ntau lub suab paj nruag loj.

Berlioz tau sau thawj zaj nkauj ntawm Saint-Saens uas muaj hnub nyoog kaum xya xyoo nrog cov lus: "Tus tub hluas no paub txhua yam, nws tsuas muaj ib yam xwb - tsis muaj kev paub." Gounod sau tias symphony yuav tsum muaj lub luag haujlwm rau nws tus kws sau ntawv kom "ua tus tswv zoo". Los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev phooj ywg zoo, Saint-Saens tau koom nrog Bizet, Delibes thiab ntau tus neeg sau ntawv Fab Kis. Nws yog tus pib tsim ntawm "National Society".

Nyob rau hauv lub 70s, Saint-Saens tau los ze rau Liszt, uas zoo siab rau nws cov txuj ci, uas tau pab ua yeeb yam ntawm Samson thiab Delilah nyob rau hauv Weimar, thiab mus ib txhis nco ntsoov ua tsaug rau Liszt. Saint-Saens rov tuaj xyuas Russia, yog phooj ywg nrog A. Rubinstein, ntawm qhov kev tawm tswv yim tom qab nws tau sau nws lub npe nrov Piano Concerto thib ob, nws tau mob siab rau cov suab paj nruag ntawm Glinka, Tchaikovsky, thiab Kuchkists. Tshwj xeeb, nws tau qhia Fabkis cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag rau Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov clavier.

Xws li lub neej nplua nuj nyob rau hauv kev xav thiab kev sib ntsib ntawm tus kheej tau imprinted nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm Saint-Saens 'ua hauj lwm, thiab lawv tau tsim lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub concert theem ntev.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog khoom plig, Saint-Saens tau ua tiav cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv. Nws muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, yoog ywj pheej rau cov qauv sib txawv, muaj tswv yim zoo, embodied ntau yam ntawm cov duab, cov ntsiab lus, thiab cov phiaj xwm. Nws tawm tsam cov kev txwv sectarian ntawm cov pab pawg muaj tswv yim, tawm tsam qhov nqaim hauv kev nkag siab txog kev ua yeeb yam ntawm cov suab paj nruag, thiab yog li ntawd yog tus yeeb ncuab ntawm txhua qhov system hauv kev kos duab.

Qhov kev tshawb fawb no sau zoo li xov liab los ntawm tag nrho cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm Saint-Saens, uas xav tsis thoob nrog ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Tus sau zoo li txhob txwm tawm tsam nws tus kheej: "Txhua tus neeg muaj kev ywj pheej hloov nws txoj kev ntseeg," nws hais. Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog ib txoj kev ntawm polemical sharpening ntawm kev xav. Saint-Saens tau qias neeg los ntawm dogmatism hauv ib qho ntawm nws qhov kev tshwm sim, txawm tias nws yog kev qhuas rau classics lossis qhuas! fashionable kos duab tiam sis. Nws sawv rau qhov dav ntawm kev zoo nkauj views.

Tab sis tom qab lub polemic yog ib qho kev nkag siab ntawm kev tsis txaus siab loj. "Peb txoj kev vam meej nyob sab Europe tshiab," nws tau sau rau xyoo 1913, "txog rau pem hauv ntej ntawm kev tawm tsam kev ua yeeb yam." Saint-Saëns tau hais kom cov kws sau nkauj paub zoo txog cov kev xav tau ntawm lawv cov neeg tuaj saib. "Lub saj ntawm cov pej xeem, zoo los yog phem, tsis muaj teeb meem, yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia rau tus kws kos duab. Txawm nws yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse lossis txawj ntse, ua raws li qhov saj no, nws yuav tsim tau tej haujlwm zoo. Saint-Saens ceeb toom cov tub ntxhais hluas tiv thaiv kev dag ntxias: “Yog tias koj xav ua dab tsi, nyob Fabkis! Ua koj tus kheej, koom nrog koj lub sijhawm thiab koj lub tebchaws. ”…

Cov lus nug ntawm lub teb chaws qhov tseeb thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm cov suab paj nruag tau raug tsa los ntawm Saint-Saens. Tab sis qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov teeb meem no ob qho tib si hauv txoj kev xav thiab hauv kev xyaum, hauv kev muaj tswv yim, yog cim los ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb hauv nws: tus neeg tawm tswv yim ntawm kev tsis txaus siab ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov style raws li kev lees paub ntawm kev siv suab paj nruag, Saint-Saens, siv zog rau kev zoo tag nrho, qee zaum tsis quav ntsej kev hlub. Nws tus kheej tau hais txog qhov no hauv nws cov ntawv sau cia txog Bizet, qhov uas nws tau sau tsis yog yam tsis muaj qhov iab: "Peb tau ua raws cov hom phiaj sib txawv - nws tau saib ua ntej ntawm txhua yam kev mob siab rau thiab lub neej, thiab kuv tab tom nrhiav lub chimera ntawm purity ntawm style thiab zoo meej ntawm daim ntawv. ”

Kev ua raws li "chimera" kev txom nyem lub ntsiab lus ntawm Saint-Saens qhov kev tshawb nrhiav muaj tswv yim, thiab feem ntau hauv nws cov haujlwm nws tau txav mus los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub neej es tsis qhia qhov tob ntawm lawv qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, tus cwj pwm noj qab nyob zoo rau lub neej, muaj nyob hauv nws, txawm tias tsis ntseeg, tib neeg kev xav hauv ntiaj teb, nrog kev txawj ntse zoo, kev nkag siab zoo ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv, pab Saint-Saens tsim ntau yam haujlwm tseem ceeb.

M. Druskin

Cov khoom xyaw:

opera (tag nrho 11) Tsuas yog Samson thiab Delilah, tsuas yog cov hnub premiere tsuas yog muab rau hauv kab lus. Yellow Princess, libretto los ntawm Galle (1872) Nyiaj Tswb, libretto los ntawm Barbier thiab Carré (1877) Samson thiab Delilah, libretto los ntawm Lemaire (1866-1877) "Étienne Marcel", libretto los ntawm Galle (1879) "Henry VIII", Libretto los ntawm Detroit thiab Sylvester (1883) Proserpina, libretto los ntawm Galle (1887) Ascanio, libretto los ntawm Galle (1890) Phryne, libretto los ntawm Augue de Lassus (1893) "Barbarian", libretto los ntawm Sardu i Gezi (1901) (1904) 1906) "Txiv Neej" (XNUMX)

Lwm cov suab paj nruag thiab theatrical compositions Javotte, ballet (1896) Suab paj nruag rau ntau cov yeeb yaj kiab ua yeeb yam (xws li Sophocles 'tragedy Antigone, 1893)

Symphonic ua haujlwm Hnub tim ntawm cov khoom muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab lus, uas feem ntau tsis coincide nrog cov hnub tshaj tawm ntawm lub npe ua hauj lwm (piv txwv li, lub thib ob Violin Concerto tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1879 - nees nkaum ib xyoos tom qab nws tau sau). Ib yam yog muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv lub chamber-instrumental seem. Thawj Symphony Es-dur op. 2 (1852) Second Symphony a-moll op. 55 (1859) Third Symphony (“Symphony with Organ”) c-moll op. 78 (1886) "Omphal's spinning wheel", symphonic paj huam op. 31 (1871) "Phaeton", symphonic paj huam los yog. 39 (1873) "Dance of Death", symphonic paj huam op. 40 (1874) "Cov Hluas ntawm Hercules", symphonic paj huam op. 50 (1877) “Carnival of the Animals”, Great Zoological Fantasy (1886)

concerts Thawj Piano Concerto hauv D-dur op. 17 (1862) Ob Piano Concerto in g-moll op. 22 (1868) Third Piano Concerto Es-dur op. 29 (1869) Plaub Piano Concerto c-moll op. 44 (1875) “Africa”, fantasy rau piano thiab orchestra, op. 89 (1891) Thib tsib Piano Concerto hauv F-dur op. 103 (1896) Thawj Violin Concerto A-dur op. 20 (1859) Taw qhia thiab rondo-capriccioso rau violin thiab orchestra op. 28 (1863) Ob Violin Concerto C-dur op. 58 (1858) Third violin concerto in h-moll op. 61 (1880) Concert piece for violin thiab orchestra, op. 62 (1880) Cello Concerto a-moll op. 33 (1872) Allegro appassionato rau cello thiab orchestra, op. 43 (1875)

Chamber instrumental ua haujlwm Piano quintet a-moll op. 14 (1855) Thawj piano trio hauv F-dur op. 18 (1863) Cello Sonata c-moll op. 32 (1872) Piano Quartet B-dur op. 41 (1875) Septet for trumpet, piano, 2 violins, viola, cello and double bass op. 65 (1881) Thawj violin sonata hauv d-moll, op. 75 (1885) Capriccio ntawm Danish thiab Lavxias teb sab ntsiab lus rau flute, oboe, clarinet thiab piano op. 79 (1887) Thib ob piano trio hauv e-moll op. 92 (1892) Ob Violin Sonata Es-dur op. 102 (1896)

Vocal ua haujlwm Txog 100 zaj nkauj, suab nkauj, ntau lub suab nkauj, ntau yam suab paj nruag dawb ceev (ntawm lawv: Pawg, Christmas Oratorio, Requiem, 20 motets thiab lwm tus), oratorios thiab cantatas ("Lub tshoob ntawm Prometheus", "Lub Dej nyab", "Lyre thiab Harp" thiab lwm yam).

Kev sau ntawv Sau cov ntawv: "Harmony thiab Melody" (1885), "Portraits thiab Memoirs" (1900), "Tricks" (1913) thiab lwm yam