Georgy Vasilyevich Sviridov |

Georgy Sviridov

… Nyob rau lub sij hawm muaj kev kub ntxhov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam tshwm sim, embodying lub siab tshaj plaws kev ntshaw ntawm tib neeg, lub siab xav rau sab hauv kev sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg tus cwj pwm tsis zoo li kev chaos ntawm lub ntiaj teb no… kev txom nyem ntawm lub neej, tab sis tib lub sij hawm nws yog overcoming no tragedy. Kev ntshaw rau sab hauv kev sib haum xeeb, kev nco qab ntawm txoj hmoo siab ntawm tus txiv neej - qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kuv hauv Pushkin. G. Sviridov

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm tus kws sau ntawv thiab tus kws sau paj huam tsis yog ib qho xwm txheej. Sviridov txoj kev kos duab kuj yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis tshua muaj kev sib haum xeeb, kev mob siab rau kev ua siab zoo thiab qhov tseeb, thiab tib lub sijhawm muaj kev nkag siab ntawm kev nyuaj siab uas los ntawm kev nkag siab tob txog qhov zoo thiab ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sijhawm uas tau nyob. Tus kws ntaus suab paj nruag thiab tus kws sau nkauj ntawm cov txuj ci tseem ceeb, nws xav tias nws tus kheej ua ntej ntawm txhua tus tub ntawm nws thaj av, yug thiab loj hlob hauv qab ntuj. Nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm Sviridov muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha nrog pej xeem keeb kwm thiab nrog rau qhov siab ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai.

Ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm D. Shostakovich, kawm nyob rau hauv lub Leningrad Conservatory (1936-41), ib tug zoo kawg li connoisseur ntawm paj huam thiab painting, nws muaj ib tug zoo kawg li khoom plig, nws yug los nyob rau hauv lub me me lub zos ntawm Fatezh, Kursk xeev, nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg. tus kws sau ntawv thiab tus kws qhia ntawv. Ob leej txiv thiab leej niam ntawm Sviridov yog cov neeg hauv zos, lawv tuaj ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ze rau lub zos Fatezh. Kev sib txuas lus ncaj qha nrog thaj chaw nyob deb nroog, zoo li tus tub hluas hu nkauj hauv pawg ntseeg hu nkauj, yog ntuj thiab organic. Nws yog ob lub hauv paus ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai - pej xeem songwriting thiab sab ntsuj plig kos duab - uas nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag nco ntawm tus me nyuam los ntawm thaum yau, los ua lub ntsiab ntawm tus tswv nyob rau hauv lub mature lub sij hawm ntawm creativity.

Kev nco txog thaum yau yog txuam nrog cov duab ntawm South Russia - dej meadows, teb thiab copses. Thiab tom qab ntawd - qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsov rog hauv pej xeem, 1919, thaum Denikin cov tub rog uas tawg rau hauv lub nroog tua cov tub ntxhais hluas communist Vasily Sviridov. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas tus kws sau paj huam rov qab mus rau cov paj huam ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws (lub suab voj voog "Kuv Muaj Leej Txiv Peasant" - 1957; cov cantatas "Kursk Songs", "Wooden Russia" - 1964, "Tus Neeg Ua Kev Cai Raus Dej" - 1985; choral compositions), thiab ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau xyoo dhau los ("1919" - ntu 7 ntawm "Yesenin's Memory Poem", solo songs "Tus tub ntsib nws txiv", "Kev tuag ntawm commissar").

Thawj hnub ntawm Sviridov cov kos duab tuaj yeem qhia tau meej heev: los ntawm lub caij ntuj sov mus txog rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1935, nyob rau hauv tsawg dua 20 xyoo, yav tom ntej tus tswv ntawm Soviet suab paj nruag tau sau lub voj voog tam sim no zoo nkauj ntawm kev sib hlub raws li Pushkin cov paj huam ("Txog Izhora", "Lub caij ntuj no txoj kev", "Lub hav zoov poob ...", "Rau tus nais maum", thiab lwm yam) yog ib tug ua hauj lwm ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub Soviet suab paj nruas classics, qhib cov npe ntawm Sviridov lub masterpieces. Muaj tseeb tiag, tseem muaj xyoo ntawm kev kawm, kev ua tsov ua rog, kev khiav tawm, kev loj hlob muaj tswv yim, kev txawj ntse ntawm qhov siab ntawm kev txawj ua ntej. Tag nrho cov tswv yim kev loj hlob thiab kev ywj pheej tuaj txog ntawm lub verge ntawm 40s thiab 50s, thaum nws tus kheej hom ntawm lub suab paj huam tau pom thiab nws lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb (tus kws sau paj lug thiab lub teb chaws) tau pom. Thawj-yug ntawm hom ntawv no ("Lav Txiv Plig" nyob rau ntawm st. A. Isahakyan - 1950) tau ua raws li Cov Nkauj rau cov nqe lus ntawm Robert Burns (1955), lub oratorio "Cov Paj Huam Hauv Nco Txog Yesenin" (1956 ) thiab "Pathetic" (ntawm st. V. Mayakovsky - 1959).

"… Ntau tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias nyiam xav txog Russia ua lub cim ntawm kev ntsiag to thiab pw tsaug zog," A. Blok tau sau rau hnub ua ntej ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, "tab sis kev npau suav no xaus; txoj kev ntsiag to yog hloov los ntawm ib tug nyob deb rumble ... "Thiab, hu mus mloog "qhov txaus ntshai thiab ua tsis taus pa ntawm lub kiv puag ncig", tus kws sau paj lug hais tias "qhov rumble no, txawm li cas los xij, yog ib txwm hais txog qhov zoo." Nws yog nrog xws li ib tug "Blokian" yuam sij uas Sviridov mus txog lub ntsiab ntawm lub Great Lub kaum hli ntuj Revolution, tab sis nws coj cov ntawv nyeem los ntawm lwm tus kws sau paj lug: tus composer xaiv txoj kev loj tshaj tawm tsam, tig mus rau Mayakovsky paj huam. Los ntawm txoj kev, qhov no yog thawj melodic assimilation ntawm nws cov paj huam nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag. Qhov no yog pov thawj, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev tshoov siab suab paj nruag "Cia peb mus, kws sau paj lug, cia peb saib, hu nkauj" hauv qhov kawg ntawm "Pathetic Oratorio", qhov twg cov qauv zoo nkauj ntawm cov paj huam tau hloov pauv, nrog rau qhov dav, zoo siab. chant "Kuv paub lub nroog yuav". Tiag tiag inexhaustible suab paj nruag, txawm hymnal possibilities tau tshwm sim los ntawm Sviridov nyob rau hauv Mayakovsky. Thiab qhov "rumble ntawm lub kiv puag ncig" yog nyob rau hauv qhov zoo kawg nkaus, formidable lub peb hlis ntuj ntawm 1 feem ("Tig ib ncig ntawm lub peb hlis ntuj!"), Nyob rau hauv lub "cosmic" Scope ntawm lub kawg ("ci thiab tsis muaj ntsia hlau!") ...

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb thiab muaj tswv yim txoj kev loj hlob Sviridov sau ib tug ntau ntawm instrumental music. Thaum kawg ntawm lub 30s - pib ntawm lub 40s. suav nrog Symphony; piano concert; Chamber ensembles (Quintet, Trio); 2 sonatas, 2 partitas, Me nyuam yaus album for piano. Qee cov ntawv sau hauv cov ntawv sau tshiab tau txais koob meej thiab coj lawv qhov chaw nyob rau theem kev hais kwv txhiaj.

Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb hauv Sviridov txoj hauj lwm yog suab paj nruag (suab nkauj, romances, suab voj voog, cantatas, oratorios, choral tej hauj lwm). Ntawm no, nws txoj kev nkag siab zoo ntawm nqe lus, qhov tob ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm paj huam thiab cov txuj ci nplua nuj melodic tau zoo siab ua ke. Nws tsis tsuas yog "sau" cov kab ntawm Mayakovsky (ntxiv rau lub oratorio - cov suab paj nruag nrov sau "Zaj dab neeg ntawm Bagels thiab tus poj niam uas tsis lees paub lub koom pheej"), B. Pasternak (cantata "Nws yog daus") , N. Gogol's prose (choir "On Lost Youth"), tab sis kuj yog suab paj nruag thiab stylistically kho tshiab suab paj nruag niaj hnub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau cov sau phau ntawv hais, nws teem rau suab paj nruag ntau kab los ntawm V. Shakespeare, P. Beranger, N. Nekrasov, F. Tyutchev, B. Kornilov, A. Prokofiev, A. Tvardovsky, F. Sologub, V. Khlebnikov thiab Lwm tus - los ntawm cov kws sau paj lug -Decembrists rau K. Kuliev.

Nyob rau hauv Sviridov lub suab paj nruag, lub hwj chim ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab philosophical qhov tob ntawm paj huam yog qhia nyob rau hauv melodies ntawm tho, siv lead ua clarity, nyob rau hauv cov nplua nuj ntawm orchestral xim, nyob rau hauv thawj modal qauv. Pib nrog "Cov paj huam nyob rau hauv Memory ntawm Sergei Yesenin", tus composer siv nyob rau hauv nws cov suab paj nruag intonation-modal ntsiab lus ntawm lub ancient Orthodox Znamenny chant. Kev cia siab rau lub ntiaj teb ntawm kev kos duab ntawm sab ntsuj plig thaum ub ntawm cov neeg Lavxias tuaj yeem taug qab hauv cov suab paj nruag xws li "Tus ntsuj plig tu siab rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej", hauv kev hais kwv txhiaj choral "Nyob rau hauv Nco Txog AA Yurlov" thiab "Pushkin's Wreath", zoo kawg nkaus. choral canvases muaj nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag ua yeeb yam A K. Tolstoy "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich" ("Kev thov Vajtswv", "Holy Love", "Penitence Verse"). Cov suab paj nruag ntawm tej hauj lwm no yog dawb huv thiab sublime, nws muaj ib tug zoo kawg nkaus lub ntsiab lus. Muaj ib ntu hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab "Georgy Sviridov" thaum tus kws sau ntawv nres rau pem hauv ntej ntawm daim duab hauv Blok lub tsev khaws puav pheej (Leningrad), uas tus kws sau paj huam nws tus kheej yuav luag tsis koom nrog. Qhov no yog kev tsim tawm los ntawm cov duab Salome nrog lub taub hau ntawm John the Baptist (pib xyoo 1963th) los ntawm Dutch artist K. Massis, qhov twg cov dluab ntawm tyrant Herod thiab tus yaj saub uas tuag rau qhov tseeb yog qhov sib txawv. "Tus yaj saub yog lub cim ntawm tus kws sau paj huam, nws txoj hmoo!" Sviridov hais tias. Qhov kev sib luag no tsis yog kev sib tsoo. Blok muaj ib qho kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov kub ntxhov, cua daj cua dub thiab kev tu siab rau yav tom ntej ntawm lub xyoo pua 40th. Thiab rau cov lus ntawm Blok lub formidable prophecy, Sviridov tsim ib tug ntawm nws masterpieces "Lub suab los ntawm lub Choir" (1963). Blok rov tshwm sim rau tus kws sau nkauj, uas tau sau txog 1962 zaj nkauj raws li nws cov paj huam: cov no yog cov duab me me, thiab lub voj voog ntawm lub voj voog "Petersburg Songs" (1967), thiab me me cantatas "Sad Songs" (1979), "Tsib Zaj Nkauj Txog Russia" (1980), thiab choral cyclic paj huam Hmo ntuj huab (XNUMX), Nkauj ntawm Timelessness (XNUMX).

… Ob tug kws sau paj lug, uas kuj muaj cov yaj saub zoo, nyob hauv ib qho chaw hauv Sviridov txoj hauj lwm. Qhov no yog Pushkin thiab Yesenin. Rau cov nqe lus ntawm Pushkin, uas subordinated nws tus kheej thiab tag nrho cov yav tom ntej Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv rau lub suab ntawm qhov tseeb thiab lub siab, uas selflessly ua hauj lwm rau cov neeg nrog nws kos duab, Sviridov, ntxiv rau ib tug neeg nkauj thiab hluas nkauj romances, tau sau 10 zoo kawg nkaus choirs ntawm "Pushkin's Wreath. ” (1979), qhov twg los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb thiab kev xyiv fab ntawm lub neej rhuav tshem qhov kev xav ntawm tus kws sau paj huam ib leeg nrog nyob mus ib txhis (“Lawv yeej kaj ntug”). Yesenin yog qhov ze tshaj plaws thiab, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov respects, lub ntsiab kws sau paj lug ntawm Sviridov (txog 50 solo thiab choral compositions). Oddly txaus, tus composer tau paub txog nws cov paj huam tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1956. Cov kab "Kuv yog tus kws sau paj huam kawg ntawm lub zos" xav tsis thoob thiab tam sim ntawd los ua suab paj nruag, lub sprout los ntawm cov "Poem nyob rau hauv Memory ntawm Sergei Yesenin" loj hlob - ib tug landmark ua hauj lwm. rau Sviridov, rau Soviet suab paj nruag thiab feem ntau, rau peb lub neej kom nkag siab ntau yam ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub neej nyob rau hauv cov xyoo. Yesenin, zoo li lwm cov "co-sau" tseem ceeb ntawm Sviridov, muaj ib tug yaj saub khoom plig - rov qab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-20s. nws prophesied txoj hmoo phem ntawm lub teb chaws Russia. Lub "hlau qhua", los "ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub teb xiav", tsis yog ib lub tsheb uas Yesenin liam tias ntshai (raws li nws tau ntseeg ib zaug), qhov no yog ib qho apocalyptic, formidable duab. Tus kws sau paj huam txoj kev xav tau hnov ​​thiab nthuav tawm hauv suab paj nruag los ntawm tus kws sau nkauj. Ntawm nws tej hauj lwm los ntawm Yesenin yog hu nkauj, tej yam yees siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov poetic nplua nuj ("Tus ntsuj plig yog tu siab rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej", "Nyob rau hauv lub xiav yav tsaus ntuj", "Tabun"), cantatas, zaj nkauj ntawm ntau yam mus rau lub chamber-vocal paj huam "Tawm mus. Russia” (1977).

Sviridov, nrog rau nws tus yam ntxwv pom, ua ntej thiab tob tshaj li ntau lwm cov duab ntawm Soviet kab lis kev cai, xav tias yuav tsum tau khaws cia lub Lavxias teb sab paj huam thiab suab paj nruas lus, priceless treasures ntawm ancient kos duab tsim ntau centuries, vim hais tias tshaj tag nrho cov teb chaws wealth nyob rau hauv peb lub hnub nyoog ntawm tag nrho cov. kev rhuav tshem lub hauv paus thiab kev coj noj coj ua, nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev tsim txom, nws yog tiag tiag muaj kev txaus ntshai ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Thiab yog tias peb cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm daim di ncauj ntawm V. Astafiev, V. Belov, V. Rasputin, N. Rubtsov, hu lub suab nrov kom txuag tau dab tsi tseem tuaj yeem cawm tau, ces Sviridov tau hais txog qhov no rov qab rau hauv nruab nrab- 50s ib.

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Sviridov's kos duab yog nws "super-historicity". Nws yog hais txog Russia tag nrho, npog nws yav dhau los, tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej. Tus kws sau ntawv ib txwm paub yuav ua li cas hais txog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tsis muaj kev tuag. Lub choral kos duab ntawm Sviridov yog raws li nyob rau hauv xws li cov chaw xws li sab ntsuj plig Orthodox chants thiab Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg, nws muaj xws li nyob rau hauv lub orbit ntawm nws generalization cov lus intonation ntawm ib tug revolutionary nkauj, peb hlis ntuj, oratorical hais lus - uas yog, lub suab khoom ntawm lub xyoo pua XX Russia. , thiab ntawm lub hauv paus no muaj qhov tshwm sim tshiab xws li lub zog thiab kev zoo nkauj, lub hwj chim ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev nkag mus, uas txhawb nqa kev kos duab ntawm peb lub sijhawm mus rau theem tshiab. Muaj ib tug heyday ntawm Lavxias teb sab classical opera, muaj ib tug sawv ntawm Soviet symphony. Niaj hnub no, tus tshiab Soviet choral art, kev sib haum xeeb thiab sublime, uas tsis muaj analogues nyob rau hauv yav dhau los los yog nyob rau hauv niaj hnub txawv teb chaws suab paj nruag, yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhia ntawm sab ntsuj plig wealth thiab tseem ceeb ntawm peb cov neeg. Thiab qhov no yog lub tswv yim feat ntawm Sviridov. Qhov nws pom tau tsim muaj kev vam meej los ntawm lwm tus kws sau ntawv Soviet: V. Gavrilin, V. Tormis, V. Rubin, Yu. Butsko, K. Volkov. A. Nikolaev, A. Kholminov thiab lwm tus.

Sviridov lub suab paj nruag tau dhau los ua classic ntawm Soviet kos duab ntawm lub xyoo pua XNUMX. ua tsaug rau nws qhov tob, kev sib haum xeeb, kev sib raug zoo nrog kev nplua nuj ntawm Lavxias teb sab suab paj nruag kab lis kev cai.

L. Polyakova